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Home , Existence of God, Henotheism, Logical truth, Monad (philosophy)

Vol. 4 No. 2 October 2020

THE OF HINDU AND PROVING THE OF GOD PERSPECTIVE GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ

By: Krisna S. Yogiswari Sekolah Tinggi Agama Hindu Negeri Mpu Kuturan Singaraja Email: [email protected]

Received: June 23, 2020 Accepted: October 12, 2020 Published: October 31, 2020

Abstract

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is a German who provides a comprehensive about the . Although Leibniz has made a mistake in thinking about God, the evidence of God’s presence offered by him gives us an example and a strength to deepen our : Leibniz’s courage is to increase his confidence and his power to maintain God's existence. The arguments presented by Leibniz are very relevant to the of God in . It also seems that with evidence of harmony that had already been built before, Leibniz fell into the trap of implicitly because it denied the existence of a and only relied on internal law. Regarding the harmony that had already been built before, Leibniz explained that civil laws were working in monade. Monade are predetermined natures, which result in having one characteristic that governs everything. But the best is that not only for the whole in general but also for individuals, especially individuals who have a love for God.

Keyword: Leibniz, Existence, God, Hinduism

175 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 I. INTRODUCTION qualitative philosophical research approach, The issue and debate about the with the existence of God as a material existence of God is a line of continuity that object and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s flows and leads to the entire of the perspective as a formal object. This of God, especially Laodicea. So research data use literature studies relating there is a map of evidence of God’s to the existence of God and the argument existence, which is reflected by from Leibniz regarding the presence of . Certainly can help humans in God. Data is processed using the understanding and reaching out through a hermeneutic method. The term Hindu light of and . The Teodicea (Hinduism) refers to not only the use of the map generally concludes that God is the term Hindu as the formal in cause of everything that exists, and at the Indonesia but also the use of the term same time shows that everything that exists Hindu as a widely applied divine has no reason to exist within itself, but that teaching.They after that analyzed through there is something else that is the highest the hermeneutic stage. Of course, the principle. results of data analysis can be objective. One philosopher who is remembered The results of a critical study of the data and contributed vitally in the history of served in a descriptive narrative form. Teodicea is G.W. Leibniz. Leibniz was a pioneer in giving the Teodicea to this III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION discipline of , Teodicea, which Discussion about God is a very means “God’s justification.” Leibniz has controversial subject-matter that will outlined his five arguments about the always exist. The in Hinduism has a existence of God implicitly in his works, very broad and comprehensive namely: (1) cosmological evidence, (2) understanding. Several forms of in evidence of eternal , (3) evidence of Hinduism also intersect with various ways harmony that has already built before, (4) (systems) of , such as , ontological evidence, and ( 5) capital , , , and arguments. The discussion of the five cases others. Hindu Divine , known as of God’s existence done by taking two Brahma Widya, briefly explains that directions. The first is a priori course, and humans are theological creatures who can the second is the a-posteriori course. realize themselves as the same atman as Evidence of eternal truth, ontological through the text. Initial evidence, and arguments of modality are understanding becomes the foundation or included in the a priori course. In contrast, fundamental step leading to correct the a-posteriori course includes thinking to understand something. If cosmological and harmony arguments that ’s logical argument only focuses have already been established previously. on sacred literature or holy books, then Let us investigate the evidence for God’s rationality is only a tool to defend the truth existence as Leibniz put it “The more we of the sacred literature or the scriptures. are illuminated and informed about God’s Theological (the object of work, the more we can find a work that is theology) is God. Therefore, when giving so perfect and satisfying everything we can an explanation of God as the object of think of” (Leibniz, 1873: 1). theology, he must show Him who God is in the sacred text. Hindu theology is often II. METHOD equated with the terms Brahmavidya, The study, entitled “The Relevance of Brahma , Brahmajnana Tattva, Hindu God Concepts and Arguments Widhitattva. These are what Proving the Existence of God Perspective makes God into two objects, namely (1) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz” uses a Nirguna Brahman, a God who cannot be

176 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 described in words, cannot be described as and depend, then the cause of existence anything. He is the Almighty God Who is must be caused by something that is Everywhere. He is the real “Who Is” certain, There is something that is without anyone holding; and (2) Saguna permanent and unchanging. Furthermore, Brahman, God who is described with Leibniz underlined the perfection that various and His attributes according exists in the Universe. The perfection of to nature described. every exist thing is found in the cause as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646- well as declaring that all the perfection of 1716) is a German philosopher who this universe, even including our , is in presented several philosophical arguments God. The reason that in God all perfection about God. His most famous philosophy is given is that no perfection can occur concerns the that is closely related unless it is given by “There is a Perfect to the concept of God. In this case, the One” Himself. Perfection comes from and monad is a simple substance that can make is the work of God that He Himself up a larger substance. God as The Supreme destined (Leibniz, 1873: 19). Thus, through Reality that His existence can be proven. the of cosmological perfection and The God in question is God Almighty, who cosmological causes the existence of God is is real and living. We need to assert an confirmed. objective attitude because, in modern times, The Universe existence and the many people think that if someone says that perfection of everything that exist shows he in God, he is just uttering that there is a principle of reason meaningless words. God is a substance that sufficiency that accompanies it. It is gives meaning to nature but which we can because everything that exists must have still know. At least, strong evidence can be sufficient reason for its existence to be that based on ontology, , and way and nothing else. The principle of teleology evidence. Based on this reason sufficiency affirms a popular explanation, Leibniz will explain in more principle: zero est sine rational (nothing is detail the arguments for proving God. without reason). Leibniz in (Leibniz, 2014: 32) presents these a. The Cosmological Evidence arguments as follows: This argument is begun by observing “The second is the principle of reason the Universe simply. Observation of the sufficiency. We truly hold it that no world invites a question within: Why does can be true or come into everything exist? To answer the question, and no can be true, without Leibniz gives the following argument; (1) sufficient reason to make it so and not The existed thing must have an explanation different, although these in its inevitable nature and the answer is often remain unknown to us.” undoubtedly God, (2) The Universe is an The principle of reason sufficiency existed thing so that it has existence caused also includes causa finalists. The final by God. Both prepositions may elaborate reason is everything that exists must be more deeply to show a cosmological point sought in a necessary substance, and we that explains the presence of God call the substance as God. comprehensively. To deepen the principle of reason This argument builds up the case that sufficiency that proves the existence of the leading cause of the Universe is God. God, Leibniz also described it using two The Universe has Caitanya in God and does , namely mechanical reality and not have causa in itself. The universe has metaphysical reality as a demonstration of its causes in God and does not have causes the principle of reason sufficiency. Leibniz, in itself. If there is a universe that is a in mechanical fact, observes the contingent, that is, someone will change movements and origins of matter in the

177 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 physics world. It is a change in a subject Science states that the beginning of creation that moves by something else. The cause of was a big bang, but Hinduism started from the action is found in the new corporate God’s will to create the world (Donder, principle of God. 2007) Regarding the origin of matter, the principle of reason sufficiency explains that b. The Previously Built Harmony the source of thing cannot originate from The previously constructed harmony itself, but within an eternal material argument is typical of Leibniz’s proof in substance, namely God. So, with explaining the existence of God because mechanical reality, Leibniz concluded the Leibniz has built a relationship between existence of God, because the principle of harmony and survival. Existere zero album reason sufficiency lies behind the world of est harmonium else (nothing else exists but physical matter. If you refuse to explain the harmony). The harmony attributes, which relevance of the ideas, according to have already been created before, are Leibniz, it is the same as mocking Science. posterior, universal, and necessary. So the Meanwhile, metaphysical are evidence of peace that has already been explored from his opinion about the made previously is rational access to the ontology of reality. This existence of God that comes from means, the contingency of reality requires a observation. sufficient reason to answer the question For Leibniz, the Universe is the why the real works in a certain form and nature of the cosmic harmony, so that not another. In the contingency causa chain balance is an effect that can lead us to for actual and contingent incidents, of primary causa (the leading cause). But also course, there is no principle of reason that by considering works, all in our sufficiency, in other words, something Universe is also able to find the architect of which is contingent cannot be the principle these works clearly, carry and reflect the of reason sufficiency for the sake of other architect’s traces and signs. The following contingent objects. Thus, the adequacy of statement of Leibniz in Discourse on the reason for all contingent matters is (1873: 2) “All of this is very something that is not contingent on its own certain that when considering the works, but in a necessary ontological substance, we will find the worker so that the works namely God. This means that God exists will carry their mark in the worker.” God is and does exist. This principle leads to what the exact cause of the Universe (Leibniz, is often called the metaphysical principle of 1873: 16) and, at the same time, God is the . From which there is a architecture of this Universe. contingent, it can be concluded that there is Proof of harmony that has already inevitably or that the contingent ultimately been built before is not as simple as that but depends on the non-contingent it has a relation with Leibniz’s thought (undoubtedly). about monad. He thought that the Universe The concept of Hindu cosmology was constructed by monade or unity of contained in many Hindu temples. physical force because monade are According to the , the Universe was elements of everything that exist (Leibniz, not created suddenly or immediately. The 2014: 3). Vedas claim that the world was created Monad is the pure and through an evolutionary stage. It turns out straightforward universe atoms (because that the theories of Science can accept the their composition occurs not because of the concept in the Vedas. Vedas and accumulation of simple ones) but it is may be said to be very brave and without parts, without extensions, without more advanced to speculate in describing figurations, and undivided. Monade begin the process of creating the Universe. with creation and end with annihilation.

178 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 Monade do not have to interact with each Internal law regulates monade so that other or the window, so it is not possible to each monad follows the civil law itself get out or enter. Consequently, the monade automatically. Civil law in the monade has are closed in on themselves, and there is no been established by God before. The result communication with each other. Monade is a pre-built harmony between monade. are qualitatively distinguished, so there are Leibniz affirmed that God in creating all monade according to their level of clarity. monade, each with its internal law, had Of course, there are dark and confusing created them in a predetermined balance, so monade, but there are also bright and without the need for communication from perfect monade. Monade are individuals, the monade, each monad follows its civil but at the same time, they are law blindly, the fruit is the harmony of the universalizing. Monade out of God’s hands Universe. God formed this harmony at the are resolved in their nature and are time of creation. determinative. Therefore, God is the unique To map the previously defined primitive unity of all creation monade that harmony more clearly, Leibniz made a is a product and is sustainable, which is metaphor. That is God as a craftsman who limited by the creation capacity (Leibniz, made two pendula hanging on a block. The 2014: 27). two oscillators are made in the same Next, according to Leibniz, there is a manner in orderly movements with each difference between God as a monad and a other since the two oscillators are already creation monad. The creation monad made. They always move in unison without presents the determination while God of all the need to repair, fiddle with, or adjust to possibilities in the corridor of God is a each other to synchronize the two priests. monad of all monade. The problem is how This comparison is so important to the monade build the Universe, and they do understand the harmony that has already not communicate with each other? been previously. Although there are no causal interactions Through the both priests analogies, between monade, they seem to influence Leibniz tried to explain that, first, the each other. How is it possible? Every influence is reciprocal. The declared the monad has in itself, an internal principle or impossibility of monade following a state which presents an obvious thing. God, heterogeneous law but only one rule applies when he created the whole monad, he gave in each monad: internal law because it is a civil law so that each monad had its like two priests who work according to internal code. Internal code is what causes civil law. So God has programmed the change, so that monad even though they do monade with their internal rules to create not communicate, they can build the harmony. God’s program which is Universe. But the changes caused by civil manifested in the internal law of monade is law also have levels so that there are things what is called the predetermined attribute that change and remain in a monad. So in of harmony. the monad, there is a plurality of conditions Second, he wantad to say about the or relations even though there is no part. aid dysfunction and falsity of the Each part of the state presents a multiplicity occasional causa system. According to as a whole. God created monade to mirror Leibniz, two priests who are not each other. The monad contains itself at all functioning can still maintain harmony times. Whatever done is full of certainty. because of the existence of internal laws in So, if we could know the entire past from a them. The principle of civil law in every given monad, we would predict the future monad preserves the balance of the clearly because there is certainty caused by Universe. Leibniz broke the causa the law of internal monade. occasionalism system; for Leibniz, the occasional causa system had errors when

179 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 introducing a Deux ex Machina (God of realities, the efficient causa and the final machines). causa, are in mutual harmony” (Leibniz, To clarify Leibniz’s break with the 2014: 79). The mutual coordination among philosophy of occasionalism, we return to things in this universe is the metaphysical the metaphor of the pendula moving in reason for the internal law that all actions rhythm and in harmony with one another. have the same and equal reaction. In all The question is, how the balance of the two cases where this law applies, everything is priests is? For the idea of occasionalism, chosen by God through coordination. Also, peace occurs because of the intervention of all substances meet based on a God that moves priests and guarantees their predetermined harmony that applies synchrony. Causa occasionally encourages between all substances, because they are all acts of God’s intervention through representations of one and the Universe , and His miracles are eternal. So itself (Leibniz, 2014: 78). that with His miracles, God moves priests. So the harmony that is going up the Therefore the occasional understanding for all monade. This because they said that God comes from the machine. all correspond to one another in the According to Leibniz , in fact, both constitution of the Universe. Each mode naturally and often, God does not intervene acts according to internal law and, at the through miracles except contribute to all same time, is in perfect harmony with all nature. God, the supreme creator, entirely the other monade. This world is so perfect created the world (and priests) so that, by because of the harmonious combination of their nature, they would swing in perfect monade. And God Himself created it. harmony because of the internal laws that So the harmony that has been existed in each monad. established before is of the same essence Third, both priests are made with full for all monade because they all coincide of perfection and art. So they always fit to and coincide with one another, as long as the future. Leibniz then parallelized the they are the constitution of the universe. and body like two perfect priests. Each monad acts according to internal laws Body and soul form a unity in interacting and is at the same time in perfect harmony with each other as long as the soul follows with all other monade. This world is so its law. Also, the body follows the rules so amazing and so perfect not because of one that they are in perfect harmony. Indeed the monad, but because of the harmonious perception and appetite of the soul are free combination of monade. And God Himself and do not depend on the institution. Still, created it. the knowledge and taste of the soul correspond precisely to the actions and c. The movements of the body where the body The ontological argument is an effort itself also functions, is bound, and to show God’s existence in apriori course, conforms perfectly to all other monade. not a , but with possibility So, the body and soul do not run in a fundament. The apriori course is causal relationship. But in harmony substantially the same as the ontological predetermined by God. The soul and body argument initiated by Anselm. Still, follow their laws programmed by God so Leibniz presents the case in a different way, that the agency follows the doctrine of namely by developing an apriori concept of causa efficiently while the soul follows the possibility, if God (There is indebtedness) final causa so that the results of each other is possible, then something must be present. are in harmony. “The soul acts according to The structure of this argument is indeed the final causa law, through appetite, goals, apriori because it comes from an idea and means. The body acts by the efficient contained in mind. According to Leibniz, a caus law, namely the movement. And both

180 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 plan can be right or wrong, depending on about possible things; without these origins, the possibilities of a thing. presumably, nothing is real in the options We always think about the so that nothing is possible. However, impossibility of wishful thinking, for because everything that may ask for or example: knowing the final level of speed need an existence -possible exigent that is now almost impossible to know. But existence-, then, if ‘There is undoubtedly’ the idea of a Perfect Being that includes all is possible, it is clear that “He” exists perfection and all existence taken from naturally as well. Then, because the real cosmological evidence is the right idea, and requires possibilities, of course, the real we always have an idea about God when must be reasonable. The only problem is we think of God. We can not believe knowing whether this ‘There is without having ideas (Leibniz, 1873: 23). Undoubtedly’ is possible. Thus, because having a sense of God is Possibility is equivalent to possible, the consequence is God exists, of ‘perfection’ compatibility. But the harmony course, if He is possible. The reason is that of perfection is nothing but essence itself. all ideas about the possibilities are Therefore, it is possible that something contained in God’s mind. So, if someone exists to the extent that its end is understands the concept of a subject, God compatible, i.e., when there is the essence. will see that the predicate existence. This Consequently, nature is the possibility of reality is included in the issue because the existence, or it can express of possible life. mind made of God’s image, and the mind Based on this point that ‘There is Perfect’ - expresses God. Leibniz in Discourse on whose perfection, by , is the most Metaphysics states, “The mind is valuable compatible - has possibilities. In this way, to the whole universe, because the mind not God’s existence proven as ‘There is only expresses the world, but also knows it, Undoubtedness.’ ‘There is undoubted’ goes and organizes itself according to God’s beyond contingency and the finite, which is way” (1873: 36). necessarily equivalent to the infinite so that The idea of God is the idea of it is undoubted there is unique. The ‘perfect’ utterly. This prior argument ontological argument changes the classic concludes that the essence and existence of definition of God as ‘There is Perfect’ to ‘It God are inseparable. Life is a necessity, is Undoubted.’ and God is the only one who has it. Thus, the ontological argument can purse in the d. The Modality Argument following form: To intensify the ontological 1. If there is undoubtedly not argument, Leibniz uses the modality possible, then no existence is argument in which Leibniz connects the possible. creation of the world with possibilities. The 2. If there is undoubtedly is problem is related to the opportunity itself: possible, then all exist. Why does God not realize all the options 3. So, if there is undoubtedly no, that exist but only one chance among all then nothing exists. possibilities? Leibniz himself asserted that 4. But there is something, and then there is indeed a world of infinite there is undoubtedly there. possibilities, but only one survives, This ontological argument holds to therefore there must be sufficient reasons the principle of without God as being why God chose this and not the other. Not inevitable. Reality must be part of all of these possibilities are possible, and something. So the truth is reality. also that the world of options is always This means that the fact which more full than the real world. contains all possibilities must have an God chose the best and the most origin which contains in itself all ideas perfect one in the world of possibilities.

181 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 God might be able to realize an infinite that is possible. That is, without him, world of opportunities or the endless world not only does nothing have existence, of options, but he has manifested the but also nothing will be possible". perfect and the best one with a free choice Through ontological arguments, we through the highest wisdom. As Leibniz know that if God did not exist, nothing explained in his Teodicea, God created would have been real in the possibilities, unique substances that were as harmonious not even that might not have lived. It was with other entities as possible. Considering thus leading us to the idea of an that what is possible is entirely undeniable existence whose existence is incomprehensible, the present world is the logically necessary. something which may best of all possible worlds (Kauffman, not fail to exist because the inevitability of 1997: 232). its life is also its essence. So, at the same Based on that statement, everything time, the ontological argument states the that exists is the product of God’s free fact of eternal truth because this reality is a choice. World truth is God’s freedom. necessary truth in which all realities must However, this choice is not arbitrary. But it depend on the essential without which is a rational decision. This choice has a reality or might not exist. reason for the fact that the best choice For Leibniz, eternal truth is the same manifested between all the possibilities that as mathematical or that can show order, harmony, and order no longer be dispute so that it has (Abbagnano, 1993: 120) like geometrically. objective in itself and has a simple “No matter how God created the world, the form or character. Also, those world is always organized and in a general mathematical prepositions are necessary order. But God has chosen the perfect order and eternal, in the sense that mathematical that is the simplest in general rules and the truth does not depend on the existence of a richest in phenomena simultaneously like contingent. geometric lines whose construction is easy, Leibniz (2014: 33) distinguishes two but also the character and effect are so : the mind truth and the fact truth. amazing and so far-reaching” (Leibniz, The mind truth is necessary where 1873: 6). The modality argument in this everything that contradicts is impossible context is an optimistic metaphysical and without it, everything will be argument, which based on the existence of impossible. Because the mind truth the best created by God, character is undoubtedly, the cause for this with perfect goodness and infinite wisdom. truth can be found by analysis, namely by dividing it into simple ideas and this truth e. The Arguments Of Eternal Truth until the end becomes the basic and first This argument also has a connotation truth. So, the mind truth is innate truth in or apriori character. This can be the sense that the mind truth does not concluded from an analysis of reason come from experience. No definition can related to the ontological argument. Leibniz be given to simple ideas, and simple ideas (2014) stated in Monadology no. 43 as only consist of postulates and that follows: do not need to be proven anymore because "On the other hand, it is true that God it has been undoubtedly. Mathematical is not only the source of all existence truth uses only axioms and postulates but also all the essence that endowed (Leibniz, 2014: 34). Therefore, the mind with reality, that is, the source of what truth is determined by a limited portion. is real in what is possible. That divine The mind truth is an internal object. understanding becomes the realm of While the fact truth is the contingent eternal truth and all ideas that depend and it is only effective reality. This truth is on it; without it, there is nothing real based on the principle of the reason

182 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 sufficiency which none can verify without himself as the source of everything that is sufficient reasons. The fact truth is a real and everything that is possible; which rational principle that guarantees the may be sourced from His essence and contingency of real things (Abbagnano, reality, the willing or existential source of 1993: 119-120). So, this truth is infinite His will. The sufficiency of the reason for because it is built by many parts (Livi, eternal truth is God himself because the 1996: 228). The explanation is that there set of eternal truth is nothing but divine are specific or particular things that go on understanding itself. God, in this sense, indefinitely because there are many appears as creative wisdom where eternal variations of natural elements, and the truth has its existence. corpus is divided briefly. So, there are Humans as intelligent creatures have forms, movements, willingness, and the capacity to know the eternal truth that tendencies of things (Leibniz, 2014: 36). is found in their hearts by actions because Thus, the truth of this fact follows the God has bestowed this eternal truth. principle: choose the best possible among Humans are also able to imitate in their all possibilities (Leibniz, 2014: 46). small world to work and do what God has Referring to the two types of truth, done in the big world. The cause is as said the proof of eternal truth is based on the by Leibniz in Monadology (2014: 29) as mind truth that we understand the follows: “However, knowledge of existence of God through the analysis of necessary truth and eternal truth that reason. So, we can say that the eternal distinguish us from small animals and truth is the mind truth and God is the gives us reason and knowledge. It elevates reason of the mind truth because He is the us to self-knowledge and knowledge of major cause for internal objects (Leibniz, God.” 2014: 46). Consequently, eternal truth Moreover, the intelligent soul, lasts forever in the sense that it cannot fail because the intelligent soul that expresses to exist. God himself (Leibniz, 1873: 26), can Besides, the reason for this truth is recognize the majesty and goodness of reflected in all the ideas contained in the God, lead himself freely to God and divine essence. How could it be? For glorify Him. For Leibniz, we have all the Leibniz, God is not only the principle and ideas in our soul, including the concept of causa for all substances but also as God because God is rich in our souls and intelligent substances. The intellectual all the ideas contained God himself so material means that God is the mind, in that the soul is a unique expression of the sense that God is the most brilliant God, an imitation of God, a thought of mind of all thoughts so that the greatest of God, and will God. In God, we see all that exists (Leibniz, 1873: 35). God, as everything, and God Himself is a direct the perfect account, illuminates and object. For example, when we see the sun actualize in everything. Consequently, all and stars, it is God who gives them to us substances reveal God, and all materials and maintains ideas about them within us. are mirrors of divine perfection (Leibniz, Thus God is our sun and our light 1973: 9). Therefore, in this proof of (Leibniz, 1873: 28). Our knowledge eternal truth is revealed that manifestation mechanism is also an eternal truth. Finally, of God’s relationship with the world is according to Leibniz, with eternal truth, according to his will. It is because for the we can access world knowledge and eternal truth that is in God is the divine knowledge. fundamentals of regulation and the root of the existence of all things even though IV. CONCLUSION they have no reason for their own In onclusion, the arguments presented existence. With this way, God presents by Leibniz in stating the existence of God

183 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 are relevant to the concept of Deity in confusion in his thinking. In reality, a thesis Hinduism. Lebiniz’s anxiety is to draw about the best between the world is not conclusions from the gap of non- possible. The reason: first, the world is conclusions about the only substance of likely to be infinite, infinite coloured with Spinoza concerning to the individual illusions, and only a hypothesis. So dignity and autonomy. Leibniz’s effort to something that is always possible is related solve the Spinoza problem is by building to the best in the world. Everything has monadelogical philosophy which led him to realized, and others do not exist. Secondly, the greatness of his thought. It is not the world may not be consistent with surprising that Hegel argued that Leibniz’s metaphysics; it cannot place in the middle was an individualistic of reality, which is the result of divine principle. According to H. Heimsoeth, because the world might show Leibniz's monadelogy doctrine offered a God’s inability. God is omnipotent, and classical system of . that is why God does not waste time Monadelogical individuality has become thinking about an infinite universe: God metaphysical as One, Intellect, Goodness, thinks about what he wants and wants what Substance, Goodness, Being. It is not he thinks. The world that God thinks is surprising that monadelogical individuality perfect and not a world of possibilities influenced his thinking about God. Indeed, (Mondin, 1999: 250). the evidence offered by Leibniz seems Regarding the ontological argument, coherent, logical and helps us in Leibniz has affirmed that the essence of recognizing God, but the evidence is not God is the same as His existence. free from error. Everything that exists depends on the About the harmony that has been nature of God, which is also His existence. built before, according to Leibniz, there is It also seems that Leibniz fell to pantheism. an internal law that works in monade so the The reason is that this thought states that monade are a nature that has been there is only one substance, that is God, and determined and consequently has only one the consequence is that all other forms of nature: a nature which governs everything. reality are modes (or appearances) of God This civil law has become materialistic or are identical with God. In other words, because there is only one nature God is everything, and everything is God; that regulates everything that exists. the world is either equal to God or, in some Everything is limited, bound by one kind, ways, an expression of His nature. Thus, which is that civil law. Materialistic everything that exists builds unity, and monism, then, as we know, it becomes the unity interpreted as one is the root of communist . It also seems pantheism argument. that with evidence of harmony that had Although Leibniz has made a mistake already been built before, Leibniz fell into in thinking about God, the evidence of the trap of atheism implicitly because it God’s existence offered by him gives us an denied the existence of a personal God and example and a strength to deepen our faith: only relied on internal law. God is not a it is Leibniz’s courage to increase his monad, as Leibniz believes monade of all confidence and his power to maintain monade, but God is a personal God. A God’s existence. Emulating Leibniz’s personal God means a God who always efforts, physique, and , we loves, communicates, relates to His individually or as individuals must have the creation, and he is not a closed and will, the courage to seek God, and have the unrelated monad. sense to deepen our faith tirelessly so that Regarding the world of possibility in we can be able to explain and testify about the modality argument, Leibniz has shown God with reason and reality. Confidence an optimistic metaphysics, but there is also and knowledge about God gained through

184 Vol. 4 No.2 October 2020 individual strengths have placed themselves purpose of our will and the only one that in a determinative position as personal can give us happiness. witnesses of God and God's love. Reason and reality are light to know God. Both right and truth are inserted into Donder, I. K. (2007). Kosmologi Hindu. His secret and will. Everything is for the Paramita. good of everything. But the best is that not Kauffman, W. (1997). . only for the whole in general but also for Prentice Hall. individuals, especially individuals who Leibniz, G. W. (1873). Discourse on have a love for God. Each individual will Metaphysics Correspondence with radiate God’s glory as a result. God’s glory Arnauld and Monadology. New York is broadcast from everywhere in Press. everything. Love for God leads to wisdom Leibniz, G. W. (2014). Monadology, A New and to the work of virtue: to know more Translation and Guide by Lloyd about God so that we love Him more. Strickland. Edinburgh University Finally, there is no other choice but to Press. always connect with God. As long as Livi, A. (1996). La Filosofia E La Sua everything is well connected with the Storia. Societa Editrice Dante creator, then causa provides the only Alighieri.

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