Allergic Proctocolitis in the Exclusively Breastfed Infant
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BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE Volume 6, Number 6, 2011 ABM Protocol ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2011.9977 ABM Clinical Protocol #24: Allergic Proctocolitis in the Exclusively Breastfed Infant The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine A central goal of The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding success. These protocols serve only as guidelines for the care of breast- feeding mothers and infants and do not delineate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as standards of medical care. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual patient. These guidelines are not intended to be all-inclusive, but to provide a basic framework for physician education regarding breastfeeding. Purpose data indicate approximately 0.5–1% of exclusively breastfed infants develop allergic reactions to cow’s milk proteins ex- he purpose of this clinical protocol is to explore the creted in the mother’s milk.5 Given that cow’s milk protein is Tscientific basis, pathologic aspects, and clinical manage- the offending antigen in 50–65% of cases,4,6 the total incidence ment of allergic proctocolitis in the breastfed infant as we of food allergy in the exclusively breastfed infant appears currently understand the condition and to define needs for slightly higher than 0.5–1%. Comparatively, infants fed further research in this area. Although there can be a variety of human milk appear to have a lower incidence of allergic re- allergic responses to given foods, this protocol will focus on actions to cow’s milk protein than those fed cow’s milk–based those that occur in the gastrointestinal tract of the breastfed formula.7 This may be attributable to the relatively low infant, specifically allergic proctocolitis. level of cow’s milk protein excreted in human milk,8 immu- nomodulatory substances present in human milk, and/or Definitions differences in the intestinal flora between breastfed and formula-fed infants.9–12 Exclusive breastfeeding: The infant has received only breastmilk from the mother or expressed breastmilk, Clinical presentation and no other liquids or solids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral sup- The most common symptoms associated with food- plements, or medicines.1,2 induced allergic disorders in the exclusively breastfed infant Food allergy: An adverse health effect arising from a are cutaneous reactions (eczema) and gastrointestinal symp- specific immune response that occurs reproducibly on toms.5 Severe manifestations of food allergy are extremely exposure to a given food.3 rare. The most common gastrointestinal symptom is the de- velopment of bloody stools.13–15 This usually occurs between Background 2 and 6 weeks of age,6 although some have reported symp- toms beginning as early as the first day of life.16,17 Dietary Over recent decades, a group of exclusively breastfed in- proteins excreted in the mother’s milk are responsible for the fants has been described that develop bloody stools but are majority of cases and induce an inflammatory response of otherwise well appearing. This entity has carried a number of the rectum and distal sigmoid colon referred to as allergic titles ranging from allergic colitis to benign dietary protein proctocolitis.18 It should be emphasized that breastfed infants proctitis to eosinophilic proctitis to breastmilk-induced proc- with allergic proctocolitis are generally ‘‘well appearing’’ tocolitis.4 Herein this appearance is referred to as allergic other than the presence of blood within the stool. Blood loss is proctocolitis in the exclusively breastfed infant, and knowl- typically modest but can occasionally produce anemia and/or edge of the clinical course and factors associated with the hypoalbuminemia. In very rare cases, symptoms may lead to development of this entity are essential to optimize breast- failure to thrive.19–21 Systemic manifestations such as emesis, feeding success and to support the growth and overall health dramatic diarrhea, or abdominal distention are rare and may of the infant. suggest other allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract such as food protein–induced enterocolitis or enteropathy Incidence (not reviewed in this protocol). The incidence of adverse reactions to food proteins in the Additional laboratory studies may be considered but exclusively breastfed infant is poorly defined. Prospective are often unnecessary to make the diagnosis of allergic 435 436 ABM PROTOCOL proctocolitis. Peripheral eosinophil counts may be elevated; Maternal Elimination Diet however, this is poorly indicative in an individual patient.21–23 When an exclusively breastfed baby has clinical evidence of A fecal smear looking for an increased number of eosinophils allergic colitis, the first line of treatment is the maternal is often reported negative.18 If the fecal smear does not contain elimination diet, avoiding food containing the most likely detectable leukocytes, it is not suitable for mucosal cytology, allergen, cow’s milk protein. Having a rigorous diet imposed and the report of no eosinophilia is not reliable (T. Takamasu, can be extremely hard for a new mother, who is dealing not personal communication, June 9, 2011). Stool cultures are only with being a new mother and breastfeeding, but also negative for pathogenic bacteria, and radiographic studies ex- with her concerns for her baby’s symptoms. clude necrotizing enterocolitis.6,24 Total and antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin E concentrations are similar to those of non-affected infants and thus need not be measured.13 In severe Elimination diet plan or protracted cases unresponsive to dietary modification, en- Several different methods are proposed: doscopic evaluation may be warranted. 1. To make it as simple as possible, one can start by eliminating the most likely suspects for allergies one at Pathophysiology a time (i.e., cow’s milk [and products made with cow’s The symptoms and severity of food hypersensitivity vary milk like cheese, butter, ice cream, and other dairy according to the mechanism of immune response (immuno- products], soy, citrus fruits, eggs, nuts, peanuts, wheat, globulin E vs. cell-mediated) and location of intestinal in- corn, strawberries, and chocolate). Mothers are in- volvement.6,25 Allergic proctocolitis in the breastfed infant is a structed to eliminate one food or food group (e.g., dairy cell-mediated hypersensitivity disorder of the distal large products) at a time and wait a minimum of 2 weeks and bowel characterized by mucosal edema, focal epithelial ero- up to 4 weeks. Most cases will improve within 72–96 sions, and eosinophilic infiltration of the epithelium and hours.6 lamina propria.14,18,19,26,27 Biopsy specimens typically demon- 2. If there have been no changes with the infant’s symp- strate eosinophil counts of greater than 20 per high-powered toms in that time, the mother can usually add this food field.21,28,29 The passage of dietary proteins into maternal milk back into her diet and eliminate another food or food is responsible for the majority of cases,30 and elimination of group from the list. This continues until she has elimi- the offending agent from the maternal diet usually results in nated all of the foods listed. When eliminating a food, cessation of symptoms within 72–96 hours.6 In some cases, she also needs to remember to eliminate any other dietary restriction for up to 2–4 weeks may be required to foods that contain this product (i.e., when eliminating 12,31 notice improvement. In a published series of 95 breastfed cow’s milk, eliminate anything made with cow’s milk, infants with bloody stools, 65% were determined to be at- not forgetting the specific protein components like ca- tributable to maternal ingestion of cow’s milk, 19% to egg, 6% sein, whey, lactoglobulin, etc.; it is important to read to corn, and 3% to soy.4,6 labels for these other component ingredients). Often It remains unclear when the sensitization phase of allergic mothers don’t think about the fact that other foods proctocolitis occurs. Some infants have been reported to re- contain these products. The Summary of the United spond adversely to food proteins excreted in the mother’s States Expert Panel suggests that individuals with food milk within the first day of life.16,17 It is apparent that dietary allergy and their caregivers receive education and and environmental antigens are capable of crossing the pla- training on how to interpret ingredient lists on food cental barrier32 or entering the amniotic fluid,33 which is labels and how to recognize labeling of the food aller- swallowed by the fetus. These findings suggest the possibility gens used as ingredients in foods; the Expert Panel also of in utero sensitization following maternal antigen exposure suggests that products with precautionary labeling, during pregnancy.34 Alternatively, variations in the concen- such as ‘‘this product may contain trace amounts of tration of several immunomodulatory substances in human allergen,’’ be avoided.3 Don’t forget that some medica- milk appear to influence the protective effect of breastfeeding tions, vitamins, and even vaccines may have allergenic against allergy.35–38 Human milk contains viable leukocytes ingredients. that may play a role in antigen processing and presentation to 3. If eliminating each of these foods does not solve the neonatal lymphocytes in the intestine.39.40 Thus, it is possible problem, the next step could be to have the mother keep that ingestion of dietary food proteins excreted in the mother’s a very complete food diary for 2 weekdays and 1 milk, accompanied by physiologic conditions favoring im- weekend to see what her usual eating habits are. By munogenic responses (in the neonate or maternal milk), may carefully reviewing her food diary, one may be able to result in allergic sensitization.