DOCSLIB.ORG

British Efforts to Secure Kingston from Rebellion in the Winter of 1837-1838 Robert W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
British Efforts to Secure Kingston from Rebellion in the Winter of 1837-1838 Robert W Document généré le 25 sept. 2021 07:25 Ontario History “This Period of Desperate Enterprise” British efforts to secure Kingston from rebellion in the winter of 1837-1838 Robert W. Garcia Consequences of Rebellious Acts: The 1837 & 1838 Rebellions Résumé de l'article Volume 101, numéro 2, fall 2009 Nous étudions dans cet article les mesures prises par les autorités militaires britanniques en poste à Kington, pour répondre au déclenchement de la URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1065616ar rébellion du Haut-Canada en décembre 1837. Cette rébellion eut lieu à un DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1065616ar moment particulièrement difficile, la plupart de la garnison régulière de Kingston venant d’être envoyée au Bas-Canada pour y éteindre la révolte, Aller au sommaire du numéro laissant ainsi la ville ouverte aux attaques des Patriotes. De plus, la construction de Fort Henry, commencée en 1832, n’était pas encore achevée; or ce fort devait être l’un des éléments essentiels d’un système de fortifications qui visait à protéger le principal dépôt militaire de la province, les entrepôts de Éditeur(s) la Marine Royale et l’entrée du canal Rideau. Commandé par Richard The Ontario Historical Society Bonnycastle, du régiment Royal Engineers, un petit nombre d’officiers britanniques d’active et des vétérans du cadre de réserve, prirent des mesures énergiques pour organiser et entraîner les volontaires et les recrues encore ISSN inexpérimentées de la malice canadienne. L’efficacité de cette préparation fut 0030-2953 (imprimé) mise à l’épreuve à la fin de février 1838, quand les Patriotes lancèrent une 2371-4654 (numérique) attaque majeure en vue de s’emparer de la ville de Kingston. Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Garcia, R. W. (2009). “This Period of Desperate Enterprise”: British efforts to secure Kingston from rebellion in the winter of 1837-1838. Ontario History, 101(2), 142–163. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065616ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2009 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ 142 ONTARIO HISTORY “This Period of Desperate Enterprise” British efforts to secure Kingston from rebellion in the winter of 1837-1838 by Robert W. Garcia I felt it my duty to recommend the immediate enclosing of that part of the Ordnance Yard which has become insecure and easy to access, from the forming of the slopes of the glacis from the fort…which has reduced the picket fence to ¼ of it’s former height thereby in opposing no obstruction to persons disposed to make a short cut from the fort towards the town, otherwise feel inclined to trespass on this establishment in which is partly enclosed one of the principal powder magazines so exposed to the de- signs of the evil disposed during this period of desperate enterprise.1 o wrote James Windsor, Kingston’s have serious consequences. Despite the Ordnance Storekeeper, early in storekeeper’s worries the British mili- 1839, just over a year after the on- tary in Kingston had made tremendous Sset of rebellion in Upper Canada. Wind- advances since December 1837 to better sor, the Ordnance Department officer defend this key city against attack. This responsible for the enormous range of article will examine the efforts made by materiel—uniforms, tools, small arms, a small group of British officers, senior artillery and ancillary equipment and non-commissioned officers and civilian gunpowder—stored in Kingston’s mili- officials to improve the security of King- tary warehouses was rightly concerned. ston’s vital military depot, to train and The town was the major military depot house the eager Upper Canadian mili- of the province and its loss to the rebels tia and to improve the town’s fortifica- and their American sympathizers would tions. 1 Library and Archives Canada (hereafter LAC), RG8 I vol. 447, 55. James Windsor to Fitzgerald, 16 January 1839. Ontario History / Volume CI No. 2 / Autumn 2009 143 Abstract “The Key to the Province” This article looks at the reaction of the British military ichard Bonnycastle, the Com- authorities in Kingston to the outbreak of the Upper manding Royal Engineer in Canada Rebellion in December 1837. The revolt had R come at an awkward time. The vast majority of Kingston’s Kingston during the rebellion, regular garrison had been earlier dispatched to quell used this phrase when describing the uprising in Lower Canada leaving the town open the town.2 What made Kingston so to Patriot attack. As well, Fort Henry, whose construc- important that it became a target tion had begun in 1832 and the lynch pin of a proposed system of fortifications designed to protect the province’s of the rebels? The town’s strategic chief military depot, Royal Navy dockyard and the significance dated back to the sev- entrance to the Rideau Canal, was not yet complete. enteenth century when the French Lead by Richard Bonnycastle of the Royal Engineers, a established Fort Frontenac on the small cadre of British regulars and retired veterans took vigorous steps to organize and train the eager but raw west side of the Cataraqui River. Canadian militia and volunteers. The effectiveness of the The good natural harbour and the training was realized in late February 1838 when the town’s location at the eastern end Patriots made their major attempt to capture Kingston. of Lake Ontario, the mouth of the Résumé: Nous étudions dans cet article les mesures prises Cataraqui and the head of the St. par les autorités militaires britanniques en poste à King- Lawrence River made it a transpor- ton, pour répondre au déclenchement de la rébellion du tation and communications hub Haut-Canada en décembre 1837. Cette rébellion eut lieu in an era before adequate roads. à un moment particulièrement difficile, la plupart de la garnison régulière de Kingston venant d’être envoyée au When the British took control in Bas-Canada pour y éteindre la révolte, laissant ainsi la the eighteenth century they re-es- ville ouverte aux attaques des Patriotes. De plus, la con- tablished facilities on the site of the struction de Fort Henry, commencée en 1832, n’était pas old French fort and, by the 1790s, a encore achevée ; or ce fort devait être l’un des éléments es- sentiels d’un système de fortifications qui visait à protéger naval yard on Point Frederick across le principal dépôt militaire de la province, les entrepôts the Cataraqui from Kingston.3 de la Marine Royale et l’entrée du canal Rideau. Com- During the War of 1812 the British mandé par Richard Bonnycastle, du régiment Royal vastly expanded operations of the Engineers, un petit nombre d’officiers britanniques d’active et des vétérans du cadre de réserve, prirent des mesures naval yard launching increasingly énergiques pour organiser et entraîner les volontaires et les larger warships to combat those recrues encore inexpérimentées de la malice canadienne. constructed by the Americans at L’efficacité de cette préparation fut mise à l’épreuve à la Sackets Harbor, New York. By war’s fin de février 1838, quand les Patriotes lancèrent une at- taque majeure en vue de s’emparer de la ville de Kingston. end the Royal Navy squadron on the lake provided Upper Canada with security from naval or amphibious western portions of the province. attack and protected the shipment of To guard the naval yard, defences supplies to the military garrisons in the were established around Kingston.4 The 2 LAC, MG13, WO55/874, 263-264. Bonnycastle Memorial to Sir James Colborne, 20 May 1839. 3 Richard A. Preston, Kingston before the War of 1812, (Toronto: Champlain Society), lxxviii-lxxxix. 4 Stephen D. Mecredy, “Some Aspects of Kingston’s Development during the War of 1812,” (MA Thesis, Queen’s University, 1982), 79-80. 144 ONTARIO HISTORY Figure 1. Kingston 1829. The plan illustrates the locations of the fortifications proposed in 1829. The following rebellion era military facilities are indicated: 1. Fort Henry, 2. Ordnance and Engineer Department Yards, 3. Naval Yard, �. Fort Frederick, �. Cataraqui Bridge, �. Tete du Pont Barracks, 7. Royal Artillery Yard, 8. Missis- sauga Point, 9. Blockhouse No. 2, 10. Blockhouse No. 3, 11. Blockhouse No. �. LAC, NMC 11381. town was enclosed within a log pali- the Commissariat Department.5 sade and interspersed at intervals were After the war, activity at the naval wooden blockhouses or earthen batter- yard decreased, but the importance of ies. At the tip of Point Frederick the Brit- Kingston did not lessen. Senior British ish erected a battery and blockhouse. To military planners saw the city, and its the east on Point Henry, a promontory military assets, as central to their control that rises thirty metres above the lake, of Upper Canada. As early as 1818 the the Royal Engineers constructed a sub- Duke of Richmond, Governor-in-Chief stantial fortification that was named Fort of the Canadas, wrote home to the Co- Henry. On the western slopes of the point lonial Secretary of Kingston’s signifi- under the protection of the fort were the cance.6 In 1825 the Duke of Wellington, workshops of the Royal Engineer De- the most successful British general of the partment, which directed military con- Napoleonic era and Master-General of struction projects.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canada Rebellion 1837 Mss
    Canada Rebellion 1837 Mss. Coll. No. 55 .5 linear feet Historical note The Canadian Rebellion of 1837 was a movement in Lower Canada toward establishing a French Republic on the St. Lawrence River that was led by Louis Joseph Papineau. During the same year William Lyon MacKenzie led a similar armed revolt in Upper Canada which failed, he then fled to the United States and established headquarters on Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara river and tried to continue the rebellion with the aid of sympathizers from the United States. Among the battles fought during the “Patriot War” was the 1838 Battle of the Windmill, November 12-16. Fought near Prescott, Ontario, across the St. Lawrence River from Ogdensburg, NY, some 300 ragtag, mostly U.S. invaders, attempted to cut off the communication lines of British troops by overtaking Fort Wellington in Prescott. The invasion was a complete failure, with only about 200 landing at Windmill Point. The insurgents were repelled by British regular troops, navy ships and local militia over the four day fight. 159 of the invading force were taken prisoner. The leader of the invaders, Nils Von Schoultz, was executed a few weeks later. Scope & contents This collection (formerly known as Patriots War Collection) consists of several original letters relating to the Battle of the Windmill plus photocopies of other letters, clippings, a list of Americans captured and photos of Windmill Point, Prescott, Ontario. Also included is an article "Mackenzies 1837 Rebellion" as well as copies of The New Yorker from 1838 and The Albion from 1835 to 1844 that contain relevant articles about the rebellion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battles of the Windmill
    It is an unknown fact of history that there were actually two Battles of the Wind­ mill and, although the first Battle of the Windmill is well known to historians it is time that the second battle of the Windmill be recorded for posterity since we have such record in the diary and field notes of James West, Provincial Land Surveyor and Civil Engineer. The windmill, now decapitated and converted into a lighthouse in 1872 stands on Windmill Point V/2 miles east of the Town of Prescott on the St. Lawrence River. It was erected in 1822 by a West Indian merchant named Hughes and served the farmers in Grenville County. The village, adjacent to the mill, is now nothing but roofless, window- less stone ruins. The first Battle of the Windmill occurred because of the unrest in both the United States and the five Canadian provinces in the 1830’s. There was a rebellion in both Upper and Lower Canada in 1837, the uprising under William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada at Toronto and the rebellion in Lower Canada under Louis-Joseph Papineau. After the unsuccessful uprisings, Mackenzie, Papineau and other Canadian leaders stirred up strong sympathy among the American population when they had fled across the border. This was instrumental in the formation of secret, underground Patriot Hunter’s The Lodges both in the United States and Canada. By the middle of 1838 they probably numbered 150,000 members, all of whom were dedicated to the forcible overthrow of Canada’s so-called “Oppressors”. After the senseless acts at Prescott in November 1838 and a few weeks later at Windsor, both American and Canadian popular support of the Battles Movement dwindled until the Hunter organization disappeared in 1842.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada Needs You Volume One
    Canada Needs You Volume One A Study Guide Based on the Works of Mike Ford Written By Oise/Ut Intern Mandy Lau Content Canada Needs You The CD and the Guide …2 Mike Ford: A Biography…2 Connections to the Ontario Ministry of Education Curriculum…3 Related Works…4 General Lesson Ideas and Resources…5 Theme One: Canada’s Fur Trade Songs: Lyrics and Description Track 2: Thanadelthur…6 Track 3: Les Voyageurs…7 Key Terms, People and Places…10 Specific Ministry Expectations…12 Activities…12 Resources…13 Theme Two: The 1837 Rebellion Songs: Lyrics and Description Track 5: La Patriote…14 Track 6: Turn Them Ooot…15 Key Terms, People and Places…18 Specific Ministry Expectations…21 Activities…21 Resources…22 Theme Three: Canadian Confederation Songs: Lyrics and Description Track 7: Sir John A (You’re OK)…23 Track 8: D’Arcy McGee…25 Key Terms, People and Places…28 Specific Ministry Expectations…30 Activities…30 Resources…31 Theme Four: Building the Wild, Wild West Songs: Lyrics and Description Track 9: Louis & Gabriel…32 Track 10: Canada Needs You…35 Track 11: Woman Works Twice As Hard…36 Key Terms, People and Places…39 Specific Ministry Expectations…42 Activities…42 Resources…43 1 Canada Needs You The CD and The Guide This study guide was written to accompany the CD “Canada Needs You – Volume 1” by Mike Ford. The guide is written for both teachers and students alike, containing excerpts of information and activity ideas aimed at the grade 7 and 8 level of Canadian history. The CD is divided into four themes, and within each, lyrics and information pertaining to the topic are included.
    [Show full text]
  • Ft Wellington and Vicinity Prescott, Ontario
    GUIDE TO FT WELLINGTON AND VICINITY PRESCOTT, ONTARIO A WISE NATION PRESERVES ITS RECORDS-GATHERS UP ITS MUNI­ MENTS-DECORATES THE TOMBS OF ITS ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD-REPAIRS ITS GREAT PUBLIC STRUCTURES &. FOS" TERS NATIONAL PRIDE AND LOVE OF COUNTRY'BY PERPETUAL REFER­ ENCE TO THE SACRIFICES & GLORIES OF THE PAST • • • JOSEPH HOWE /SAIIOKAL EARKS OF CANADA-HISTORIC SITES FORT WELLINGTON Prescott Ontario A brief history of the famous Fort Wellington and other historic sites in its immediate vicinity adjacent to the beautiful and incomparable waterway of the St. Lawrence river, along which were enacted events that mark the con­ tests of the British and French andihe British and the United States for the possession of Canada. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HON. CHARLES STEWART - - Minister W. W. CORY. C.M.G. - Deputy Minister J. B. HARKIN - Commissioner. National Parks of Canada. Ottawa HISTORIC SITES OF PRESCOTT AND VICINITY FORT WELLINGTON. WINDMILL POINT, FORT DE LEVIS, CHRYSLER'S FARM, POINTE AU BARIL The group of historic sites to which attention is directed in this brochure all lie in the vicinity of Prescott, Ontario, on the north shore of the beautiful St. Lawrence, one of the world's most magnificent waterways. Before the advent of the railway or the construction of the Rideau canal the St. Lawrence river was the only direct means of communication between Quebec, Montreal, and the region now known as the province of Ontario, with the exception of the then far-away and still more precarious Ottawa. Many of the historic events that marked the contests of the British and French and the British and the United States troops for the possession of Canada were therefore enacted on the great river.
    [Show full text]
  • Niagara National Historic Sites of Canada Draft Management Plan 2018
    Management Plan Niagara 2018 National Historic Sites of Canada 2018 DRAFT Niagara National Historic Sites of Canada Draft Management Plan ii Niagara National Historic Sites iii Draft Management Plan Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................... 1 2.0 Significance of Niagara National Historic Sites .............................. 1 3.0 Planning Context ............................................................................ 3 4.0 Vision .............................................................................................. 5 5.0 Key Strategies ................................................................................ 5 6.0 Management Areas ......................................................................... 9 7.0 Summary of Strategic Environmental Assessment ....................... 12 Maps Map 1: Regional Setting ....................................................................... 2 Map 2: Niagara National Historic Sites Administered by Parks Canada in Niagara-on-the-Lake ........................................................... 4 Map 3: Lakeshore Properties and Battlefield of Fort George National Historic Site .......................................................................... 10 iv Niagara National Historic Sites 1 Draft Management Plan 1.0 Introduction Parks Canada manages one of the finest and most extensive systems of protected natural and historic places in the world. The Agency’s mandate is to protect and present these places
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Aboriginal Verse 179 Viii Black Words White Page
    Australia’s Fourth World Literature i BLACK WORDS WHITE PAGE ABORIGINAL LITERATURE 1929–1988 Australia’s Fourth World Literature iii BLACK WORDS WHITE PAGE ABORIGINAL LITERATURE 1929–1988 Adam Shoemaker THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E PRESS iv Black Words White Page E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au Previously published by University of Queensland Press Box 42, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Black Words White Page Shoemaker, Adam, 1957- . Black words white page: Aboriginal literature 1929–1988. New ed. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 9751229 5 9 ISBN 0 9751229 6 7 (Online) 1. Australian literature – Aboriginal authors – History and criticism. 2. Australian literature – 20th century – History and criticism. I. Title. A820.989915 All rights reserved. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organization. All electronic versions prepared by UIN, Melbourne Cover design by Brendon McKinley with an illustration by William Sandy, Emu Dreaming at Kanpi, 1989, acrylic on canvas, 122 x 117 cm. The Australian National University Art Collection First edition © 1989 Adam Shoemaker Second edition © 1992 Adam Shoemaker This edition © 2004 Adam Shoemaker Australia’s Fourth World Literature v To Johanna Dykgraaf, for her time and care
    [Show full text]
  • Holt Renfrew's 175Th Birthday
    NEWSLETTER The Town of York Historical Society ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ September 2012 Vol. XXVIII No. 3 This year Canadians celebrate a number of CANADIAN RETAILER anniversaries. 50 years ago medicare was introduced CELEBRATES 175 YEARS in Saskatchewan; 100 years ago the Grey Cup and the Calgary Stampede were inaugurated; 200 years ago the Americans declared war on Britain and invaded her territories in Upper and Lower Canada. At the time, many “Canadians” and First Nations joined in their defence. 25 years later, rebellions took place in both Canadas against the same British rule that had been fought for previously. Also in 1837, a new monarch ascended to the throne – the young Victoria – who would rule Britannia and Canada for more than 60 years. In the year of our current Queen’s Diamond Jubilee, we recognize the 175th anniversary of a Canadian retailer who, during Queen Victoria’s reign, became furrier to generations of British royalty. In 1947, Holt Renfrew & Co. was chosen by the Canadian government to design a wedding present for Princess Elizabeth. It was a coat of wild Labrador mink. Many North American women owned furs at the time, but the harsh realities of post-war Britain are evident in the photograph at left in which one man, fists clenched, has not doffed his hat. Princess Elizabeth in her Holt’s mink, a wedding gift from Canada, 1947 Continued on page 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ James Scott Howard’s Family Bible Finds Its Way Home On a hot day last August a young couple delivered a very special gift to Toronto’s First Post Office: a bible they had bought at an estate sale.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebellion Document Uncovered: John “Daddy” Hall's Involvement
    Rebellion Document Uncovered: John “Daddy” Hall’s Involvement Confirmed Peter Meyler1 Researcher Guylaine Petrin has discovered one of the most interesting documents relating to John “Daddy” Hall. Hall is one of the most well-known members of Grey County’s early African Canadian community, and had a very storied life. He was said to have been between 102 and 117 years old at the time of his death, had five or six wives, and up to 21 children. “Daddy” Hall was of First Nations and African heritage. He scouted for Tecumseh during the War of 1812, was captured and taken into slavery by Virginian soldiers and eventually escaped by swimming the Ohio River, after thirteen years in slavery. Hall subsequently migrated to the Toronto area and this is where Guylaine Petrin’s discovery comes into play. During Hall’s time in the Toronto area, he was taken as a hostage by the rebels during the 1837 Rebellion. Two newspaper articles published while Hall was alive mention this event. The first, from the Toronto Evening Star article entitled “John Hall, Aged 112” and subtitled “An Owen Sound Negro, Who Fought in 1812 and 1837 – A Slave in the South, was published on October 8, 1895. It includes the following information: He also says that he served in the rebellion of 1837-38, under Captain Fuller of London, previous to which he had removed to Newmarket, where his home was raided by the rebels. Prominent Owen Sound lawyer, H. G. Tucker, noted the following in an article published in the Boston Globe of October 5, 1897: After the close of the war (of 1812) he made his way to Toronto, squatting on the Humber River, where he farmed, fished, and made Indian bark wood for a living.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    ECOPOETICS AND THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF LANDSCAPE: INTERPRETING INDIGENOUS AND LATVIAN ANCESTRAL ONTOLOGIES ANDREJS KULNIEKS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN EDUCATION YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO SEPTEMBER 2008 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54092-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54092-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of the Windmill Revisited: As Recounted by Lieutenant Andrew Agnew, 93Rd Highland Regiment of Foot, 8 December 1838
    Canadian Military History Volume 9 Issue 4 Article 7 2000 The Battle of the Windmill Revisited: As recounted by Lieutenant Andrew Agnew, 93rd Highland Regiment of Foot, 8 December 1838 Andrew Agnew Scott McLean Queen’s International Study Centre Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Agnew, Andrew and McLean, Scott "The Battle of the Windmill Revisited: As recounted by Lieutenant Andrew Agnew, 93rd Highland Regiment of Foot, 8 December 1838." Canadian Military History 9, 4 (2000) This Feature is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Agnew and McLean: Battle of the Windmill Revisited The Battle of the Windmill Revisited As recounted by Lieutenant Andrew Agnew, 93rd Highland Regiment of Foot, 8 December 1838 Scott A. McLean he failure of William Lyon McKenzie, Louis (1967), and accounts of the conflict may also T Joseph Papineau, and other like-minded be found in contemporary issues of the reformers to bring about meaningful change Kingston Chronicle and Gazette. However, the in the political, economic, and social structure information remains somewhat cursory and of Upper and Lower Canada in 1837 did not limited in colour and detail. The letter end to possibility of rebellion, and in fact a reprinted below was written on 8 December greater threat came in 1838, with widespread 1838, the very day Nils von Schoultz was filibustering along the American border.
    [Show full text]
  • Niagara National Heritage Area Study
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Niagara National Heritage Area Study Study Report 2005 Contents Executive Summaryr .................................................................................................. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................5 Part 1: Study Purpose and Backgroundr Project History ....................................................................................................................11 Legislation ..........................................................................................................................11 Study Process ......................................................................................................................12 Planning Context ................................................................................................................15 The Potential for Heritage Tourism ..................................................................................20 Part 2: Affected Environmentr .............................................................................. Description of the Study Area ..........................................................................................23 Natural Resources ..............................................................................................................24 Cultural Resources ..............................................................................................................26
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations
    Summer 2013 United Nations Lewiston Headquarters Almost History Mysteries Located Here Navy Island, which was proposed as the new world headquarters for the United Nations in 1945, has a fascinating history. When this area was controlled Beautiful by the French it was known as Île de la Marina. The French built four ships to Commemorative service the Great Lakes. The British set up a shipyard on Navy Island when the Rockefeller French lost control in 1763. In the War of 1812, the British stationed a Coin Treasured by Donated detachment on the island. Area Collectors In 1837, William Lyon Manhattan Land 1945 Artist Conception of the United Nations: As the area gears up for the December for UN Mackenzie (1795-1861), 19, 2013, unveiling of the Tuscarora the first Mayor of Several locations for the UN Niagara Navy Island with Niagara Falls in Background Heroes Monument on Center Street, were considered, but the Toronto, led about 200 of Falls Navy Island, less than three miles above the falls, was proposed to be the people are collecting the spectacular his supporters and decision was made when John North Grand new World Peace Capital and headquarters of the United Nations by an commemorative coin that is helping to Davison Rockefeller, Jr. captured the island and Island Bridges international committee in 1945 and 1946. The island was considered to raise funds for the project. The coin is (1874–1960), proclaimed the Republic be an ideal location as it lay on the boundary between two peaceful considered a “good luck” piece and it’s son of of Canada there, in Navy countries.
    [Show full text]