www.jogh.org • 2 1 Ismail Shah Mahnoor Yousif Shaikh for thenext pandemic? Influenza swinefluvirus:Acandidate JoGH ©2021ISGH © 2021TheAuthor(s) The onlineversionofthisarticlecontainssupplementarymaterial. Electronic material: supplementary Department ofInternalMedicine,DowUniversityHealthSciences,Karachi, Pakistan Department ofInternalMedicine,ZiauddinMedicalUniversity,Karachi, Pakistan an-like (EA)H1N1(G4EAH1N1)virus. otype 4(G4)reassortant Eurasian avi new strainofinfluenzavirus,namedgen and foundtohaveantibodiesagainsta provinces inChina,pigsweresurveyed As partofastudyconductedacross10 doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.03011 infection. Finally,theseviruses showedincreasedreplicationandpathogenicityinferretssuggesting severein epithelial (NHBE) cells and alveolar epithelial (A549) cells, the primary target cells in human influenza virus epithelialcellsincludingthehumanbronchial to producemuchhigherprogeny virusesinthehumanairway ceptors, aprerequisiteforinfecting humancells.Additionally,G4EAreassortantviruses replicateefficiently assortant (TR)derivedinternal genes.Thesevirusesbindwithhighaffinitytothehuman-like SA DNA fromthe2009’sH1N1strain, responsibleforcausingthepandemicthatyearinaddition tothetriple-re man-to-human transmissionleadingto a pandemic.Furtherresearchindicatedthat this G4straincontains coupled withtheirwidespreadcirculationinthepigfarms that mayfacilitatetheirexposureandhence,hu The researchersconcludedthatfurthermutationsintheG4 virusmayenhancetheiradaptationinhumans has acquiredincreasedhumaninfectivity. amongthoseaged18-35yearsduringthelastthreeofstudythusindicatingthat virus observed fected pigstestedpositiveforantibodiestoG4EAH1N1,virus andahigherseropositiverateof20.5%was of this study revealed that 10.4% of the swine workers and 4.4% of thegeneral population exposed to the in combatting theviruswereandarestillbeingemployed[ unavailability ofthevaccine,andrapidhuman-to-humantransmissionratethattraditionalmeasures thrombosis, ischemicstroke,andpulmonaryembolism[ matic to having life-threatening complications such as myocarditis, acute cerebrovascular disease, deep venous droplets via coughing or sneezing [ to thedisease.Coronavirusdisease-19(COVID-19)isarespiratoryillnessthatmainlyspreadsthroughairborne 2020, approximately11millionpeoplehavebeeninfectedwiththisdisease;overhalfasuccumbed sequently, it was declared a pandemic two months later, affecting millions of lives worldwide. As of July 2, (WHO) declareditapublichealthemergency ofinternationalconcern(PHEIC) byJanuary2020[ A 2 acute respiratorysyndromecoronavirus-2(SARS-COV-2). Shortlyafter, theWorldHealthOrganization further investigation,itwasdiscoveredthatthecauseofthesecasesanovelstrainsevere rising number of pneumonia cases were being reported in Wuhan, China since December 2019. Upon
1 , FarahYasmin - - 2 ]. The disease severity ranges from infected individuals being asympto pigs across 10 Chinese provinces between 2011 and 2018. The findings pigs across10Chineseprovincesbetween2011and2018.The findings of Academy ofScienceswasbasedontheinfluenzavirussurveillance recently publishedstudyinthejournalofProceedings National H1N1 (G4EAH1N1)viruswasdiscoveredbyresearchersinChina.A flu virusnamedgenotype4(G4)reassortantEurasianavian-like(EA) globally. Very recently, on June 30, 2020, a new strain of influenza swine tential thatmayfurtherburdenthe already struggling healthcaresystem another possibleinfectiousoutbreakthathasaninfluenzapandemicpo treatment fortheSARS-CoV-2 disease,theyarenowconcernedabout While theresearchscientistsarestillinvolvedindevisinganappropriate 1 , RohanKumarOchani 1
3 4 candidate forthenextpandemic?JGlobHealth2021;11:03011. Cite as: ]. It is due to these characteristics, in addition to the ]. Itisduetothesecharacteristics,inadditionthe ]. ShaikhMY,YasminF, OchaniRK,ShahSMI.Influenzaswinefluvirus:A 1 , SyedMuhammad 2021 •Vol. 11 • 03011 α 1 2, 6Galre ] andcon ------
VIEWPOINTS VIEWPOINTS 2021 •Vol. 11 • 03011 Photo: From https://unsplash.com/photos/_zFRhU7jqzc. avoid anothermajoroutbreak. control measures to beimplemented three yearsofthestudy,warrantingstrict those aged18-35yearsduringthelast er seropositiverateof20.5%among The newinfluenzavirusstrainhadahigh uscript. SMIS contributed to the drafting of the manuscript and helped in the revision of the manuscript for intellectual uscript. SMIScontributedtothedrafting ofthemanuscriptandhelpedinrevision forintellectual and helpedintherevisionofmanuscriptforintellectualcontent. Theauthorapprovedthefinalversionofman tual content.Theauthorapprovedthefinalversionofmanuscript. RKOcontributedtothedraftingofmanuscript uted to the conceptualization and drafting of the manuscript and helped in the revision of the manuscript for intellec revision ofthemanuscriptforintellectualcontent.Theauthorapproved thefinalversionofmanuscript.FY: contrib Authorship Funding the correspondingauthor),anddeclare noconflictsofinterest. Competing content. Theauthorsapprovedthe finalversionofthemanuscript. global economywhichcanhavedisastrousconsequencessuchasfamine,drought,poverty,andevenwar. Great Depressionseeninthe1930s[ as InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)predictsthatitwillshrinkby3%thisyear, whichisworsethanthe self-harm orsuicide.Likewise,theglobaleconomywillsufferimmenselyinlieuofcoronaviruspandemic will leadtoafurtherspikeinmentalhealthdisorderswhichcan,turn,adverseoutcomessuchas psychological stressinthegeneralpopulation,especiallywithanxietyanddepression[ Moreover, thelockdown,disruptioninnormalactivitiesalongwithuncertaintyhasplacedconsiderable systems [ carry thehighestriskofinfectionduetoclosecontactwithCOVID-19patientsthusparalyzinghealthcare asthey ID-19 outbreakandcombatthedisease.Additionally,healthcareworkersarealreadyoverwhelmed laborated andacceleratedeffortstodeviseanefficientvaccinemanagementoptionscurtailtheCOV medical systemworldwide.Health care authorities andpharmaceutical companies areengagedinseveralcol lets (RD)exhibitingtheircapabilitytoreadilyinfecthumans[ fection coupledwithhighvirustransmissionamongferretsbothviadirectcontact(DC)andrespiratorydrop vent losingmorelives. learned fromtheCOVID-19 pandemic can beappliedhereby containing thevirusinitsinitial stages topre
: None. 6 ].
interests contributions : The authors completed the ICMJE Unified Competing Interest form (available upon request from The authors completed the ICMJE Unified Competing Interest form (available upon request from : MYS: contributed to the conceptualization and drafting of the manuscript and helped in the MYS:contributedtotheconceptualizationanddraftingofmanuscript andhelpedinthe - whelming numberofSARS-CoV-2 casesand ithasoverburdened the Furthermore, health authorities have already been battling with an over going coronaviruspandemic,thisnewviruscouldalsospreadswiftly. as mostcountrieshavestartedopeningupforbusinessdespitetheon za fluvaccinedoesnotofferprotectionagainstthisstrain.Furthermore, that peoplemayhavelittletonoimmunityitandthecurrentinfluen to containthisemerging virusmustbetakenimmediately asitisbelieved [ in theswineindustry,shouldbekeptundersurveillance trolled withinthepigsandhumanpopulation,particularlyworkers Scientists stronglyrecommendthatthevirusshouldbequicklycon 8 ]. Therefore, another pandemic will have a substantial impact on the ]. Therefore,anotherpandemicwillhaveasubstantialimpactonthe 2
ness and avoid public hysteria. Perhaps, the lessons ness andavoidpublichysteria.Perhaps, thelessons mation verifiedbycrediblesourcestocreateaware must alsoworktowardsprovidingauthenticinfor tential viruses.Furthermore,themediaindustry measures to not just contain but combat any po tists andhealthcareworkersintakingeffective leaders mustalsoworkinconjunctionwithscien cine tothevirus,canbetakenimmediately.World adequate measures,suchasadaptingthefluvac ly, thesituationshouldbecloselyfollowedsothat healthcare system.Mostimportant overwhelmed put inplacehospitalstonotcollapseanalready humans. Acontingencyplanmustbeformedand to ensure that the G4 EA H1N1virus does not infect ic, scientistsneedtostayvigilant.Nowthegoalis In conclusion,evenamidtheCOVID-19pandem 5 ]. www.jogh.org • 7 ]. Another pandemic ]. Anotherpandemic doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.03011 5 ]. Measures ]. Measures ------www.jogh.org • REFERENCES 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 business-51706225 Jones L,BrownD,PalumboDJBN.Coronavirus:Avisualguidetotheeconomicimpact.Available: Health. 2020;17:1729. stage ofthe2019coronavirusdisease(COVID-19)epidemicamonggeneralpopulationinChina.IntJEnvironResPublic Wang C,PanR,WanX,TanY,XuL,HoCS,etal.Immediatepsychologicalresponsesandassociatedfactorsduringtheinitial 6736(20)30644-9 The Lancet.COVID-19:protectinghealth-careworkers.2020;395:922. pnas.1921186117 demic viral genes facilitating human infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:17204-10. Sun H,XiaoY,LiuJ,WangD,LiF, WangC,etal.PrevalentEurasianavian-likeH1N1swineinfluenzaviruswith2009pan doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa020 public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020;taaa020. Wilder-Smith A,FreedmanDO.Isolation,quarantine,socialdistancingandcommunitycontainment:pivotalroleforold-style 2019 novelcoronavirusdiseases(COVID-19)inChina.ZhonghuaLiuXingBingXueZaZhi.2020;41:145-51. Novel CoronavirusPneumoniaEmergency ResponseEpidemiologyTeam.Theepidemiologicalcharacteristicsofanoutbreak 020-00240-0 disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update onthe status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7:11. Guo Y-R, CaoQ-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus line:32096567 Sun P, LuX,XuC,SunW, PanB.UnderstandingofCOVID-19basedoncurrentevidence.JMedVirol.2020;92:548-51. doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.03011
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Medline:32155789
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Ziauddin MedicalUniversity Third-year medicalstudent Syed MuhammadIsmailShah Correspondence to: [email protected] Pakistan Karachi Block-6, Clifton Shahr-e-Ghalib Road Medline:32199474
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