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Outline

• Climate Change Overview of Winery Footprints • Sustainability Certificates • Footprint Reporting Roger Boulton • An Example Stephen Sinclair Scott Endowed Chair in Enology Viticulture and Enology • Carbon Footprints University of California, Davis • Water, Energy and Chemical Footprints

19th February 2016 • Scaled and Partial Footprints 15-16 Current Issues: Optimizing the Sustainability of Wine Production • Summary

Change in Groundwater Storage, Central Valley of California

2012

Rate = 1.7 MAcFt/yr Oroville Dam = 3.5 MAcFt http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/ http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3057/ Deficit >20 Oroville dams

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http://nsidc.org/greenland‐today/ http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/charctic‐interactive‐sea‐ice‐graph/

Certificates

Sustainability Certificates

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Industry Organizations and Self-Assessment

Sustainability Reporting

Credibility: Standards not clear, Certifier and Certified are too close, label is not clear

Label Proliferation: Confusion and hard to separate from “Green Washing”

Process vs Reporting: ISO 14000 and “best practices” vs metrics

Ethics: No loss of Certification for bad practices

Transparency: No disclosure of any metrics

Examples of Sustainability Reporting

Carbon Disclosure Project, Global Reporting Initiative, Dow Jones Sustainability Index Carbon Trust, others

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Global Reporting Index Categories

The Global Reporting Initiative

What and Why? GR3 and GR4 GRI 2013 61 Food and Beverage Companies, 3 Breweries, no Wineries

https://www.globalreporting.org/Pages/default.aspx

An Example

Pernod Ricard Largest Spirits Company in the world, Largest Wine Brand, Jacobs Creek

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Publically-Trade vs Privately-Held Companies

Carbon Dioxide Balance – Vine to Consumer

CO2 Uptake CO2 Release CO2 Release

CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Release

Footprints and Partial Footprints VineyardWinery Distributor Retailer Consumer

Other Grapes What fraction of a footprint do you own? Other Wine Recycle, Compost Barrels, Supplies Landfill CO2 Release Packaging Waste Water CO2 Release Barrels Electricity Gas Fuel

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Carbon Dioxide Balance – Vine to Consumer Carbon Dioxide Balance – Vine to Consumer

CO2 Uptake CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Uptake CO2 Release CO2 Release

CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Release

VineyardWinery Distributor Retailer Consumer VineyardWinery Distributor Retailer Consumer

Other Grapes Other Grapes

Other Wine Other Wine Recycle, Compost Recycle, Compost Barrels, Supplies Barrels, Supplies Landfill CO2 Release Landfill CO2 Release Packaging Packaging Waste Water Waste Water CO2 Release CO2 Release Barrels Barrels Electricity Electricity Gas Gas Fuel Fuel

Carbon Dioxide Balance – Vine to Consumer Challenges for the Future

CO2 Uptake CO Release CO Release 2 2 • Shared Ownership and Partial Footprints? CO Release CO Release CO2 Release 2 2 e.g. Vine Carbon Capture, Vine Water Use, Pomace Release, Carbon Footprint of Bottles, Transportation VineyardWinery Distributor Retailer Consumer • Vineyard vs Winery Footprints, Net Zero versus Sustainable Sites Other Grapes

Other Wine Recycle, Compost • Are Footprints to be Self-reported, Audited, Verified? Barrels, Supplies Landfill CO2 Release Packaging Waste Water CO2 Release • Who will take the lead in developing sustainable Barrels Electricity practices and data gathering and reporting related to Gas grapes and wine, in CA and in the US? Fuel

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Carbon Cycle of Grapevines

• Carbon Uptake Budbreak to Harvest, Vine Biomass, Respiration, Berry Sugars The Carbon Example • Carbon Release from Berries, Leaves, Roots • Clusters thinning in the Vineyard Vineyards and Wineries • Pomace Composting, Cane Burning, in Barrels Vineyard Bottles • Machinery for Hedging, Sprays, Harvesting • Leaf fall and composting over winter

Carbon Release in Winemaking Carbon Footprint Calculators

• Ethanol Fermentation (60 L CO2/L wine, • http://www.epa.gov/rdee/energy- – 130 lb/ton grapes) resources/calculator.html

• Malolactic Fermentation (0.5 L CO2/L wine, • http://www.sierraclubgreenhome.com/co2- – 1.1 lb/ton grapes) carbon-dioxide-center/ • Carbon Release of Wastewater, BOD and COD • http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol • • Composting Pomace, CO2 and CH4 Who sets up and owns the Calculators? • Winemaking Materials, Barrels • Who validates them and verifies their claims? • Electrical Energy and Fuels • Who owns the carbon dioxide footprint of a vine? • Packaging and Warehousing • Who owns the carbon footprint of a bottle? • Case Goods Transportation • What does Carbon Neutral really mean?

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Per-Volume Footprints

• CO2 Release during Fermentation – Proportion to Volume, independent of scale Water and Energy Footprints • Energy for Fermentation Cooling – Proportion to Volume, independent of scale Scaled Footprints • Energy Loss during Storage The per-volume footprint decrease – Surface area per Volume, Loss falls with 1/D with increasing scale • Cleaning Water, Cleaning Chemistry – Surface area per Volume, Usage falls with 1/D

Scaled Footprints

• Rinse Water use is proportional to surface area • Energy Loss is proportional to surface area

• Volume of water per volume of wine varies with Area/Volume α 1/V0.33 or 1/D

• 8 times wine volume should have half the water footprint • 1000 times wine volume should have 1/10th the water footprint

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Some Future Possibilities - Some Future Possibilities - Vineyards Wineries Re-Use of Cleaning Solutions, n>1 Site-Specific Water Footprints Sequestration of Fermentation Carbon Dioxide Net Zero Water Storage in Soils Biochar from Pomace, no CO and CH Sustainable Water Sources 2 4 Biochar for Biomass Sequestration Wineries that are: Self-Sustainable in Water and Energy and with a zero Carbon Footprint

Future Footprints CO2 Kg/KWh, % Renewable, % Net Zero % on-site Renewable % Self-Sustainable KWh KWh/Kg or KL % Self-Sustainable Peak KW

% On-site (Riparian, Rainwater) KL/Kg or KL % Sub-terrainian (Well) Some Future Footprint •Energy % Purchased, % Net Zero •Water Number of Uses •Greenhouse gases Added Chemistries Metrics Kg/Kg or KL •Emissions Discharge composition, Na, NO3 •Hazardous and non hazardous waste •Recycling Kg/Kg or KL •Packaging % CO2 Kg, % CH4 Kg, other % Captured, % Net Zero Short term, Long term

C, N, S as % CO2 or Kg/Kg, Photo Reactive, Concentration at point of release % Captured, % Net Zero

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Summary Acknowledgements

• Robert Mondavi • Sustainability Certificates • The Jackson Family • Footprint Reporting • TJ and Valeta Rodgers – An Example • Jerry Lohr • Winery Carbon Footprints – and all the others who helped to build the most • Water, Energy and Chemical Footprints sustainable Winery in the world • Scaled and Partial Footprints • The Stephen Sinclair Scott Endowment • The University of California

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