La Revue de l’Institut | The Graduate Institute Review #16 Automne | Autumn 2015 GLOBE

DOSSIER L’h istoi r e en mouvement

LA MAISON DE LA PAIX Entretien avec Christian Dussey Directeur du GCSP La Revue de l’Institut | The Graduate Institute Review #16 Automne | Autumn 2015

ÉDITORIAL 03 Une priorité : des femmes professeurs – Philippe Burrin

L’I NSTITU T 04 Dual Master Programme with Harvard Kennedy School

LA MAISON DE LA PAIX 06 Entretien avec l’ambassadeur Christian Dussey, directeur du Centre de politique de sécurité de Genève (GCSP)

DOSSIER – L’histoire en mouvement 10 L’histoire en mouvement – Davide Rodogno 12 Transnational Africa – Aidan Russell 14 Penser l’histoire transnationale – Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou 16 Birth Control in the Twentieth Century: Transnational Movements and Local Contexts – Nicole Bourbonnais 18 The History of International Governance and Systems – Jussi M. Hanhimäki 20 Entanglements and Connections: Towards a Global History of the Cooperative Movement, 1890–1970 – Interview with Gareth Austin and Nikolay Kamenov 22 Why Study International History at the Graduate Institute?

LES ENSEIGNANTS 24 Nouveaux professeurs

LES DÉPARTS 27 Bruno Arcidiacono et Nicolas Michel

LES ÉTUDIANTS 29 La diversité linguistique est une richesse 30 A Letter of Motivation: Why I Want to Study at the Graduate Institute 31 Reflections on Our Experience at the Institute

L’ENSEIGNEMENT 32 Teaching at the Graduate Institute: Challenges and Rewards – Shalini Randeria

LA RECHERCHE 34 New Research Projects 36 The Inclusive Peace and Transition Initiative (IPTI) Editeur : Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement 37 Nouvelles thèses : thèses soutenues du 1er janvier au 30 juin 2015 CP 136 – CH-1211 Genève 21 | Tél. : +41 22 908 57 00 | graduateinstitute.ch 38 Nouvelles parutions Responsable d’édition : Sophie Fleury, [email protected] Crédits photographiques : LES ALUMNI Couverture : Tram passing in front of the Museum of the Assassination of Franz 42 Chapitre de Washington : le témoignage de Paul Mathieu Ferdinand, on the spot where, on 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, an act which led to the outbreak of the First World 43 Portrait – Sheela Bhide War, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. AFP/Manuel COHEN. Gérald SCIBOZ (pp. 2, 24, 34, 37). Le bâtiment de la Harvard Kennedy School IN MEMORIAM à Cambridge, Massachusetts (p. 4). GCSP/Antoine TARDY (p. 6). IHEID (p. 10). 44 Vera Gowlland-Debbas Jean-David CURCHOD (pp. 22, 29, 32, 33, 35). Alessandro MONSUTTI (Quartier de Alamdar Road/Marriabad, à Quetta, Pakistan, p. 30). Amaury PEETERS (p. 38). Impression : Juillerat Chervet © The Graduate Institute, Geneva, October 2015 | ISSN : 1662-8497

2 ÉDITORIAL Une priorité : des femmes professeurs Philippe Burrin Directeur de l’Institut

u cours des deux dernières décennies, le monde Avec l’augmentation du nombre de doctorantes, Auniversitaire dans l’espace atlantique s’est féminisé. l’ajustement devrait se faire au fil du temps. Mais plutôt L’Institut n’a pas échappé à cette tendance qui a touché que de s’en remettre à un changement lent et incertain, fortement les sciences sociales. Aujourd’hui, deux tiers l’Institut a décidé de suivre une politique volontaire de nos étudiants de master et un peu plus de comprenant deux volets : d’une part, la mise au concours la moitié des doctorants sont des femmes. d’un nombre accru de postes au rang de professeur assis- Mais parmi les professeurs, leur nombre tant afin de donner à des femmes des chances sérieuses dépasse à peine 20 %. Le déséquilibre de de l’emporter dans une compétition ouverte ; d’autre part, genre entre étudiants et professeurs est donc l’utilisation de la procédure par appel pour inviter des allé croissant. femmes possédant un dossier et une expérience de haut niveau à nous rejoindre au rang de professeur ordinaire. Il serait simpliste d’attribuer ce regrettable état de fait à la prévalence de préjugés En jouant simultanément sur ces deux éléments, nous machistes, dont le milieu universitaire est avons obtenu des premiers résultats positifs. Sur les treize plutôt exempt. En tout cas, rien n’en montre la personnes nommées cette année et qui entreront en fonc- présence à l’Institut, où la dimension genre est intégrée tion d’ici l’automne prochain, neuf sont des femmes. En dans les enseignements et où la recherche sur les ques- persévérant dans cette voie, nous remédierons à une tions de genre est valorisée, notamment grâce au travail faiblesse qui nuit au développement durable de l’Institut. de l’équipe du programme dirigé par le professeur En rééquilibrant les genres parmi les professeurs, nous Elisabeth Prügl. offrirons des role models à tout le monde, y compris aux hommes, et ferons bénéficier notre vie collective d’une Une explication plus sérieuse est à chercher dans la plus grande variété d’aptitudes et de sensibilités. faible proportion – jusqu’à récemment – des femmes parmi les doctorants dans notre domaine de spécialisation, ce qui se reflète lors des procédures de recrutement. Quand un poste est ouvert au niveau de professeur ordi- naire, le pourcentage des candidates tourne autour d’un tiers, ce qui ne favorise guère une issue heureuse. Pour un poste au rang de professeur assistant, en revanche, la proportion atteint près de la moitié. La conséquence en est qu’aujourd’hui 43 % des personnes à ce rang sont des femmes.

3 L’I NSTITU T Dual Master Programme with Harvard Kennedy School What are the benefits of your experience at the Institute and in International Geneva? Interview with Ashveena Gajeelee Ashveena Gajeelee. My year at the Institute was very Airene Robinson. Given that the Institute is in Head of International Cooperation and External Relations, Financial Services Commission, Republic of Mauritius enriching, both academically and professionally. It allowed Geneva – the hub for international negotiations and the and Airene M. Robinson me to be in tune with the latest developments in the fields seat of the United Nations – it provides a very conducive Project Manager, Department of Finance, Republic of the Philippines of trade law, health regulation and science. What I particu- environment for international relations students. I’ve larly enjoyed in Geneva was the ease with which students benefitted from the excellent conferences, debates, talks can interact with the international community and thought and networking opportunities that the Graduate Institute leaders who are based in or visiting Geneva. In addition, provides through its strategic location and connections The Dual Master Programme is aimed at a few selected mid-career professionals who are the Institute hosts international events just about every to international organisations. I have also benefitted from interested in public service and foreign and global affairs, and have at least seven years week, giving students the opportunity to listen to and the Institute’s excellent international relations and law of professional experience. Ashveena Gajeelee and Airene Robinson are both holders of the benefit from the thoughts of political leaders and experts. professors, not only in terms of academic backing but Pierre Keller Scholarships. Another non-negligible factor is the highly diverse student also as concerns professional experience. community at the Institute. The constant exchange and clash of ideas with my classmates during my year was defi- nitely one of the highlights. Why did you decide to apply for this dual degree programme? If you had to convince students to apply for this programme, Ashveena Gajeelee. The dual master programme of Airene Robinson. Going back to academic learning and what would be your arguments? the Graduate Institute and Harvard University brings obtaining a master’s degree had been a long-desired under- Ashveena Gajeelee. I would tell them that they Airene Robinson. My arguments would be the together two premier foreign policy and governmental or taking for me. After working professionally for both the should not even think twice about it. The Institute offers following: the programme is offered by two specialised corporate strategy institutions. It was a once in a lifetime private and the government sector for more than 15 years, the latest technology and study support; and the skills academic institutions that are known to provide academic opportunity for me to further my skills in order to best it seemed that the time to undertake a master’s degree had acquired at the Institute and the professional networking excellence in the fields of public administration – Harvard address the global challenges all policymakers face, irre- finally come, the only question being what master’s degree opportunities are a great combination to use as a platform Kennedy School – and international relations – Graduate spective of where we live. The effi- should I obtain that would be a good for those who want to become agents of change. Institute of International and Development Studies; it is cient application of concepts relies match for what I had already The dual master programme is a tough programme, aimed at and designed for working professionals whose on the amalgamation of analytical achieved professionally. The dual there’s no doubt about it. Both institutions – the Graduate objective it is to pay forward or give back to humanity or thinking and problem solving; and I degree programme came to me at Institute and Harvard University – have very high stand - the public by significantly contributing to sustainable felt that the best way to learn this the perfect time, when I was ready ards. The professors are of international stature and have development and the improvement of social, environmen- was through inter­action with to take on another endeavour in high expectations of their students. They can push you tal and human conditions; and it prepares mid-career professionals from a multidiscipli- academic learning to complement, if out of your comfort zone at times. But, as Abraham professionals to take on leadership roles, not just man­a- nary background. not hone, my technical, practical Lincoln wrote to his son, it’s the test of fire that makes gerial roles, developing leaders who create solutions that and professional knowledge and fine steel! have an impact nationally, regionally and globally. experiences. > graduateinstitute.ch/dualmaster

4 5 LA MAISON DE LA PAIX Entretien avec l’ambassadeur Christian Dussey Directeur du Centre de politique de sécurité de Genève (GCSP)

Le GCSP est un centre de formation dédié demande, comme cela a déjà été le cas à Addis Abeba, Quels sont les défis qui attendent le GCSP ? and Policy-Making » afin de réactiver l’importance du lien aux questions de sécurité internationale. Amman, Bakou, Dakar, New York ou encore Sarajevo. Le premier défi est de rester pertinent. Le marché de entre l’étude de l’histoire et l’élaboration des politiques. Pourriez-vous nous donner un exemple L’un de nos cours les plus globaux est le « New Issues l’éducation et de la formation est très concurrentiel et Je me réjouis de continuer et d’approfondir cette collabo- concret qui illustre vos activités ? in Security Course », qui se déroule sur deux mois. Il met nous nous efforçons de toujours offrir un produit unique ration dans un futur proche. Le GCSP est ancré dans une approche interactive l’accent sur les nouvelles menaces non traditionnelles pour et de qualité. Il nous tient particulièrement à cœur de four- insistant sur la jonction entre l’expérience et l’expertise. la sécurité internationale et traite de questions d’actualité nir à nos participants des connaissances et des compé- Quel est le profil des personnes qui Notre marque de fabrique est la cocréation, qui allie l’ex- telles que le terrorisme, le crime organisé, le changement tences concrètes, qu’ils pourront mettre en œuvre dans travaillent au GCSP ? pertise des universitaires, l’expérience des praticiens et climatique, la migration, la démographie et la sécurité leur travail au quotidien au sein de gouvernements, d’or- La diversité du personnel du GCSP est une de nos l’expérience personnelle et collec- alimentaire et sanitaire, sans oublier les développements ganisations internationales, d’organisations non gouver- spécificités. Nous comptons 48 collaboratrices et collabo- tive de nos participants. C’est ce au Moyen-Orient, en Afrique et en Asie. nementales et du secteur privé. rateurs de 24 nationalités différentes. Par ailleurs, nous partage qui fait la renommée de Un autre de nos cours à succès est « Crisis Decision pouvons également compter sur nos membres associés nos formations et leur donne leur Making : Navigating through the Storm », qui a pour but de Comment collaborez-vous avec l’Institut faisant partie de notre « Global Fellowship Initiative », ainsi côté novateur. renforcer les connaissances et les compétences des parti- dans la Maison de la paix ? que sur notre vaste réseau global d’experts et d’anciens Le GCSP dispense plus de 40 cipants en matière de leadership et de prise de décision en Le GCSP travaille avec tous les acteurs présents dans participants aux profils très variés. Parmi eux, des diplo - cours par année pour des partici- situation de crise. Pendant ce cours d’une semaine qui la Maison de la paix, et plus particulièrement avec l’Insti - mates, des militaires, des chercheurs, des journalistes et pants de plus de 120 pays. La durée s’adresse à des cadres dirigeants, nous fournissons à nos tut. Notre directeur adjoint, M. Mohammad-Mahmoud des représentants d’organisations non gouvernementales de ces formations est adaptée à la participants les outils nécessaires afin de comprendre, Ould Mohamedou, est aussi professeur associé à l’Institut et du secteur privé. Cette combinaison est l’une des demande et peut ainsi aller d’un d’analyser et de gérer les principaux défis pour les et nous accueillons régulièrement des experts de l’Institut richesses du GCSP. jour, pour des thèmes très spéci- approches stratégiques, opérationnelles et tactiques. dans le cadre de nos différentes activités. Certains M. l’ambassadeur Christian Dussey. fiques, à huit mois, pour un master Pour compléter ses formations, le GCSP mène des étudiants de l’Institut sont sélectionnés pour effectuer un > www.gcsp.ch en sécurité internationale et euro- recherches sur des sujets pointus en matière de sécurité stage chez nous afin de gagner de l’expérience pratique péenne. Nos formations ont lieu pour la plupart à Genève internationale et constitue une plateforme de dialogue au dans le domaine des relations internationales. Enfin, à la ou en Suisse mais peuvent également s’exporter selon la sein de la Genève internationale. mi-mai, nous avons lancé l’initiative commune « History

6 7 DOSSIER L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT

Demonstrators gather at Puerta del Sol during the “March for Change” planned by left-wing party “Podemos” that emerged out of the “Indignants” movement, in Madrid. 31 January 2015. AFP/Pedro ARMESTRE rejoints au cours de cette année organisations internationales, les étudiés par nos prédécesseurs ont été académique par Amalia Ribi Forclaz et ONG, la diplomatie ou encore les oubliés. Plus simplement, l’historien vit Carolyn Biltoft. Le dicton Pour que administrations publiques ; certains une tension constante entre le présent tout reste comme avant, il faut que tout sont devenus journalistes­ et beau- où tout est en mouvement et le passé change (tiré du Guépard de Tommasi coup d’autres sont engagés dans le où ce mouvement peut être – partiel- di Lampedusa) s’appliquerait-il à la secteur privé. C’est d’ailleurs pour lement – reconstruit. mutation en cours du département cette raison que le département vient La discipline n’est pas figée ; les d’histoire internationale ? Ce change- de lancer un séminaire de recherche changements sont bien réels, mais tout ment obéit à un double but : d’un appliquée professionnalisant. D’un n’a pas changé… pour que rien ne côté, nous voulons que les études d’histoire internationale servent professionnellement à tous nos étudiants, et pas seulement aux « L’historien vit une futurs historiens. Nous sommes convaincus que l’histoire est une tension constante entre discipline essentielle aux études du développement et aux affaires inter- le présent où tout est nationales. Pour comprendre la crise économique ou celle de l’euro, les en mouvement et le passé tragédies des réfugiés et des migrants (médiatisées et oubliées), les conflits, où ce mouvement peut les mouvements transnationaux ou la gouvernance internationale, faire être – partiellement – l’impasse sur l’histoire internationale serait comme priver le chimiste d’un reconstruit. » élément fondamental pour une réac- tion, une synthèse ou une composi- L’H ISTOI R E tion. L’étude de l’histoire entraîne autre côté, ces changements change. Les contributions de mes l’esprit critique, la flexibilité intellec- répondent à un besoin intrinsèque et collègues montrent la beauté et la vita- tuelle, la capacité de mettre en pers - existentiel. Comme nos prédécesseurs, lité de notre discipline, l’espace qu’elle EN MOUVEMENT pective le temps et l’espace ; elle nous écrivons l’histoire avec notre laisse à la créativité de chacun et, permet d’identifier continuités et regard pointé sur « notre » présent et surtout, la raison d’être de l’histoire Davide Rodogno ruptures. La contextualisation, un des nous sommes aussi sensibles qu’eux internationale au sein de notre Institut. Professeur et responsable du département d’histoire internationale piliers de l’analyse historique, est un au poids du passé récent et du passé Celle-ci est loin d’être moribonde, pas atout dans n’importe quel environne- vécu, et tout aussi intrigués et curieux plus qu’elle n’est en quête de révolu- ment professionnel. Preuve en est qu’eux par ce qui arrivera demain. Il tions de façade. La rigueur méthodolo- que les étudiants qui ont obtenu un serait naïf et présomptueux de croire gique, la passion pour l’exégèse, master en histoire internationale de que nous avons inventé une meilleure l’aventure des sources, l’importance e dossier de Globe illustre les s’intéressent aux réfugiés et aux Bourbonnais évoque l’im­portance du l’Institut exercent aujourd’hui des manière de faire l’histoire. Il serait tout du détail, de contextualiser, de racon- Ctrois axes principaux de l’histoire migrants, le(s) mouvement(s) à l’inté- contexte local dans « Birth Control in fonctions très variées dans les aussi erroné de penser que les thèmes ter, restent les mêmes. internationale à l’Institut : l’histoire de rieur du continent africain sont d’une the Twentieth Century : Transnational la gouvernance mondiale et des portée bien plus vaste. Russell Movements and Local Contexts », systèmes internationaux, l’histoire des expose la nature transnationale où l’histoire culturelle et sociale vient acteurs et des mouvements transnatio- du projet qui mit fin aux empires colo- enrichir la perspective trans ­­- naux et l’histoire des cultures, des niaux et montre comment une pers- nationale. Enfin, les remarques de sociétés et des marchés dans une pective de longue durée fait Jussi Hanhimäki dans « The History of Marc Flandreau, Professor of International History, and Gabriel Geisler Mesevage, PhD student perspective régionale et/ou globale. apparaître le lien étroit entre les International Governance and of International History, have won the 2014 Best Article Prize in Enterprise and Society Loin de s’exclure mutuellement, ces communautés sé­dentarisées, une Systems » rappellent la nécessité axes se juxtaposent et s’imbriquent, autorité gouvernementale stable et d’analyses concrètes et corroborées The Untold History of Transparency: Mercantile Agencies, shows, however, this story was developed by lawyers que ce soit dans l’ense­ ignement, dans une grande mobilité. Son texte par des preuves empiriques. the Law, and the Lawyers (1851–1916), winner of the employed by rating agencies. Examination of court les séminaires ou dans les publications rejoint la réflexion de Mohammad- Depuis 2008, l’histoire internatio- 2014 Best Article Prize in Enterprise and Society, cases and the litigation archive of one such firm des historiens. Ils permettent à l’his- Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou. Dans nale a fait peau neuve à l’Institut. provides a revisionist take on the rise of rating. The uncovered a world where agencies bullied plaintiffs, toire de dialoguer avec toutes les disci- « Penser l’histoire transnationale », Elle est enseignée par des profes- conventional view is that early rating agencies, which suborned witnesses and colluded among themselves plines de l’Institut. ce dernier explique que la transnatio- seurs de renommée internationale were established in the mid-19th century, emerged due to ensure that litigation remained minimised. The Dans « Transnational Africa », nalité se décline autour de la connec- comme Marc Flandreau et Gareth to a cultural shift that made publicly discussing a origins of the ratings business is found in a series of Aidan Russell se penche sur la ques- tivité des acteurs, de l’inter­contex- Austin, et par de jeunes et talentueux merchant’s credit acceptable – something that would often underhanded techniques, the real story behind tion du mouvement en Afrique. Il ­tualisation des récits et de la trans- profes­seurs comme Aidan Russell have been sanctioned by tribunals. As the article the rise of transparency. souligne que si les médias européens cendance des frontières. Nicole et Nicole Bourbonnais, qui seront

10 11 L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT TRANSNATIONAL AFRICA Aidan Russell Assistant Professor of International History

he modern world is one of find their “roots” in this history of displacement. Even the forced mobility Tmovement. In Africa we see it all integration. of the international slave trade could in remarkable contrast. Western Still, the oral traditions of many of be the foundation of fixed authority and professionals fly in from Geneva and Africa’s great kingdoms, cultures and settled community. elsewhere as expats, Europe obsesses empires recall heroic rulers who came Of course, every question of state, over crises of migrants from across out of the wilderness and pioneering community and mobility was shaped the Mediterranean, South Africa settlers who brought life to barren by the experience of colonial rule. suffers xenophobic riots targeted at lands. New communities and complex During their own great migration across immigrants, and media images dwell state authorities were built out of the world, European powers attempted on the suffering of refugees. movement. But even the most power- to establish themselves in Africa, partly The image is easily mistaken. The ful kingdoms could exercise only by controlling African mobility. Borders few people who attempt to cross the limit­ed control over their people. If were drawn to define fixed territories Mediterranean are vastly outnumbered they imposed themselves too much, and claim authority over those within by those who move within Africa. Most or provided too little, their subjects them. The violence of conquest and stay settled within their national bor- could simply leave, move on and start control pushed many to move away. ders. But does transnational movement the cycle of mobility again. But while colonial authorities needed threaten the stability of authority, the cohesion of national communities or the reality of state borders? The history of Africa suggests that the relationship “Transnational between “rooted” stability and “root- NORTHERN NIGER, territory, but settling populations also provide a home for all within them. In into exile, reproducing the dynamics less” movement is by no means a one- Agadez: West African meant fuelling mobility. the eyes of the postcolonial world, the of forced mobility around them. Like migration and national migrants returning way street. from Libya sit with The end of empire was, in turn, a refugee emerged as the archetypal their legendary forebears, such refu- Across the precolonial millennia, their belongings. transnational project. Anti-colonial transnational actor, transgressing gee rulers prove again that mobility new states and political systems rose settlement are passing 30 May 2015. movements linked up across the con- boundaries and caught between does not move in one direction. and fell with the movement of people. AFP/ Issouf SANOGO tinent, smuggling ideas and people nations. The cycle of mobility and Transnational migration and The African continent supported a rela­ actions, not identities.” between them. Mobility became truly settle­ment turns onwards; in recent national settlement are passing tively thin population and there was transnational, as state, community decades these refugees have taken actions, not identities. People who always another place to go. Outcasts, and territory were combined in the their place among the most dynamic take such transnational actions con- refugees, pioneers and adventurers There has been no more graphic settled people, colonial economies language of the nation. It was often and effective state-builders on the tinue to transform the nations they set out to seek a new home on the illustration of the ambiguous link needed mobility. Great effort was the most mobile of African subjects, continent. “Diasporic states” have been transgress, even as they contribute frontier. Sometimes they found others between mobility and power than the devoted to developing migrant labour those who had been able to study in built in Rwanda and Eritrea by return- to their political, social and economic to take them in, develop a new way of Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades. systems that could “keep Africans in Europe, America or elsewhere, who ing refugees who have brought with development. Africa’s long history life with their support, imagination and Around the greatest forced migration their place” by limiting the mobility of gave expression to this revolution. them knowledge, experience and shows that settled community, stable labour. Complex political ties were in history new states built themselves women and children while encourag- Transnationalism drove the imagina- resources from across the world. Yet authority and great mobility are mutu- developed to manage power relation- to supply or defend against slavers, ing the seasonal mobility of working tion of the nation. their actions, from Rwanda’s interven- ally entwined. One does not threaten ships between first-comers and later while colonies of freed or escaped slaves men towards mines, pastures and plan- However, civil war soon showed tions in Congo to Eritrea’s internal sys- the other, but shapes it. migrants. Many communities today modelled new patterns of society from tations. State power was defined by that some new nations would not tems of control, have sent many more

12 13 L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT PENSER L’HISTOIRE

TRANSNATIONALE PAYS-BAS. médias sociaux, toutes ces dimensions contemporain des soulèvements de trans­nationales sont plus qualitati­ Commerçants et se prêtent de plus en plus à une étude par le monde, de l’« Occupy Wall vement pénétrées, et donc transfor- hommes d’affaires Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou circulant à cheval. qui à l’avenir devra reconstituer des Street » américain aux « Indignados » mées en retour. Enfin, la direction du Professeur associé d’histoire internationale ; Chromolithographie communications et contre-communica- espagnols en passant par le « Maïdan » monde – Nord-Sud, Occident-Orient – directeur adjoint du Centre de politique de sécurité de Genève (GCSP) de la fin du XIXe siècle tions virtuelles, fluides et contingentes. ukrainien et le « Balai citoyen » burki- se doublera d’une représentation Collection privée Dire l’histoire transnationale, c’est nabé. A quoi peut ressembler un post-Mercator multidirectionnelle où © ISADORA/ LEEMAGE donc aborder des nouvelles catégories agenda intellectuel mis à jour en ce l’audience est continuellement élargie d’analyse qui permettent de faire sens sens ? Premièrement, la notion et nul acteur ne se prévaut d’une ’étude de l’histoire constitue- voyageurs, entrepreneurs et autres comprendre le présent afin d’expliquer de la fragmentation du monde et sa de trajectoires devra nous aider à influence permanente. L t-elle une discipline dont les commerçants ne se dénotent pas par le passé. reconstitution sur d’autres versants. cartographier la déterritorialisation Si le terme est encore par trop contours demeurent invariables ou cet aspect grammatical prononcé de L’émergence de l’Etat-nation avait imprécis et une théorie générale du peut-elle se prêter à des mises à jour ? ce qui se joue depuis la fin du donné naissance à une approche de transnationalisme fait encore défaut Comment établir le bien-fondé de XXe siècle, à savoir un repositionne- l’histoire qui s’était naturellement aux sciences sociales, le transnatio- celles-ci et s’assurer que leur aspect ment de l’histoire sur un échiquier centrée sur les interactions entre Etats nalisme n’est toutefois pas le cosmo- empirique vienne enrichir la discipline ? global de spatialités en coalescence. et les développements en leur sein ; « Si, à la faveur de la politisme. C’est, autrement, une Au cours des dernières décennies, la L’accent est désormais cumula­ puis l’histoire comparative prenait codification systémique d’une histoire question de l’histoire transnationale tivement mis sur trois aspects : ancrage dans ces mêmes dichotomies. mondialisation, l’aspect émergente de la dispersion qui ne se est apparue avec acuité. Le développe- la connectivité grandissante des Désormais, les Etats eux-mêmes parti- déploie plus de façon unidirection- ment de ce tropisme concerne princi- acteurs, l’intercontextualisation des cipent de ce transnationalisme en transnational de l’histoire nelle et où les différences et simili- palement l’étude de la mobilité et du récits et la transcendance des fron- manifestant toujours plus en avant tudes n’existent plus sous formes déplacement des acteurs, des idées, tières. La transnationalité se décline l’extraterritorialité militaire, financière a indéniablement pris une cloisonnées, interagissant minimale- des mouvements sociaux et des donc spécifiquement autour de cet axe et juridique. L’histoire se déploie de nos ment. Forcerait-on le trait ? La disci- organisations, ainsi que des individus fertile entre lien et évanescence. Et jours en mettant en scène des ordres ampleur grandissante, pline classique de l’histoire aura-t-elle eux-mêmes qui sont de plus en plus c’est toute la difficulté de construire étatiques et sociaux qui sont influen- péché par une association excessive transnationalisés. des méthodes d’analyse de ce qui, de cés in situ à la lumière immédiate d’al- il est important de noter avec l’Etat-nation ? Doublement non, Si, à la faveur de la mondialisa- par sa nature, échappe à la fixité. térités lointaines, là où cette influence et l’histoire transnationale ferait assu- tion, l’aspect transnational de l’histoire Aussi, le défi qui se pose aujourd’hui était précédemment différée ou impo- que cette approche existe rément faux pas si elle cherchait à a indéniablement pris une ampleur est celui de l’étoffement scientifique sée par un narratif préalablement mûri marquer des ruptures narratives de grandissante, il est important de noter d’une approche qui, jusqu’à peu, ailleurs. Aujourd’hui, les patterns de depuis longtemps. » posture et à remplacer ou corriger que cette approche existe depuis faisait plus sens intuitivement que migration, la santé, l’économie, la l’étude classique de l’histoire. Il longtemps. On ne saurait, en effet, cliniquement et qui doit maintenant conflictualité, la technologie, les s’agira plutôt d’ajouter une contribu- établir une simple symétrie entre nous aider à comprendre la redéfinition réseaux sociaux, l’environnement, les tion suivant laquelle la concentration histoire contemporaine et transnatio- des espaces et des identités. Si Ibn diasporas, le terrorisme nouveau, la préalablement enserrée sur la conti- nalisme sans perdre de vue les dimen- Khaldoun, Arnold Toynbee et Fernand société civile internationale, les méga- Là où le « Printemps des peuples » de de l’Etat-nation dans un contexte guïté d’un Etat ou d’un territoire sions qui se sont manifestées à travers Braudel s’inscrivaient déjà en ce sens, villes, l’ordre et le désordre, la notion 1848 demeurait confiné à une par ­tie plus large. Deuxièmement, la pourra aussi traiter la dimension les périodes antérieures. Pour autant, l’historien du futur devra néanmoins d’empire, la diplomatie elle-même de l’Europe, le « Printemps arabe » notion d’hybridité accompagnera transnationale en tant qu’influence les époques précédentes et leurs regarder un peu plus l’avenir pour menée activement sur le front des de 2011 a inspiré par mimétisme celle d’échanges. Les interactions potentielle.

14 15 L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT BIRTH CONTROL IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: TRANSNATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND LOCAL CONTEXTS Nicole Bourbonnais Assistant Professor of International History

n 1878, Dutch physician Dr Aletta however, made relatively expensive 1950s. Local organisations also began IJacobs opened what is widely “modern” methods like the diaphragm to create more formal links through recognised as the world’s first birth more widely accessible. They also groups like the International Planned control clinic. Operating out of a small moved birth control from private Parenthood Federation, which by office in Amsterdam, Jacobs offered homes and community networks into 1961 had some 32 members in four fittings of the diaphragm method for a medical setting, under the control of regions. free to poor women, along with a new wave of professional doctors, Some advocates also moved maternal and infant health services. nurses and social workers. across borders to pursue the cause. By 1930, similar clinics had opened in These birth control advocates Recent histories have explored the some 30 countries around the world. were self-consciously transnational international work of American advo- The concept of birth control was from the outset, exchanging informa- cates like Margaret Sanger, who trav- not new, of course. Nearly all soci­ tion, pamphlets and advice from one elled widely, holding public lectures eties in history have sought to control corner of the globe to the other. and helping set up local clinics. But UNITED STATES, New While these efforts spread access International Conference on Population times the very same foreign grant or activists from the “Global South” also York City: Margaret to birth control more widely than ever and Development, held in Cairo in state programme could be used in Sanger and Lillian travelled North, and across the South, Fassett on way to before, controversy soon erupted. 1994. The conference’s programme of one town to push experimental IUDs sharing experience and expertise. Court to attend the A number of programmes were found action led to a paradigm shift towards on women and in another to create “Understanding the history Jamaican doctor J. L. Varma, for exam- Sanger trial. to have promoted highly unethical “reproductive rights”, including the voluntary sex education centres ple, visited birth control clinics in India 30 January 1917. and coercive practices, such as test­- right to safe, accessible and affordable requested by local parents. Whether THE ART ARCHIVE / of birth control in any and London in the late 1930s, and Culver Picture ing experimental methods without methods of family planning, but also any individual campaign was coercive India’s Lady Rama Rau became well- patients’ knowledge, pushing women the right to have children (through or empowering could thus be deter- particular location thus known on the international family to use certain contraceptives despite rights to maternal healthcare), and the mined at several levels, influenced by planning circuit in the 1950s. safety concerns, or making state bene- right to make decisions about repro- the agendas and ideologies not only requires awareness of The international push of the fits contingent on birth control use. duction free of coercion and violence. of international donors and state offi- movement would be transformed in Critics argued that the narrow focus on Today, reproductive rights have cials, but also of the nurses and social the international context the 1960s, as concerns over rapid reducing fertility rates (rather than become a widely recognised inter­ workers who did the day-to-day work population growth in decolonising empowering women) was to blame. national norm. of birth control campaigns, and even, and the transnational nature countries led to an increased push for Ultimately, it would take another Understanding the history of birth at times, by patients themselves. We birth control within state and foreign transnational movement – this time, control in any particular location thus should thus be cautious about giving of these movements.” aid policy. The small, private clinics of against population control – to shift requires awareness of the inter ­ too much weight to official paradigm earlier decades were dwarfed in the international agenda. Transnational national context and the transna- shifts in the international community many countries by massive state non-governmental organisations like tional nature of these movements. or the changing language of state “population control” programmes, the International Women’s Health And yet, this cannot come at the programmes. Just as “population reproduction, whether by late Copies of international publications supplying new methods such as the Coalition and DAWN (Development expense of attention to the local control” aid could fund a wide range marriage practices, prolonged breast- like the Birth Control Review, for ex­- pill, IUD, Depo-Provera and Norplant Alternatives with Women for a New context. Indeed, combining research of practices, the “reproductive rights” feeding, homemade barrier methods ample, could be found in clinics from with financial support from donors Era), for example, played a critical in the archives of international and agenda will also, ultimately, find its or induced abortions. The new clinics, Jamaica to Japan in the 1940s and like the United Nations and USAID. role in lobbying for change at the local organisations suggests that at meaning on the ground.

16 17 failed to provide a broadly accepted extreme volatility in many parts of the the international system and the fact international governance system. Part world to which the UN was poorly that – despite the utopian and larger- of the reason was simple: the League, equipped to respond. Nor did the than-life rhetoric that characterises its despite having a sizeable Latin disappearance of the Cold War drama- Charter – the UN has never been a American contingency, remained an tically transform the organisation’s – unitary actor but rather held hostage organisation dominated by European judged by many in the twenty-first to both its own institutional imperfec- imperial powers (France and Great century to reflect a bygone age – tions as well as the many diverging Britain) that were wedded to the ability to meet its original goals. Lest it goals and interests that its member preservation of their international is to undergo a process of substantive states embody.1 subsystems (the colonial empires). To be sure, the global economic crisis, the rise of totalitarianism and the absence of the United States from the League further eroded the League’s “Nothing lasts forever; capabilities. L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT The creators of the League’s systems and modes successor organisation, the United Nations (UN), were supposed to learn of governance are in THE HISTORY from the mistakes of their predeces- sors. The very preamble of the UN constant flux, new Charter made this clear, proclaiming OF INTERNATIONAL that the UN was “to save succeeding actors emerge while old generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has ones fade away.” GOVERNANCE brought untold sorrow to mankind.” While the League had failed to provide what United States President AND SYSTEMS Woodrow Wilson once thought would reform, the UN is, history seems to Therein lies, perhaps, the most be “a definite guaranty of peace”, the advise us, ripe for retirement. Perhaps important reason why studying the Jussi M. Hanhimäki UN’s member states – by learning the real lesson of attempts to create history of the idea and practice of Professor of International History past lessons and implementing them functioning international governance international (or global) governance into its structure and modus operandi systems is that no such system is (not just the UN) is particularly rele- – were “to practice tolerance and live possible? vant in today’s rapidly changing and together in peace with one another as Historians, however, are reluctant inherently complex international good neighbours.” to accept such a simplistic negative envir­onment. For while theorising President Woodrow he history of international more than a few generations. Indeed, attempt – emerged in the immediate A noble dream that, 70 years later, judgment. For one, they point to about what works and what does Wilson announcing govern­ance and systems is a if we learn anything from history it is aftermath of World War I. It was a remains unrealised? That, certainly, is the remarkable if often forgotten not is undoubtedly important, while to Congress the entry T of the United States field littered with examples of how the simple fact that nothing lasts response to the cataclysmic collapse one possible interpretation of the post- successes of the UN. It has not been designing “templates” or “models” into World War I. the weight of history influences the forever; systems and modes of gover- of the Eurocentric international 1945 effort to create a successful able to eradicate conflict but has provi- about the roles of “stakeholders” can Illustration in Le Petit shape of the present. On the one nance are in constant flux, new actors system that had been in place since international governance system. Until ded the means to alleviate its effects provide useful guidelines, there is no Journal, France. hand, this chequered story shows the emerge while old ones fade away. the end of the Napoleonic Wars of the the late 1980s the Cold War placed (e.g. by helping refugees) and call substitute for the concrete analysis of April 1917. THE ART ARCHIVE/ efforts of nation states and other Just take the now almost cen-­ early nineteenth century. Yet, while strict limits on international coopera- attention to some of its causes (from empirical evidence. And, ultimately, Private Collection/CCI actors to create something approa- tury-old effort to create an internatio- the League had some early successes tion. Together with the rapid decoloni- economic inequality to cultural misun- all such evidence – whether related ching a stable international order. On nal organisation that would be able to in conflict resolution (by settling sation of European empires, the Cold derstanding). For another, historians to security, development or human the other hand, history reminds us regulate the actions of nation states border disputes in the Balkans and War conspired to create conditions of emphasise the inherent complexity of rights – is historical. that such efforts – and the internatio- in order to minimise the likelihood of northern Europe) and in humanitarian nal “systems” that emerged as a violent conflict. The Geneva-based fields (helping refugees and combat- 1 Editor’s note: The reader wishing to learn more about the UN’s successes and failures may consult Professor Hanhimäki’s book The United Nations: A Very Short consequence – have rarely lasted League of Nations – the first such ting the slave trade), it ultimately Introduction (see p. 39).

18 19 L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT ENTANGLEMENTS AND CONNECTIONS: TOWARDS A GLOBAL HISTORY OF THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT, 1890–1970 Interview with Gareth Austin Professor of International History and Nikolay Kamenov Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of International History

ow did different forms of coope- the International Cooperative Alliance European context, and scarcely from Hrative economic entities come (1895) and the Horace Plunkett a global perspective. A history of cir- into being around the world? What Foundation (1919) helped the exchange culation – rather than the diffusion were the particular articulations of of knowledge between regions. So, and spread – of ideas and knowledge the global cooperative movement and the late nineteenth and the twentieth concerning the establishment and run- how did they inform cooperative centuries saw the establishment and ning of cooperatives bridging different experiments on the ground? The growth of cooperative credit societies regions worldwide remains to be project “Coop Entanglements and and banks, cooperative production in written. Connections: Towards a Global the agrarian sector and consumer The project takes a single, global UNITED KINGDOM, success fed back to a global circuit of involved in the development of the the cooperative movements History of the Cooperative Movement, cooperatives worldwide. Colonial and analytical plane, and shows an entan- Rochdale: An cooperative knowledge exchange and locales as early as 1920. The analysis in Ghana and India. Why old-fashioned 1890–1970“, funded by the Swiss postcolonial governments and non- gled history of economy and knowl- co-op advert, promotion. of such partly South-South, partly colo- did you choose these two National Science Foundation (SNSF) governmental organisations promoted edge transfer that spanned networks at the Rochdale nial connections would be a long- specific cases studies? for three years and led by Professor and supported such entities in many beyond the conventional metro - Pioneers Museum Studying the history of the awaited and much-needed contribution Against the background of the Gareth Austin with the collaboration countries, including, for example, pole-periphery axis. The study takes in Rochdale which circulation of ideas is not to the field of global history, with its expansion and growth of global mar- is said to be where of Nikolay Kamenov (PhD, ETH Ghana and India. Knowhow was a further innovative approach in com- the cooperative simple. defining emphasis on entangled con- ket economy, these case studies will Zurich), examines the global circula- exchanged between countries in a bining the analysis of such circulation movement was Yes, you’re right. We decided to nections and comparisons across world help us recover some of the epistemic tion of ideas and knowledge broad cooperative epistemic network, with an examination of commodity founded. concentrate on a phase that bridges regions. Apart from the academic merit networks and commodity chains in concerned with the establishment while cooperatives on the ground were chains in which various cooperative 15 May 2015. the colonial and postcolonial periods. in the recovery and analysis of such and through which cooperatives have NURPHOTO/ and running of cooperative bodies. also part of commodity chains that structures have been involved. Jonathan It focuses on two seemingly distinct connections, however, the study will appeared throughout the world. Apart spanned the globe. NICHOLSON cases, one usually associated with also contribute to a broader understand- from being stages on which coopera- What are the roots of This project has three cocoa-producing cooperatives and one ing of the historic implications of coop- tives were established, Ghana and the cooperative movement? What is the originality of the concrete objectives. Could associated with postindependence five- eratives worldwide and illuminate what India were also major laboratories of The Rochdale pioneers set an early scientific and social context you describe them for us? year plan initiatives, and draws atten- may be seen as the dialectical relation- cooperative experimentation and thus example of consumer cooperative of the project? The project aims, first, to expose tion to similarities and differences. Thus, ship between cooperatives and the sites in which knowledge was pro- (1844), while later in the nineteenth Despite the pivotal importance of some diffusionist fallacies, portraying not only were both movements initiated growth of the global market economy. duced and fed back into broader impe- century Friedrich Raiffeisen created the cooperative movement in processes colonies and the “Third World” as sim- by the British colonial administration, rial, postcolonial and global frame- the first rural credit cooperatives. of social and political transformation ply the receiving side in the interna- but also knowhow and information were The proposed research works of exchange. Borrowing from various sources, dif- worldwide – some 200 million people tional cooperative movement; second, exchanged between agricultural experts includes two case studies: ferent cooperative models were also are employed in cooperatives today to examine the social and economic established from the 1890s onwards and many more are members or use particularities of the cooperative in many independent countries and cooperative services daily – its history movement in these regions; and, third, This project will be developed over three years at the Graduate Institute with inputs from three partners: the Humboldt colonies, while organisations such as has been studied over­whelmingly in a to show how experiments, failure and University of Berlin, the University of Delhi and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich).

20 21 JONATHAN MATTHEW SCHMITT (United States of America) PhD Candidate in International History

s an American historian working The department provides students and collegial (a combination one rarely Aon a critical history of the United with the opportunity and the tools to finds). The students here take schol- States, it may at first seem approach their studies in more com- arship very seriously and those that I strange that I chose to do plex and innovative ways than do many have had the pleasure to get to know my PhD at the Graduate other graduate history programmes are not only working on fascinating Institute in Geneva. My around the world. At the Institute, and relevant topics, they are also work, however, focuses on students are immediately encouraged genuinely committed to the historical L’HISTOIRE EN MOUVEMENT US history embedded in to engage particular historical ques- discipline. In my experience, the an international context tions, as always part of a larger field Department of International History that is only legible with ref- of questions, and never to isolate the at the Graduate Institute is among the WHY STUDY erence to the larger world history of a single culture, society or vanguard of contemporary historical of which it was and is a nation from the broader, global histor- studies and I count myself very fortu- part. The Department of ical current. nate to be a part of it. INTERNATIONAL HISTORY International History at the Graduate The department’s faculty is unpar- Institute is the ideal to place to pursue alleled and the intellectual environ- AT THE GRADUATE a project like this. ment they foster is both challenging INSTITUTE?

EFRAT GILAD (Israel) Master Candidate in International History ADITYA KIRAN KAKATI (India) PhD Candidate and Teaching Assistant in International History hat I value most about the ago, I was living in Tel Aviv, graduating Today, I am inspired and energised and WGraduate Institute is the diver- cum laude, holding a research assistant feel that I have found a home from nternational History is a field that provides and I decided to continue to capacity. We perhaps combine the right sity of students and faculty members. position, and was well on my way to a which I can pursue my academic goals. Iwas entirely new for me when I joined study here in order to avail myself of balance between pedagogical There is no better way to challenge your PhD. Still, I felt limited. I was in need I am again on my way to a PhD, but the the Graduate Institute four years ago this opportunity. This interdisciplinary instruction and pursuing our own own premises than in a seminar – or of a major challenge, a completely new one I always wanted to write, not the as an MA student. I have exposure has allowed me to reflect more research. The faculty members, apart a brainstorming session perspective in order to deconstruct one I thought I should write. continued to study here as strongly on my own work as well as on from being highly distinguished in their over coffee – with a group narratives that were confining me as Finally, the Institute’s location in I have continually found the the discipline of history. My professors own fields, also possess diverse and of open-minded peers who a historian and as a person. Due to its the heart of international Geneva is space to explore novel have been greatly supportive of my interesting personality traits. Our come from different coun- diversity, the Institute is not confined ideal. Not only does this promote diver- openings and have received pursuit of multidisciplinary themes engagement with them is also personal tries and speak different to any narrative and a critical reflection sity, but the abundance of international great direction and support. during my PhD in order to allow my and having greater access to them languages. This stimulating is almost built directly into this insti- organisations and archives within reach Now in the second year perspectives to grow and curiosities to provides us with an environment that environment is exactly tution. For me, this is priceless. are imperative for a well-grounded, of my PhD, I have been able be sparked further. Additionally, the extends beyond just academic guidance. what I desired when I At the Graduate Institute I found globally conscious historian. to pursue a minor in right guidance has been provided to Our small and closely knit community, applied to the Institute. faculty members who know you by anthropology and sociology channel this exposure productively. the highly international landscape of While I cherish the name and encourage you to follow your of development that has I have also been involved in the students and our relationships provide years I spent at Tel Aviv passion. The International History pro- greatly expanded the intellectual department as a teaching assistant; this an ideal milieu in which to broaden our University, the past year at the gramme is rigorous and the professors landscape I am exposed to. This is a experience has significantly nurtured spectrum of thought, history and Graduate Institute has challenged me are demanding, but they are also very unique opportunity that the Institute my intellectual and pedagogical everything else in between. more than ever before. Just one year generous with their time and advice.

22 23 PAOLA GAETA (Italie) Professeur de droit international PhD, Institut universitaire européen, Florence

e 1998 à 2007, Paola Gaeta a été successivement Paola Gaeta est membre du comité de rédaction du Dprofesseur assistant, professeur adjoint et professeur Journal of International Criminal Justice. Ses publications de droit international à l’Université de Florence. En 2007, récentes incluent The 1949 Geneva Conventions : elle est nommée professeur de droit pénal international à A Commentary (coédité avec Andrew Clapham et Marco l’Université de Genève et directrice du LLM en droit inter- Sassòli, voir p. 39), The Oxford Handbook of International national humanitaire à l’Académie de droit Law in Armed Conflict (coédité avec Andrew Clapham, international humanitaire et de droits humains Oxford University Press, 2014), la troisième édition mise à (l’Académie). Paola Gaeta est ensuite engagée jour de Cassese’s International Criminal Law (avec Antonio à l’Institut en février 2010 en qualité de profes- Cassese et al., Oxford University Press, 2013), The UN seur associé et dirigera l’Académie de 2011 Genocide Convention : A Commentary (éd., Oxford à 2014. University Press, 2009) et The Rome Statute of the Ses principaux domaines d’expertise International Criminal Court : A Commentary (coédité avec portent sur le droit pénal international, le Antonio Cassese et John R.W.D. Jones, Oxford University LES ENSEIGNANTS droit international des immunités et les Press, 2002). Nouveaux professeurs conflits de juridiction en matière pénale.

JEAN-FRANÇOIS BAYART (France) Chaire Yves Oltramare « Religion et politique dans le monde contemporain » PhD, Institut d’études politiques, Paris JORGE E. VIÑUALES (Argentine et Suisse) Professeur associé de droit international ean-François Bayart est spécialiste de sociologie proposant une nouvelle problématisation de l’identité, de PhD, Sciences Po, Paris | LLM, Harvard University Jhistorique et comparée du politique. Il est titulaire de la culture et de la globalisation. Dans cette perspective, la chaire Yves Oltramare « Religion et politique dans le il a en particulier publié L’Etat en Afrique : la politique du orge E. Viñuales est aussi professeur à l’Uni- and Development: A Commentary (voir p. 41), International monde contemporain » et est également directeur de la ventre (Fayard, 1989 et 2006 ; Polity, 2009), L’Illusion iden- Jversité de Cambridge, où il occupe la chaire Environmental Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015, avec chaire d’Etudes africaines comparées de titaire (Fayard, 1996 ; University of Chicago Press, 2005), Harold Samuel of Law and Environmental Policy Pierre-Marie Dupuy), The Foundations of International l’Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique Le Gouver­nement du monde : une critique politique de la et dirige le Cambridge Centre for Environment, Investment Law (Oxford University Press, 2014, coédité (Rabat) et président du Fonds d’analyse des globalisation (Fayard, 2004 ; Polity, 2007), L’Islam républi- Energy and Natural Resource Governance avec Zachary Douglas et Joost Pauwelyn) et Foreign sociétés politiques et du Réseau européen cain : Ankara, Téhéran, Dakar (Albin Michel, 2010) et Les (C-EENRG). Auparavant, il occupait la chaire Investment and the Environment in International Law d’analyse des sociétés politiques. Etudes postcoloniales : un carnaval académique (Karthala, Pictet de droit international de l’environnement (Cambridge University Press, 2012, réédition 2015). Chercheur au CNRS de 1976 à 2015, 2010). Il a également dirigé ou codirigé plusieurs à l’Institut. Au bénéfice d’une grande expérience de praticien, il directeur du Centre d’études et de recherches ouvrages, dont Religion et modernité politique en Afrique Spécialiste du droit international public, conseille des entreprises, des gouvernements, des organi- internationales de la Fondation nationale des noire : Dieu pour tous, chacun pour soi (Karthala, 1993) et notamment dans les domaines de l’environne- sations internationales et non gouvernementales en sciences politiques de 1994 à 2000, fondateur La Cité cultuelle : rendre à Dieu ce qui revient à César ment, des investissements, de l’arbitrage et de matière de droit international. des revues Politique africaine (en 1980) et (Karthala, 2015, en collaboration avec Ariane Zambiras). l’énergie, il a publié de nombreux ouvrages sur ces ques- Critique internationale (en 1998), ainsi que de Il a enseigné principalement à Paris, Lausanne, Turin, tions, dont récemment The Rio Declaration on Environment la collection « Recherches internationales » aux Editions Genève et Rabat. En France, il a été consultant perma - Karthala (en 1998), membre du comité de rédaction nent du Centre d’analyse et de prévision du Ministère d’African Affairs (depuis 1983), il s’est notamment inté- des affaires étrangères (1990-2004) et membre de la ressé à la place du fait religieux dans la formation de Commission du Livre blanc sur la défense et la sécurité l’Etat en Afrique et en Asie antérieure (Turquie, Iran), en nationale (2012-2013).

24 25 LES ENSEIGNANTS LES DÉPARTS Nouveaux professeurs Bruno Arcidiacono

SHAILA SESHIA GALVIN (Canada AMALIA RIBI FORCLAZ (Suisse) Hommage à l’historien et Royaume-Uni) Professeur assistant d’histoire Professeur assistant d’anthropologie internationale u milieu des années 1990, Bruno Arcidiacono inter- et sociologie du développement PhD, Lincoln College, Université Arompait ses séminaires après quarante-cinq minutes, PhD, Université Yale d’Oxford le temps de « respirer une cigarette », comme il aimait le dire à ses étudiants. Frapper à la porte de son bureau et itulaire d’un doctorat en anthro ­ près avoir obtenu un doctorat en l’ouvrir signifiait pénétrer dans un brouillard dense de Tpologie et environnement de l’Uni­ Ahistoire moderne au Lincoln College Gitanes sans filtre. Le paquet bleu n’était jamais loin de versité Yale, Shaila Seshia Galvin a été de l’Université d’Oxford, son agenda et d’un stylo, toujours le même. Un jour, Bruno Postdoctoral Fellow de 2013 à 2015 au Amalia Ribi Forclaz a passé décida d’arrêter et il ne fuma plus une seule Gitane. Centre d’études de l’environ- trois années à l’Institut en Bruno Arcidiacono, l’historien, terminait une recherche nement du département tant qu’Ambizione Reseach et des enseignements pour en commencer d’autres sur des d’anthropologie et sociologie Fellow avant d’être nommée sujets différents : les occupations militaires alliées après du développement du professeur assistant. Ses la défaite de l’Axe, les origines de la Guerre froide, les Williams College (EU). Elle a domaines d’expertise portent questions d’Orient, la Première Guerre mondiale, les enseigné dans ces deux sur l’internationalisme aux systèmes internationaux, les séminaires interdisciplinaires universités et a mené des XIXe et XXe siècles, l’histoire avec Peter Haggenmacher, ou encore l’histoire du droit activités de conseil auprès globale de l’agriculture et du international et de la paix. de différentes organisations développement rural et l’his- Historien créatif et cartésien, sagace et méticuleux, spécialisées dans la nourri- toire de l’esclavage et son abolition, pointu et encyclopédique ainsi que lecteur avide, il ture et l’agriculture. Ses thème de sa mono­graphie parue cette enrichissait ses séminaires qui, avec le temps, s’amélio- recherches se concentrent plus particu- année chez Oxford University Press : raient comme le bon vin. Un séminaire sur l’histoire de lièrement sur le changement agraire. Humanitarian Imperialism : The Politics of l’Europe au XIXe siècle passait, avec une clarté cristalline, Anti-Slavery Activism, 1880-1940. des systèmes bismarckiens à un triptyque de leçons sur Remerciements l’Europe fin de siècle. Il y avait de la place pour le Cercle au directeur des études MELANIE KOLBE (Allemagne) de Vienne, Sigmund Freud et Joseph Roth, Stefan Zweig, Professeur assistant de relations Thomas Mann et Pirandello, la décadence, les nationa- ar-delà son œuvre scientifique, Bruno Arcidiacono a internationales/science politique ANNE SAAB (Hollande et Liban) lismes et les premiers camps de concentration en Afrique Pjoué un rôle de premier plan dans la vie de l’Institut, PhD, Université de Géorgie, EU Professeur assistant de droit du Sud. Ceux qui l’ont eu comme enseignant ont appris notamment durant la dernière décennie. En qualité de international que la complexité gratuite cache la présomption et la directeur du doctorat, puis de directeur des études, il a près un bachelor à l’Université de PhD, London School of Economics (LSE) superficialité, que l’historien se doit d’être simple, acces - assumé une responsabilité qui, dans un établissement ARostock en Allemagne, Melanie sible, et qu’il doit pouvoir être compris par le non- postgrade, est capitale. Kolbe a obtenu un master et nne Saab est titulaire spécialiste. Bruno Arcidiacono, écrivait un collègue en le L’accompagnement du service des étudiants, l’applica- un doctorat en science poli- Ad’un doctorat en droit saluant, représente « le professionnalisme, la civilité, l’in- tion des règlements et directives, la gestion des recours et tique et affaires internatio- international de la London tégrité et l’excellence du travail académique ». des oppositions d’étudiants, l’ajustement des procédures, nales à l’Université de School of Economics Buon vento, maestro ! tout cela prend du temps et met aux prises avec des difficul- Géorgie (EU). Elle a enseigné (LSE) et d’un LLM en droit tés sans cesse renouvelées. En même temps, tout cela plusieurs années dans cette international public du Davide Rodogno garantit le fonctionnement d’une institution qui se veut université et s’est spéciali- King’s College London. Professeur et responsable du département fidèle à un standard élevé d’excellence. sée plus particulièrement Elle a enseigné et mené d’histoire internationale Cette tâche centrale, Bruno Arcidiacono l’a effectuée sur les lois et les politiques des activités de recherche avec la rectitude et la rigueur qui marquent par ailleurs ses de l’immigration et des à la LSE, à l’Université de travaux d’historien. Précis, ferme, fiable, maniant un humour migrations, les réfugiés et Leyde et à l’Université d’Amsterdam. Ses teinté d’autodérision, il s’est acquis le respect de ses collè- les diasporas, la société civile et les do­maines d’expertise portent sur le droit gues qui reconnaissaient la qualité de son travail et la force mouvements sociaux. international public, le changement de son dévouement à la chose publique – traits essentiels climatique et l’agriculture. de cette citoyenneté qui rend les institutions pérennes et mérite toute notre reconnaissance.

Philippe Burrin Cinq autres professeurs, dont quatre femmes, rejoindront l’Institut au semestre de printemps ou en automne 2016. Directeur de l’Institut

26 27 LES DÉPARTS LES ÉTUDIANTS Nicolas Michel La diversité linguistique est une richesse Entretien avec Bouna Mbaye Etudiant francophone en 2e­ année de master en relations internationales/science politique

rofesseur associé de droit international à l’Institut depuis 2008 et professeur ordinaire à la PFaculté de droit de l’Université de Genève, Nicolas Michel a pris sa retraite cet été. A cette occasion, le Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE), l’Université de Fribourg, l’Université de Genève, l’Institut et l’Académie de droit international humanitaire et de droits humains ont joint leurs forces pour rendre au professeur Michel l’hommage qu’il méritait, à l’issue de cette Pourquoi créer cette amicale ? phase de sa carrière exclusivement consacrée à l’enseignement. Auparavant, le professeur Le bilinguisme à l’Institut est une question sensible qui Michel avait, après avoir enseigné à l’Université de Fribourg, son alma mater, exercé des resurgit régulièrement à l’occasion de débats qui portent fonctions prestigieuses : directeur de la Direction du droit international public du DFAE le plus souvent sur la place du français. L’amicale se (de 1998 à 2003), puis secrétaire général adjoint aux affaires juridiques des Nations Unies propose de travailler de concert avec la direction, les et conseiller juridique de l’Organisation (de 2004 à 2008)1. étudiants et le corps professoral afin de jeter les bases Le colloque s’est tenu dans les locaux de l’Université de Genève le 29 juin 2015. Les d’une politique linguistique fondée sur les principes débats se sont déroulés en quatre sessions. La première session a traité de l’évolution d’équité et d’efficacité et permettant de concilier la pour- du droit des Nations Unies et de l’évolution du rôle des traités dans le droit internatio - suite de l’internationalisation de l’Institut avec son identité nal. La deuxième session était consacrée à la responsabilité de protéger. La troisième bilingue. Pour reprendre une métaphore que j’emprunte à session a abordé les droits culturels dans une approche interdisciplinaire. Enfin, la Philippe Van Parijs, l’AMEF, à travers des propositions quatrième session a porté sur la « nouvelle culture de la responsabilité pénale », expression chère concrètes et des activités, s’attache à « adoucir », voire à à Nicolas Michel, promue par la justice pénale internationale. surmonter le dilemme suivant : comment l’Institut peut-il Le colloque a mis en lumière l’importance des apports du professeur Michel à l’essor du droit préserver son cœur (son attractivité internationale, sa international, ainsi que son souci constant de mettre en place les conditions juridiques favorisant survie économique) sans perdre son âme (bilingue) ? le bien-être des individus et des populations. Vous avez créé avec d’autres étudiants Parmi les récentes publications du professeur Michel, il faut retenir en particulier le chapitre l’Amicale des étudiants francophones Quelles actions avez-vous déjà menées ? intitulé « Transitional Justice », coécrit avec Katherine Del Mar et paru dans The Oxford Handbook of (AMEF) afin de cultiver la diversité Les propositions de l’amicale ont été consignées dans International Law in Armed Conflict (2014). Un témoignage de l’étroite collaboration entre Nicolas linguistique à l’Institut. Votre objectif est-il un rapport intitulé « Le bilinguisme d’hier à demain : Michel et l’ancien secrétaire général des Nations Unies Kofi Annan peut également être lu dans de « défendre » le français ? plaidoyer pour la promotion de la diversité linguistique l’interview du second par le premier : « Two Cases in Perspective : Boundary Delimitation in the Ces vingt dernières années, nous avons assisté, à l’IHEID ». Nous souhaitons également proposer des acti- Bakassi Peninsula and Criminal Accountability », parue en 2013 dans Diplomatic and Judicial Means notamment en France, à la profusion d’associations ayant vités au sein et en dehors de l’Institut afin de renforcer of Dispute Settlement (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers). pour but de « défendre » le français contre « l’invasion » de l’environnement bilingue français/anglais et de permettre l’anglais. Fidèle à cet esprit chevaleresque, nous aurions aux étudiants et enseignants qui le désirent d’améliorer pu créer, à l’Institut, un front étudiant de défense de la leurs connaissances linguistiques, sans toutefois perdre Robert Roth langue française dont les membres se seraient réunis de vue que l’Institut n’est pas une école de langues. Directeur de l’Académie de droit international périodiquement dans un quartier général virtuel ou réel humanitaire et de droits humains pour préparer, dans la plus grande discrétion, leurs assauts contre l’anglais. J’ironise à dessein sur ces postures aussi vaines que belliqueuses et précise d’emblée que l’amicale ne se propose pas de « défendre » le français en raison de ses vertus intrinsèques ou de sa supériorité supposée à l’anglais et aux autres langues, ou encore par nostalgie pour sa gloire passée. Cependant, l’adoption du « tout à l’anglais », que d’aucuns considèrent comme la seule poli- tique linguistique souhaitable, possible ou « réaliste » pour toute institution qui, comme l’Institut, a une vocation internationale, nous paraît mener à des impasses tout 1 Le professeur Michel retourne à l’ONU. Il dirigera en effet le groupe de travail sur les questions politiques et juridiques dans le cadre aussi regrettables. de l’initiative de l’envoyé spécial de l’ONU sur la Syrie, Staffan de Mistura.

28 29 LES ÉTUDIANTS Reflections on Our Experience at the Institute

LUDVÍK EGER (Czech Republic) KUJTESË BEJTULLAHU-MICHALOPOULOS Master in International Affairs (Kosovo) PhD in International Relations/­Political Science hen I started my studies at the Graduate WInstitute, the Maison de la Paix had just doctorate can be an enriching, laborious opened and I watched the Institute grow before Apursuit. Mine resembled a journey. Not the my eyes. The new era has certainly brought more kind that moves you promptly to an expected end than a handful of experience to everyone. but the kind that changes your expectations. The experience that I value the most is con- While obtaining a doctorate is seemingly a LES ÉTUDIANTS nected to one of my earliest memories in Geneva. solo act, encounters with others’ ideas, struggles Following a morning spent learning French, sev- and stories stimulated my thinking best. I am A Letter of Motivation eral students met for a picnic. At one beholden to a number of Graduate point I realised that I was surrounded Institute peers, students and faculty Why I Want to Study at the Graduate Institute by people from every continent. Many who engaged with me as their col- of them became my friends and we league, student, teaching assistant Kabul, Afghanistan have often joked that if anyone took or lecturer in a way where we could a picture of us together, it could be grow with each other’s interests. I believe that everyone’s journey must start out with a English teacher for the less advanced students of the Esmat used as a stock photo since we indeed At times, it is encountering the goal. My goal is to be a positive force for change and for High School, Peshawar, in 2006, and as a physics teacher represented the diversity at the inconspicuous or the bygone that the promotion of girls’ and women’s rights in my country, for remedial classes for my former classmates at Aisha-e- Graduate Institute. Yet in all serious- moves us to think harder. For me, this Afghanistan. My journey has already taken me through the Durrani High School, Karachi, in 2004. ness it is the people at the Graduate transpired while researching eight- refugee camps of Pakistan to resettlement in Afghanistan In 2007, we were able to return to Kabul, where I entered Institute, the students and the fac- eenth century revolutions (American, and to completing my Bachelor of Law in Kabul, and I hope university. Choosing to study Law and Political Science ulty, who have really enhanced my academic and French, Haitian) whose political legacy we still it will also bring me to participate in the Graduate Institute’s allowed me to gain a wider understanding of current issues personal experience. After all, it was the admin- weigh. Exploring this past with support from the Master in International Affairs. in the region, to use, identify and evaluate the concepts, istration who directed me to the Fondation Zdenek Tokyo Foundation, I came to regard history dif- My name is Nigina Abdul Moqim Qaumi. theories and methodologies for legal research and critical et Michaela Bakala, which enabled me to come ferently: not as a book one leafs through to cor- I completed my Bachelor of Law and Political analysis, and to apply these concepts to the promotion of to Geneva in the first place. rect past mistakes or chart a straighter future Science at Kardan University, Kabul, in May justice. In parallel to my studies, I supported other refugees Another positive experience has been the but an appreciation of history as it enters con- 2014. My educational journey has been diffi- who were trying to resume their education, as Afghan Youth successful establishment of the Junior Diplomat temporaneity. We are born into societies consti- cult, with my family and me facing war and dis- Ambassador of the Refuge Education Trust (RET), an inter- Initiative by the students. Its reception by both tuted, customs laid, problems drawn, stories placement as refugees and returnees. national NGO. the student body and the administration has reiterated…thrown into different worlds whose Nonetheless, my studies have always been my I am aware that studying at the Graduate Institute is made the work truly enriching. pasts condition and enable us but rarely in a way motivation in these hard times and the some- an ambitious and demanding programme, but I am looking Lastly, the benefits of the practical orientation that allows for the recognition of each other’s times rough and hostile circumstances have forward to this challenge. In turn, I will bring a unique of the Master in International Affairs programme contemporaneity. Historical mindfulness can help only pushed me to do better. perspective: that of an Afghan woman, refugee and returnee cannot be overstated. From the opportunity to remember such denial of presence. As the Taliban entered Kabul in 1996, I fled striving for better education and for the development of spend a semester in South America to an internship As engaging as a doctorate can be, there is with my family to Pakistan. As a refugee, this was a time her country, and thus prove to be an asset to the Graduate as a part of the curriculum, or scrutinising a recently one thing – privilege – that hovers awkwardly in in my life when I was influenced by insecurity but I also Institute and make a meaningful contribution. passed United Nations Security Council resolution a prosperous and beautiful place like Geneva. An realised that my best chance was to study for a positive during the first ten minutes of an international law experience like this is perhaps only possible for change. I believe this was the only way to empower myself, NIGINA ABDUL MOQIM QAUMI class, such experiences confirm the unique those who chance upon the right circumstances. and to prepare the foundations for a better future where I character of the programme. The privilege that exists here I cannot regard as would be able to support my family and my country. Even At the end of my time at the Graduate Institute, something one ascends to, descends from or as my parents encouraged my studies and supported me I am impatient to make full use of the knowledge defends unreservedly. Rather, it is something to by complementing the basic curriculum taught in the camps, and experience I have gained. I am also looking reconcile with its finiteness so we may see what I realised that the quality of education offered in the camps forward to seeing the Graduate Institute grow is but cannot surface amidst the weight of voices would not be sufficient. Thus, during my time in Pakistan, Ms Moqim Qaumi was admitted to the Master further in terms of quality and the opportunities already recognised. I supported other displaced adolescents, serving as an in International Affairs (2015 –2017). that it offers.

30 31 L’ENSEIGNEMENT Teaching at the Graduate Institute Challenges and Rewards broadening their intellectual horizons. I often find myself lacunas; the progress of the student has to be monitored Shalini Randeria recalibrating some sessions of a course to suit their specific and mentoring provided until they are confident of integrating Professor of Anthropology and Sociology of Development and Director of Research interests. My courses aim to prepare students for different disciplinary perspectives into their own research independent research by teaching them to formulate cutting- or master the return to an academic environment after a edge questions, to design projects using a variety of break of some years. aving joined the Graduate Institute relatively recently, I do miss, however, is the enriching experience of co-teaching methods, and to master ethnography as a method and as Many doctoral students also require regular supervision Hin autumn 2012, my experience teaching here is rather advanced courses with my post-docs in Zurich as they were a form of writing so that they can learn various ways to during their long spells of field research in faraway places, limited. I have so far primarily taught courses at the doctoral often better abreast of the literature. The students benefitted generate empirical material and link it with different where they often struggle with ethical dilemmas, practical level. In some ways, the contrast with the undergraduate from the pedagogical experience I brought to the class, theoretical approaches. One pedagogical challenge is to hurdles of access, or are caught in politically fraught introductory classes and advanced courses that I had been including the lively and often controversial debates that stimulate intellectual curiosity and get students to engage situations without local support networks. Irrespective of teaching at the University of Zurich for over a decade prior ensued between the post-docs and me. critically with literature outside their own narrow regional how well one tries to prepare students for the practicalities to my relocation to Geneva could not have been greater. Teaching in Geneva has been rewarding but challenging. and thematic interests. Teaching students to write elegant and ethical issues of participant observation, it is the For one, the medium of instruction in my classes is now One of the difficulties I face is that of setting common English prose that is free of jargon also remains an important serendipity and surprises of ethnographic fieldwork that English, not German. For another, small-sized seminars with standards for students from a variety of national, institutional, if thankless task. make it invaluable. Skype and email allow for quick the opportunity for intensive discussions in the classroom disciplinary and linguistic backgrounds. Trying to establish Three other issues merit mention. Integrating students communication with my supervisees while they are away and close contact outside of it have replaced the large, a common theoretical and methodological ground for of history, law and occasionally also economics, who have in the field. More than three decades ago, as I left for my anonymous lectures I gave earlier. students trained in different social anthropology, sociology chosen to enrol for an ANSO minor, into a disciplinary first spell of field research, I was told: “Do feel free to write Not only was my teaching load at the University of Zurich and development studies traditions is not always easy doctoral programme has been an interesting challenge. It every few months, but solve all your problems on your own. much heavier, but I now teach a group of more mature either. The diversity of regional knowledge and professional has fostered interdisciplinary debate in class but has also It will take at least three months before you receive a reply students from all over the world instead of a cohort of young competence they bring to the classroom has proved to be meant providing extra support for each student in to your letter.” The advice I received then is relevant for my Swiss secondary school graduates. I greatly enjoyed teaching an asset as it allows me to draw on a wide variety of consultation with the respective PhD supervisor. Similarly, students today too: ethnographic research is fun, so be undergraduates in social anthropology then, just as I now experiences. What remains a challenge is to design courses the successful integration of the occasional older student patient in the “field”; wait for events to unfold and take the profit from my interactions with doctoral students from the to meet very different expectations. Many students complain with a decade or so of professional experience in international time to build relationships that endure, as you will go back Department of Anthropology and Sociology of Development of the heavy workload while working part-time to support or non-governmental organisations has been useful to the often; and be willing to drink innumerable cups of tea, (ANSO) as well as those from other departments whom I themselves. Not wishing to pursue an academic career, class and the ANSO programme as a whole. But here too coffee or alcohol, depending on the tastes of your co-supervise, or those who take my doctoral classes or they are interested in learning more applied skills rather it is necessary to put together an additional reading list interlocutors. simply drop into my office for consultation and advice. What than acquiring a strong theoretical grounding or in tailored to individual students in order to address the

32 33 LA RECHERCHE New Research Projects

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND ECONOMIC ELITE IDEOLOGICAL CONSENSUS FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COMPETITIVENESS: EMPLOYMENT, FIRMS’ REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUES: ECONOMY PRACTICES: VIEWS FROM LATIN LOCATION AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION A CROSS-NATIONAL, OVER-TIME STUDY AMERICA AND INDIA > Supervised by RICHARD BALDWIN USING A NEW METHODOLOGY Professor of International Economics > Supervised by TIMOTHY SWANSON and RICHARD > Supervised by CHRISTINE VERSCHUUR BALDWIN, Professors of International Economics > Supervised by DAVID SYLVAN Senior Lecturer in Anthropology and Sociology he flows of goods, people, ideas, investment, training Professor of International Relations/Political Science of Development, Director of the Gender and Tand knowhow that used to happen in developed-nation he COP21 negotiations on climate change, to be held in Development Programme, affiliated to the factories are now part of international commerce. Instead TParis this December, will hopefully lead to a commitment ince the events of 9/11, first the United States, then Programme on Gender and Global Change of building full domestic supply chains before becoming from many countries to significantly reduce their greenhouse Sother democracies, have increased resources devoted internationally competitive, Global Value Chains (GVCs) gas emissions. The economic cost linked to emission reduc- to intelligence, adopted expanded surveillance techniques, ocial and Solidarity Economy (SSE) initiatives are receiv- allow nations to join existing supply chains. tions could penalise countries planning a strong reduction, and shown a greater willingness to use military force. To a Sing growing attention from scholars and public author- A key issue for policymakers is how to craft national and thus cause a rebalancing of international economic considerable degree, these various measures have not been ities alike. However, this interest remains gender blind policies and international agreements to ensure GVCs help competitiveness. These economic impacts present a major seriously contested by most political elites, which raises despite the major role of women and the fact that SSE is developing nations to develop. We are now seeing empir- obstacle to achieving a global agreement on climate. important questions about democracy and civil liberties. highly gendered. ical research into this question based on new data, with This new research project aims to better understand the Arguably, the post-9/11 developments date back to the This two-year research project aims to address, from some results showing a positive correlation between GVC impact of environmental policies on economic competitiveness. early days of the Cold War. To see whether there are in fact a feminist perspective, these gaps in analysis and policies. participation and industrialisation. The project will analyse the cases of two countries in long-term trends by which democracies have tended to It will explore the practices, and gender and power rela- This project will investigate the impact of GVC particular, China and the USA, as they are of major importance transform into what Harold Lasswell called “garrison states” tions, in the area of social reproduction within the SSE, in participation on company performance, and how ICT usage for the future of emissions of greenhouse gases. In the case is the focus of this three-year research project. It uses ide- Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and India. It will also investigate affects participation. This could help inform national of China, the project will examine how environmental ological consensus in parliamentary debates, over 60 years how SSE practices can contribute to the renewal of public policymaking in developing nations. Links between GVC policies, introduced by regional governments, affect the and in 8 countries, as a kind of measuring stick to assess action and policies in the field of production and social participation and company performance are complex, but competitiveness of Chinese firms in terms of productivity, whether the garrison state is really our collective future. reproduction. any interactions found will help us understand how to make employment and exports. In the case of the USA, the research The project is coordinated by Christine Verschuur, with GVCs work for development. question will focus on the adoption of new technologies This project is funded by the Swiss National Science Filipe Calvão, from the Graduate Institute’s Department of under an emission tradable scheme. The project will also look Foundation Anthropology and Sociology of Development and conducted This project is funded by the Swiss National Science at how specific sectors, such as the automobile industry, may in collaboration with the UN Research Institute for Social Foundation be affected by environmental regulations. Development (UNRISD), the Institut de recherche pour le The project will result in a number of environmental développement (IRD-CESSMA, Paris), as well as with organ- policy recommendations that will be shared with field isations and universities based in Latin America and India. researchers, policymakers and economic actors throughout Switzerland and the EU. This project is funded by the Swiss Network for International Studies (SNIS) This project is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation

34 35 LA RECHERCHE The Inclusive Peace and Transition Initiative (IPTI)

What is IPTI? of conditions that allows included actors to exercise LA RECHERCHE IPTI is the Graduate Institute’s new centre of excellence influence. The research also provides detailed information for advice, knowledge transfer and research on peace on what works and what does not work when it comes to Nouvelles thèses negotiations and political transition processes. Its aim is to sustaining processes; and what roles civil society and Thèses soutenues du 1er janvier au 30 juin 2015 contribute to making peace and political transition processes women’s groups, but also mediators and donors, can take more inclusive and thus more sustainable. What distinguishes up in order to have an impact. There is an enormous interest IPTI from other centres and programmes at the Graduate in the policy and practitioner community to make use of this Institute is its explicit focus on research-to-policy transfer: IPTI research. IPTI has been set up to serve this interest. supports the local and international peacebuilding community ANTHONY BORIS BOANADA FUCHS (France, Autriche) DINA MAHMOUD SABRY (Egypte) in employing evidence-based research knowledge. This How does IPTI go about research-to-policy > Housing Governance : A Process-Oriented, Resource- > Internationalization, Domestic Politics and the “Myth knowledge is drawn from a collection of comparative research transfer? Centered, Actor-Network Approach to Housing of Liberalization” : The Domestic Politics of Egypt’s projects1 that have been conducted for nearly a decade at the ITPI provides advice to conflict parties, governments, Provision Systems in Ahmedabad Trade Policy in Response to the Global Harmonization Graduate Institute’s Centre on Conflict, Development and NGOs, and international organisations working in ongoing Directrice : Isabelle MILBERT of Trade Rules under the WTO (1986–2010) Peacebuilding (CCDP) under the lead of Dr Thania Paffenholz. peace, transition and political reform processes; it works Directeur : Gilles CARBONNIER IPTI is located in the Maison de la Paix and funded by a with a core team in Geneva and an international expert VANESSA BOANADA FUCHS (Brésil, Italie) consortium of public and private donors. network. IPTI also gives inputs into policy development > Breaking the Walls Down : The Practice of Prior, Free, MATTEO MORGANDI (Italie) processes like UN reviews or resolutions; it develops train - and Informed Consultation between Colonial Designs > Societal Values and Individual Choice : Essays in Why has IPTI been set up? ing modules in cooperation with established training insti- and a New Environmental Governance Framework Welfare and Labor Economics of Arab Countries Inclusive peace processes are more and more replacing tutions and runs an online resource centre in the format of (The Belo Monte Case) Directeur : Jean-Louis ARCAND the traditional exclusive peace deals negotiated solely a web portal in different languages. IPTI works closely with Directeur : Marc HUFTY between two or more armed actors. The CCDP’s research the CCDP, the Programme on Gender and Global Change, MICHAL PASERMAN SHPINER (Israël) has shown that inclusive processes increase the likelihood the Small Arms Survey and the Geneva Peacebuilding SIMONE CARBONI (Italie) > Three Essays on Institutions and the Cost of Foreign of agreements being signed and implemented under a set Platform. > Ecole et politiques territoriales au Burkina Faso : Capital of Emerging Markets inachèvement institutionnel et configurations de Directeur : Ugo PANIZZA délivrance des services d’éducation primaire dans la The Institute congratulates Dr Thania commune de Boromo (province des Balé) CHIARA RAVETTI (Italie) > Paffenholz on her receipt of the prestigious A Practical Example of IPTI’s Work Directeur : Jean-Pierre JACOB Essays in Natural Resources, Development and Trade Directeur : Timothy SWANSON Wihuri International Prize for Research Most of the country processes we are involved in are JUDITH DINA-MARIA FUHRMANN (Allemagne) furthering the cause of human confidential;“ hence let me illustrate IPTI’s working > Health Equity, Health Insurance and Public-Private VALENTINA ROLLO (Italie) progress. The prize has been given modalities with a short example from the policy pillar. Cooperation > Three Determinants of Economic Development : Market to Dr Paffenholz in recognition After we held a workshop with women’s organisations to Codirecteurs : Isabelle MILBERT et Nick DRAGER Access, Pricing-to-Market, and Inclusive Innovation of the outstanding contribution present our research findings from our 40-case study on Directeur : Richard BALDWIN to society of her research on women in peace and transition processes, UN Women JACLIN GRANICK (Etats-Unis) inclusion and participation in asked us to write a substantial study for the High Level > Humanitarian Responses to Jewish Suffering Abroad GÉRALDINE RUIZ (France) by American Jewish Organizations, 1914–1929 > Les droits de la personne réfugiée au sein de l’Union peace and transition processes Review of Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. This report has been used to write the Global Study on Directeur : Davide RODOGNO européenne : complémentarité et synergie des régimes over more than 10 years. UNSC Resolution 1325, and also informs a new UN Codirecteur : Pierre-Yves SAUNIER en droit universel et européen This EUR 150,000 prize was resolution. It has also led to many requests by practitioner Directeur : Vincent CHETAIL awarded on 9 October in Helsinki organisations to provide advice as to how to strengthen HAMEEDULLAH JAMALI (Pakistan) by the Finnish Wihuri Foundation for women’s groups in conflict areas. > Framing Climate Change Adaptation : MORGAN SCOVILLE-SIMONDS (Etats-Unis) International Prizes. From International Discourse to Local Realities ; > Adaptation-as-Development : “Socializing” and ” A Case Study from Pakistan “Depoliticizing” Climate Change Adaptation from the > www.inclusivepeace.org Directeur : Marc HUFTY International to the Local Level Directeur : Marc HUFTY HAN-WEI LIU (Taïwan) > Information and Communications Technology (ICT) IVONA IULIANA TRUSCAN (Roumanie) 1 For a summary of results and publications of the “Broadening Participation in Track One Peace Negotiations” project, see http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/ Standards and World Trade : Understanding and > The Notion of Vulnerable Groups in International research/centresandprogrammes/ccdp/ccdp-research/clusters-and-projects-1/participatory-peace-processes-an/broadening-participation-in-trac.html. Managing Global Frictions Human Rights Law For the Civil Society and Peacebuilding project, see http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/research/centresandprogrammes/ccdp/ccdp-research/clusters-and- projects-1/civil-society-and-peacebuilding.html. Directeur : Joost PAUWELYN Directeur : Vincent CHETAIL

36 37 London: Hurst. 2015; Oxford Commentaries 2nd revised edition. New York: Oxford on International New York: Oxford University Press. Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015. March 2016. 224 p. University Press. 192 p. October 2015. 1792 p.

LA RECHERCHE Nouvelles parutions HUMANITARIAN THE 1949 GENEVA THE UNITED

LATEST INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY SPECIAL ISSUE ECONOMICS CONVENTIONS NATIONS WAR, DISASTER A COMMENTARY A VERY SHORT LARGE-SCALE LAND ACQUISITIONS AND THE GLOBAL Edited by Andrew Clapham, INTRODUCTION FOCUS ON SOUTH-EAST ASIA AID MARKET Paola Gaeta and Marco Sassòli Jussi M. Hanhimäki Edited by Christophe Gironde, Christophe Golay, and Peter Messerli Assistant editors: Iris Van Der Heijden, Gilles Carbonnier Ilya Nuzov, Julia Grignon, Annie Hylton After seven decades of existence, has the and Tom Haeck UN become obsolete? Is it ripe for The crisis that hit the financial, significant expertise in agrarian and global perspectives as well as While the booming humanitarian sector retirement? As Jussi Hanhimäki forcefully energy and food sectors in the development studies. Secondly, it detailed case studies, providing the faces daunting challenges, humanitarian This publication is the result of collaboration argues in the second, updated edition of mid-2000s has triggered a new wave strikes a balance between views of public and private investors economics emerges as a new field of study between faculty from the Graduate Institute this book, the answer is no. In the second of transnational large-scale land theoretical reflections and detailed as well as of multilateral and practice, one that encompasses the and the Law Faculty of the University of decade of the twenty-first century the UN acquisitions (LSLAs) in analysis of actual practice and field organisations. economics and political economy of war, Geneva, co-ordinated and facilitated by the remains an indispensable organisation that several of the least reality, looking at global actors and disaster, terrorism and humanitarianism. Geneva Academy of International continues to save lives and improve the developed countries. the role of political and economic The book is organised in three parts. Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. world as its founders hoped. Foreign and domestic elites at national and local levels. Part 1 provides a historical Professor Carbonnier’s book is the first to Drawing together over 60 scholars from investors from the Thirdly, it presents the first major perspective on contemporary LSLAs, present humanitarian economics to a wide around the world, this volume of over one After a brief history of the United Nations private and public collection of articles with a focus on situating this phenomenon within readership, defining its parameters, million words presents the first detailed legal and its predecessor, the League of Nations, sectors have acquired Southeast Asia, a region that has global agro-food dynamics and land explaining its utility and convincing us why commentary on the four 1949 Geneva the author examines the UN’s successes ownership rights and attracted relatively little policies. Part 2 discusses a rich it matters. Among the issues he discusses Conventions in over fifty years. The result is and failures as a guardian of international long-term leases over LSLA-related attention, looking at collection of case studies from are: how are emotions and altruism an up-to-date explanation of the meaning peace and security, as a promoter of human large portions of land, actual processes and practices of Southeast Asia. Part 3 examines incorporated within a rational-choice and application of the Conventions in rights, as a protector of international law, thereby profoundly land acquisitions and agrarian critical questions on the influence framework? How do the economics of war contexts that have changed considerably and as an engineer of socio-economic changing land use and change in Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia and relevance of human rights and terrorism inform humanitarians’ since they were first written. The influence of development. This updated edition the livelihoods of former and the Philippines. Finally, this instruments. negotiations with combatants, and shed developments in international law, such as highlights what continues to make the UN a occupants. To better thematic issue stands out by light on the role of aid in conflict? What do human rights law and refugee law, has been complicated organisation today, and the understand LSLAs, also analysing the impact of land This new issue thus sheds light on a catastrophe bonds and risk-linked securities considerable. Particular attention is paid to ongoing challenges between its ambitions International Development Policy. Vol 6, no. 1. Boston: Brill; Geneva: The Graduate Institute. often called “land acquisition and agrarian change phenomenon that lies between hold for disaster response? To what extent the changing nature of armed conflicts and and capabilities. It also provides a clear 2015. grabbing”, International from a human rights perspective, development and agrarian policies do economic incentives influence kidnap for questions related to the threshold for armed account of the UN and its various arms and Development Policy with several contributions examining and that involves complex social, ransom and the fate of prisoners? conflict, the beginning and end of organisations (such as UNESCO and invited three guest editors to lead a LSLA dynamics through human economic, political and occupations, the geographical scope of UNICEF), and offers a critical overview of thematic issue on this phenomenon. rights instruments and frameworks. environmental dynamics affecting As more actors enter the humanitarian conflicts and the complex interactions the UN Security Council’s involvement in people’s livelihoods, food security marketplace (including private firms), between the Conventions and branches of recent crises in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, The book presents four major A series of chapters draw on the and social dynamics in many parts of Carbonnier’s revealing portrayal is international law such as international Ukraine, Libya and Syria. Thus, the reader innovative features. Firstly, it three editors’ research project the developing world. especially timely, as is his critique of the criminal law, refugee law and human rights comes to understand the current debate provides a rich perspective from a “Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in transformative power of crises. Linking law. This commentary on some of the most over the organisation’s effectiveness. broad range of disciplines, in a Southeast Asia“, funded by the To read online and to order paperback theory with practice, Humanitarian important multilateral treaties is unmissable coherent framework including Swiss Network for International copy: Economics is intended not only for for anyone wanting to understand the law history, sociology, economics, Studies (SNIS). Authors were also > poldev.revues.org/2015 interested scholars and researchers, but which is supposed to protect the victims of geography and law, alongside invited to offer other historical and also for policymakers and practitioners. armed conflict.

38 39 LA RECHERCHE Nouvelles parutions

Paris : Odile Jacob. London: Zed Books. Paris : Classiques Oxford: Oxford Cambridge: New York: Berghahn 256 p. 2015. 288 p. Garnier. 2015. 302 p. University Press. Cambridge University Books. 2015. 324 p. 2015. 720 p. Press. 2015. 354 p.

LA VRAIE THE CRISES OF LE MARCHÉ THE RIO HUMANITARIAN ANTHROPOLOGY RÉVOLUTION DU MICROCREDIT AUTREMENT DECLARATION ON PHOTOGRAPHY NOW AND NEXT MICROCRÉDIT Edited by Jean-Michel Servet, Isabelle MARCHÉS RÉELS ET ENVIRONMENT AND A HISTORY ESSAYS IN HONOR OF Jean-Michel Servet Guérin and Marc Labie MARCHÉ FANTASMÉ DEVELOPMENT Edited by Heide Fehrenbach ULF HANNERZ and Davide Rodogno Offrir des prêts répondant aux besoins de Microcredit programmes, which give small Sous la direction de Jean-Michel Servet A COMMENTARY Edited by Thomas Hylland Eriksen, ceux qui n’ont pas accès au crédit bancaire loans to borrowers in developing countries et Isabelle Hillenkamp Edited by Jorge E. Viñuales For well over a century, humanitarians and Christina Garsten and Shalini Randeria classique, tel est l’objectif du microcrédit. who lack collateral, have been considered their organisations have used photographic Celui-ci a connu un succès fulgurant : efficient tools for economic development La crise financière, morale et politique The international community has long imagery and the latest media technologies Professor Shalini Randeria and colleagues aujourd’hui, 200 millions de personnes y in struggling regions around the world. mondiale qui s’est amorcée en 2007 a grappled with the issue of protecting the to raise public awareness and funds to highlight in this Festschrift, which brings ont recours, principalement en Asie et en Yet, recently, microcredit has come under renouvelé le débat sur le potentiel émanci- environment while encouraging social and alleviate human suffering. This volume together leading anthropologists from Amérique latine. increasing critic by experts who feel that pateur et démocratique du Marché economic development, often with limited examines the historical evolution of what across the world, the ground-breaking these loans are doing more harm than aujourd’hui. Sommes-nous en crise parce results. The 1992 Rio Declaration on we today call “humanitarian photography” scholarship of Ulf Hannerz while reflecting Une révolution ? s’interroge Jean-Michel good by creating a debt trap for borrowers, que nous avons trop de Marché ? Ou pas Environment and Development was an – the mobilisation of photography in the on what anthropological practice means Servet dans ce livre. Pas si sûr… as well as building a privatised form of assez ? emphatic attempt to address this issue, service of humanitarian initiatives across today in an increasingly interconnected Rappelant le contexte dans lequel est né le welfare. setting down 27 key principles for the state boundaries – and asks how we can world. The volume recognises the microcrédit – celui de la promotion d’un Ce livre montre que le Marché n’est international community to follow. account for the shift from the fitful and visionary aspects of Hannerz’s work on marché prétendument pacificateur et The Crises of Microcredit brings together « libérateur » que si les principes de la debated use of photography for cultural flows, urban life and the libérateur –, l’auteur démonte le mythe distinguished contributors to offer the concurrence et de la propriété privée This book provides the first comprehensive humanitarian purposes in the late paradoxes of identities, transnational selon lequel il pourrait éradiquer la latest research on the effects of s’articulent avec d’autres principes examination of these principles and their nineteenth century to our current situation networks and media, as well as its pauvreté dans les pays en développement microcredit around the world. It is based économiques tels que la réciprocité, la subsequent implementation. It in which photographers market themselves far-sighted, ecumenical vision of the et émergents en favorisant le on field research on financial inclusion recherche d’autosuffisance et la redistri- investigates the origins and rationale of as “humanitarian photographers”. future of the discipline. microentrepreneuriat et l’autoemploi. conducted over 15 years in India, Senegal, bution, en se fondant sur la construction these principles, the main insights arising Morocco, Mexico, and more recently in de communs. Il s’agit donc d’une économie from the travaux préparatoires, and their This book is the first to investigate how The contributors also pays tribute to Pour l’auteur, si une révolution a eu lieu, Nicaragua and, with the support of the avec marchés, distincte tout autant d’une scopes and dimensions, clarifying the legal humanitarian photography emerged and Hannerz’s legacy by addressing elle serait plutôt du côté d’une European Investment Bank, the Dominican économie sans marché que d’une société effects of each principle, particularly as how it operated in diverse political, contemporary epistemological, ethical and microfinance devenue commerciale qui, Republic. The authors examine the de marché. regards its normative impact on institutional and social contexts. It brings theoretical challenges facing pour répondre aux besoins réels des diversification and complexity of the subsequent treaties and soft law together more than a dozen scholars anthropological theory and practice. populations, a développé d’autres services supply of financial services, and of specific Les études réunies dans cet ouvrage instruments as well as its jurisprudential working on the history of humanitarianism, Inspired by his ideas and pushing them in que le microcrédit : l’épargne, le transfert socioeconomic and institutional portent sur le microcrédit, les monnaies relevance. international organisations and new directions, they address topics de fonds, le paiement par la téléphonie environments. In doing so, they provide an locales, l’économie solidaire et le bilan de nongovernmental organisations, and visual ranging from cultural diversity in Europe to mobile ou la microassurance. Analysant understanding of the rising debts of a pays connaissant une transition vers la Written by some of the most distinguished culture in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, transnational networks in Yemen, and les ressorts de cette « vraie » révolution, large proportion of clients and show that généralisation de la propriété privée et de environmental lawyers around the world, Europe and the United States. Based on from literature to multinational Jean-Michel Servet souligne qu’elle these effects, which are essential factors la concurrence. Toutes pointent le rôle the chapters of this volume aim to give the original archival research and informed by corporations. pourrait être le levier d’une finance in the microcredit sector’s crises, are essentiel de la société civile dans la principles enshrined in the Rio Declaration, current historical and theoretical alternative, avec la monnaie et le crédit reaching saturation point. construction de communs et la pratique and through them international approaches, the chapters explore the comme biens communs. d’une économie plurielle pour limiter les environmental law, greater purchase in history of the mobilisation of images and inégalités et permettre le développement the practice of international law. emotions in the globalisation of de la démocratie. humanitarian agendas up to the present.

40 41 LES ALUMNI Portrait

SHEELA BHIDE PhD in International History, 1995 Former Chairman and Managing Director, India Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India

LES ALUMNI I arrived at the Graduate Institute in October 1970, and spent the next three years attending Chapitre de Washington a range of courses and seminars in international relations, economics and law. Those years were the most memorable of my life. It was a truly unforgettable and unique experience, with exposure Le témoignage de Paul Mathieu (PhD 1987), to academic and practical international affairs, interaction with students from different parts of conseiller au Fonds monétaire international the world, long-lasting friendships and lectures from some of the most respected world leaders and academics. Just one example was during the 1973 oil crisis, when the Institute organised a series of high-level conferences on the impact this event could have on the world economy. These meetings were closely covered by the world media, there was always considerable © DFAE/ Vous êtes président du chapitre de Swiss ambassador’s residence. We also help new excitement in the air and one somehow felt that one was close to the centre of all Ambassade Washington. Pourquoi avez-vous décidé graduates that arrive in the area. We are also a tool for the those tumultuous events. de Suisse à Washington. de vous engager dans ce chapitre ? Institute to make itself better known and to recruit new I decided to postpone my PhD in order to pursue a career with the Government Mon expérience d’étudiant à l’Institut de 1981 à 1986 students. We have staffed recruitment outreach events of India, with a promise from Graduate Institute Administrative Director Jean-Paul a été très marquante dans ma vie, tant au niveau intellec- and met with prospective students. A few years ago, we Chatelanat that I could return to complete my doctorate whenever I wished. I still tuel que personnel. Nos professeurs étaient started an annual full scholarship. One of our members, remember the keen interest he took in my career planning, advising me to take the excellents et inspirants. Je garde de très bons Corinne Deléchat, has organised a course at the Institute opportunity to contribute to the development of my country. souvenirs et je maintiens de très bons entitled “Economic Policy in Developing and Emerging As a young civil servant in India, I spent the next ten years in field-level district rapports avec de nombreux amis à Genève, Countries : A Practitioners’ View”, where about ten current administration. This gave me first-hand exposure to the problems faced by rural people, oui, même avec de vrais Genevois. Je peux and former chapter members share in the teaching. These helping me to understand their needs and presenting an opportunity to implement dire sans exagération que j’ai grandi ici et je are examples of how we try to give back to the Institute the government’s rural development and welfare schemes. The framework of economic development considère Genève comme une deuxième from which we received so much. and in-depth knowledge of other countries’ development programmes helped me immensely in patrie. Il y a eu des moments difficiles (les handling early challenges during these years. Later, I held posts at regional and national level in examens approfondis), mais aussi beaucoup Vos études à l’Institut ont-elles été décisives the Ministries of Commerce, Industry, Finance and External Affairs. I represented my government de découvertes et de joie. Je faisais partie de pour votre carrière ? in various international conferences and negotiations, and had the opportunity to work on a l’équipe de hockey académique, j’ai fait des Oui, absolument décisives ! Ma formation en économie development project in Bhutan. voyages épiques à vélo dans les Alpes, et je me suis marié internationale m’a énormément apporté et est reconnue I achieved a Master in Public Administration from Harvard University in 1987, and subsequently avec une étudiante de l’Institut. dans le monde entier. J’ai pu faire des stages au GATT et au decided to finally complete my PhD at the Graduate Institute. The theoretical foundations of FMI pendant mes études et j’ai été embauché par le FMI international relations, case studies from different countries and the exposure to negotiations Quelle est selon vous la mission du chapitre tout de suite après avoir déposé ma thèse. Les professeurs within international organisations provided me with the tools necessary to overcome the challenges de Washington et quelles actions concrètes d’économie sont très connus, tant dans le monde acadé- I faced throughout my working life. avez-vous menées ces dernières années ? mique qu’au FMI, surtout, à mon époque, Alexandre In 2007, I was presented the Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration. There has been an unofficial chapter of the Institute Swoboda et Hans Genberg. Les doctorants de l’Institut sont This is the highest distinction that can be bestowed upon a civil servant in India. I will be forever in Washington from the late 1980s. We would meet occa- beaucoup appréciés par le FMI et la Banque mondiale, où grateful to the Graduate Institute, to its administration, students and professors, and to Professor sionally, especially when a professor was visiting. We nous sommes très largement surreprésentés par rapport à Harish Kapur in particular, for contributing so immensely to the success of my career. lobbied several directors to take a greater ownership of the la taille de notre cher Institut. Le FMI est l’endroit privilégié worldwide body of alumni, which Philippe Burrin finally pour pratiquer la macroéconomie appliquée. achieved. The chapter was founded in 2007 and has about > graduateinstitute.ch/alumni 300 members. It has the ambition of being a place for alumni to connect with one another on personal and Cet entretien est une illustration de la pratique professional levels. Networking is such a key tool for du bilinguisme français/anglais à l’Institut professional advancement today. We have regular happy hours, the occasional get-together at someone’s home, and our big event of the year – the annual reception at the > graduateinstitute.ch/fr/home/alumni/chapters.html

42 43 In Memoriam

VERA GOWLLAND-DEBBAS 22 septembre 1943 – 29 septembre 2015

era Gowlland nous a quittés trop tôt, le 29 septembre 2015. C’est une grande perte pour notre VInstitut, où elle avait fait sa licence et son doctorat, dirigé le service des publications et, enfin, enseigné de 1994 jusqu’à sa retraite en 2009, lorsqu’elle est devenue professeur honoraire. Vera n’a en réalité jamais quitté l’Institut, où elle continuait à collaborer de multiples manières, notamment en enseignant dans le cadre du nouveau programme de LLM en droit international. Les 12 et 13 juin derniers, elle était venue présider un panel du colloque « International Law and Time », dans ce qui allait malheureusement constituer ses adieux à ses collègues et étudiants. Sa production intellectuelle constitue un précieux héritage. Elle a toujours fait preuve d’anticipation dans les problématiques abordées. Le titre de sa thèse de docto- rat, écrite pendant la guerre froide, en dit long à cet égard : Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law. Elle portait essentiellement sur la réaction de la communauté internationale face à la prétendue création de l’Etat raciste de Rhodésie du Sud, à un moment où nul ne songeait à l’utilisation active du chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies. En témoigne aussi le travail monumental sur la mise en œuvre nationale des sanctions adop- tées par le Conseil de sécurité, qu’elle a dirigé et qui reste l’œuvre la plus complète et la plus accom- plie en la matière. Son cours à l’Académie de droit international de La Haye sur le Conseil de sécurité et les questions de responsabilité internationale complète la longue production écrite de cette spécialiste incontestée des Nations Unies. Compte tenu de sa sensibilité et de ses origines, il était tout à fait naturel que Vera se spécia - lise également dans le domaine des réfugiés. Ce fut elle qui introduisit ce sujet dans l’enseignement offert par l’Institut et qui forma ceux qui à leur tour sont devenus des spécialistes de la question. Toutes celles et tous ceux qui ont eu le privilège de travailler et d’enseigner avec Vera ont pu apprécier sa vision aiguë du droit international, sa modestie, son amitié sincère et sans failles, sa sensibilité et sa finesse. Par son bilinguisme parfait, l’interdisciplinarité de ses approches et son parcours de vie dans un univers multiculturel, elle était la personnification de ce qui caractérise notre Institut. Vera Gowlland était une personne profondément engagée. Ses sujets de prédilection : les droits des réfugiés, le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes et le droit des Nations Unies, sont d’une brûlante actualité. Poursuivre son action en faveur de leur respect est le meilleur hommage que nous puissions lui rendre en ces moments sombres.

Marcelo Kohen Professeur de droit international

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