Cool Soda All Lands Project

Cool Soda All Lands Restoration Proposal

October 2012 ascade Timber Consulting (CTC), the South Santiam Watershed Council and the Sweet Home Ranger District of the Willamette National Forest have a Chistory of working together. As leaders of our respective organizations, we wanted to further this relationship and look for innovative ways to help each other as we manage lands and support the local economy. We asked a team of Forest Service and CTC employees to consult with local and regional experts, come up with action-oriented ideas and share these ideas with our public stakeholders along the way. “All Lands” means that we wanted this team to look for project opportunities across all ownerships in the project area. This restoration proposal represents a combination of projects that can be implemented in the near term as well as ideas for the long term that need time to develop. The team focused on the 10,000-acre Soda Fork Creek drainage in the upper South Santiam River, but this is only the beginning of much larger collaborative building in Linn County, Oregon.

David Furtwangler Eric Hartstein President, Coordinator, Cascade Timber Consulting South Santiam Watershed Council Cindy Glick District Ranger, Sweet Home Ranger District, Willamette National Forest

1 Cool Soda Planning Area Context within the larger landscape… • The name “Cool Soda” for this project comes from a combination of Cool Camp, an historic trail shelter and later logging camp after World War II, located at the top of the watershed, and Soda Fork Creek, the main tributary to the upper South Santiam River that flows through the project area. Cool Soda • Harter Mountain on the northeast side of the project area and Cou- Project Area gar Rock a few miles north and west of the project area are sacred places for the tribes. In addition, many of the early native “way trails” South Santiam Subbasin converge at the highest elevations of the Soda Fork sub-watershed.

• This project has checkerboard public and private land ownership which is a rare pattern for Willamette National Forest on the west slope of the Cascades. Within the Cool Soda project area, about 60% of the landbase is private and 40% is public. This ownership pattern Linn County, lends well to an “all lands” approach. OREGON Oregon • Historically, this area had fires that typically burned with mixed severity, meaning that there would have been a high diversity of wildlife and vegetative habitats from meadows to dense forest.

• Lower Soda Fork Creek is included in a group of streams within the upper South Santiam Watershed considered strongholds for winter steelhead. The others are Moose Creek, Canyon Creek and the upper South Santiam River.

• Through the late 1980s, management on public and private lands here was very similar. There are many miles of roads under long- term cost share agreements, meaning that these roads are maintained jointly by the Forest Service and Cascade Timber Consulting.

• Forest Service lands in this area are predominately Matrix lands under the Northwest Forest Plan, meaning that their emphasis includes timber production outside of stream side Riparian Reserves. Similarly, private industrial lands are managed to maximize timber production.

Soda Fork Subwatershed Bureau of Land Management National Forest Wilderness South Santiam subbasin State Land National Forest Land • Recreational use in the Cool Soda project area includes scenic driv- National Forest Boundary Private Land ing, dispersed camping related mostly to seasonal hunting of deer and elk and access to the Middle Santiam Wilderness. 2 Local History of the Cool Soda Area

Kate Chantell, Molalla Indian, also known as Molalla Kate Establishment of Forest Reserves - After President Grover Cleveland proclaimed the first federal forest reserves in 1893, the General Land Office established the Cascade Inhabitants up to 14,000 years ago - Range Forest Reserve (492,800 acres). In that same year, the town of Willamette Valley had an estimated 14 bands of Sweet Home was incorporated. Kalapooians, with population estimates as high as Willamette National Forest Established - 20,000 people. The Molallas were the mountain In 1933, the remnants of the Cascade and Beginnings of a National Forest - In 1907, people of these bands. The South Santiam River Santiam National Forests were combined to after the transfer of federal forest reserves to corridor was a primary trade route for the form the Willamette National Forest as it is Gifford Pinchot’s newly formed Forest earliest inhabitants and the project area had many known today (1,678,031 acres). Service, the Cascade National Forest was “way trails” that intersected in the ridgetop portions established (5,886,840 acres). In 1911, the of the project area, particularly Harter Mountain.The Oregon reserves were rearranged and the local Molallas likely wintered in the Moose Santiam National Forest was established Creek/Camas prairie area and followed game to the Highway 20 (710,170 acres). Archie Knowles (pictured Harter Mountain area. road construction right), was an early horseback ranger for the completed new National Forest.

Pre-European 1866 1875 1893 1907 1910 1911 1917 1933 1939

Beginning of the Hill Family Trust - On August 16, 1917, Louis W. Hill ends Santiam Wagon Road Lands - Early land speculation - his interest in the Oregon Western On July 5th, 1866 an act of Charles Altschul of New Shifting ownership - Colonization Company by accepting Congress grants odd numbered York purchases the Santiam Santiam Wagon Road property most of the timberlands in the west sections to the Willamette Valley Wagon Road sections for is sold to the Oregon Western part of the granted lands. Shortly & Cascade Mountain Wagon Road the beneficial interest of Colonization Company, jointly thereafter, he set up three separate Company in exchange for the the investment company owned by Watson P. Davison and trusts for his wife, his children and construction of the Santiam Wagon Lazard-Freres of Paris, Louis. W Hill. himself. Road between Albany and Ontario, France. 3 Oregon (about 350 miles). 100 years of Forest Protection - 2012 was the 100-year anniversary of the Linn Forest Protective Association (LFPA). This organization was established after a series of lightning-caused fires in the area in 1910. Since 1979, LFPA Wartime and Post-war Support from has contracted with the State Forester to have Oregon Department of Forestry Timberlands - In 1942, Timber Service Company (ODF) assume fire fighting responsibilities for what is now the South Cascades (TSC) was established and contracted to supply District. Forest Service fire fighting resources work in cooperation with ODF wood from private lands to the World War II war to protect forest resources on all lands within the Cool Soda project area effort. TSC supplied saw logs to Santiam Lumber, later known as Willamette Industries, Inc. After the war, a time of intensive road building and timber harvest occurred on both Forest Service and CTC lands to supply timber products to a growing Menagerie Wilderness established – In 1984, population in the Northwest. Over 60,000 log twenty years after the Wilderness Act came into trucks came off these lands and the majority of the being, Senator Mark Hatfield of Oregon guided a The Northwest Forest Plan was 72 miles of forest roads in the Cool Soda project bill through Congress that, among other things, adopted for the federal forests within area were built to haul this timber. created this 4,800-acre wilderness. The eastern the range of the Northern Spotted Owl portion of the wilderness extends into the Cool and shifted focus from timber harvest Soda project area. to a combination of ecological restoration and resource protection with timber harvest as a much smaller The First Forest emphasis. Plan is adopted for Foster Dam opened by Army Corps the Willamette of Engineers on the South Santiam National Forest to River for the purposes of flood Land Exchange between Forest guide forest control and power generation. Service and CTC that brought management. portions of three sections in the Cool Soda project area into PERIOD OF GREATEST HARVEST AND ROAD BUILDING CTC ownership. 1942 1957 1968 1977 1984 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 2012

A History of Sustained Yield Management - The South Santiam Watershed Council CTC first contracted with Forestry Consultant (SSWC) formed - This non-regulatory, The last contract with Willamette Industries David. T Mason in the 1920s (Later Mason, grass roots organization was formed in 1995 ended and the Hill Family Trust shifted to Bruce and Girard). In the late 1950s, CTC to provide a voice to local people in in-house management and sale of timber. established the 52-acre David T. Mason Seed managing natural resources. Working closely Orchard, one of the first seed orchards in the Land and Resource Management with a diverse group of stakeholders, the Pacific Northwest set up to produce fast Plan for the Willamette National SSWC pursues grant funding for restora- growing, high quality seedlings for Forest adopted to guide multiple tion, environmental education and reforestation. use management. watershed assessments and monitoring. 4 What is this Landscape About? Natural Foundational Processes - Geology and Landforms

West Cascades, Softer Geology - This terrain includes unstable areas that are eroding rapidly, and providing gravels and large wood to the streams. These deposits range from 17 to 25 million years old. This topography forms where portions of the geology are softer rocks formed from ash deposits as well as harder lava flows. The lumpy and hummocky West Cascades terrain is formed by slumping hillsides.

West Cascades, Durable Geology - This terrain is dominated Softer by harder, erosion resistant, impermeable rock, steep slopes and shallow rocky Harter soils, resulting in rapid runoff and high intensity flooding. Like the West Moose Mountain Cascades, Softer Geology, these deposits range from 17 to 25 million years old. Mountain Geology This topography forms where the geology is dominated by harder lava flows and High Cascades Intrusion remnant volcano cores. These powerful stream systems require special attention to road/stream crossing structures to accommodate the powerful runoff from West Cascades storms. West Cascades Durable Geology

High Cascades Intrusion - This high flat area in the MENAGERIE northeast portion of the Cool Soda project area is formed by a newer lava flow that filled in an ancient valley. This landform was formed by an isolated volcanic vent that opened up at Harter Mountain between 780,000 and 2 million years ago. While Rooster Rock this flat is highly permeable with little runoff during storms, it serves as storage for West Cascades WILDERNESS groundwater that is released in summer. At the base of this landform, springs drain Softer Geology the large groundwater reservoir directly into Soda Fork Creek, keeping it unusually cool throughout the summer. Valley Bottom Valley Bottom Terraces - These are the areas where all the eroded Terraces material, especially from major landslides, stops and settles. It provides recruitment of gravels and large wood as the stream changes location over time. The more recent lower terraces also provide floodplains for small fish to find refuge Soda Fork Subwatershed Rocks, cliffs, talus, steep tag alder patches during flood events. Landforms Wetlands and dry meadows Actively or potentially unstable sideslopes Stream terraces and fans Stabilized landflows 5 Basin Characteristics Area - 16.3 square miles Natural Foundational Processes - Hydrology and Fisheries Max. Elevation - 4,820 feet Min. Elevation - 1,420 feet Total Stream Miles - 21.5 miles Mean Annual Precipitation - 85 inches Hydrology - The Cool Soda project lies in the Soda Fork Creek drainage area. While small portions of this area have snow dominated (Harter Mountain area) and rain dominated (near the mouth of Soda Fork Creek) hydrology, the majority of the area is rain-on-snow dominated. This means that warm spring rains can quickly melt winter snow pack, creating large flood events. This has implications for the amount of wood and gravel that can quickly move through this stream system as well as fish habitat that is naturally created when this happens. Harter Moose Mountain Mountain

Fisheries - This map shows the potential habitat for both spring Chinook and Winter Steelhead, sea going species native to this area. Spring Chinook spawn primarily in main stem rivers with larger cobbles and gravels. A natural barrier limits spawning potential for spring Chinook to the lower 0.6 miles of the Soda Fork main stem. Winter steelhead tend to thrive in steeper, boulder dominated streams MENAGERIE and are able to navigate barriers that spring Chinook cannot pass. As such, their historic range likely extended nearly 3 miles up Soda Fork Rooster Creek. Resident fish like cutthroat trout and sculpin, along with two Rock species of lamprey eel, also made their home in these waters. WILDERNESS

Winter steelhead*

Soda Fork Subwatershed Rain Dominated Potential Spring Chinook Habitat Rain on Snow Snow Dominated Spring Chinook* Potential Winter Steelhead Habitat *Illustrations by Joseph Tomelleri 6 What is this Landscape About? Natural Foundational Processes - Plant Associations and Fire Regimes

Plant Associations are classifications of plant communities growing under similar environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture regimes, light and soil nutrients. These environmental factors influence the distribution of the plant communities across the landscape.

Plant association series within the Cool Soda planning area include western hemlock, Pacific silver fir and a minor amount of mountain hemlock. The western hemlock series spans a wide range of precipitation and temperatures but generally lies above the warm, dry Douglas-fir zone and below the cooler Pacific silver fir zone. Precipitation here falls Harter as both rain and snow, but winter snow packs are not deep or long lasting. The Pacific silver fir zone lies above the Moose Mountain Mountain western hemlock zone where growing seasons are short, dry and cool. Winters are wet and snow packs can be persistent. Above the Pacific silver fir zone is the mountain hemlock zone which is characterized by deep snow packs, summer frosts and short growing seasons.

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Rooster Rock

WILDERNESS

Harter Moose Mountain Mountain

Plant Association Group Western Hemlock Zone Pacific Silver Fir Zone Mountain Hemlock Zone Soda Fork Subwatershed

MENAGERIE

Rooster Rock Fire regimes refer to the general pattern, frequency and intensity in which fires naturally WILDERNESS occur in an ecosystem over an extended period of time. Fire has had an important role in shaping the composition, structure and process of most ecosystems. In the Cool Soda area there are two dominant fire regimes: mixed severity and stand-replacement. In a mixed severity regime, there can be quite a variety of effects on the dominant vegetation from a single fire. In some areas the vegetation may be completely Fire Regime Mixed severity fire, 50 - 200 year consumed while in others the vegetation survives a less intensive burn. In a stand-replacement regime, fire return interval High severity, 200+ year most of the dominant vegetation is consumed. fire return interval 7 Soda Fork Subwatershed Benefits from Nature Ecosystem services, or what we are calling “benefits from nature”, are the goods and services that people receive from natural systems. One aim of the Cool Soda All Lands Approach is to identify the critical values provided by the landscape, highlight how forest management activities across program areas support these benefits, and design a restoration proposal that sustains these values over time. During the first two public meetings held for the project, we asked the stakeholders present to list the benefits of highest importance to them. Our team then organized them into three thematic categories: Streams and Wild Fish, Forests and Wildlife, and Community and Culture. For each of these three themes, we looked at the important objectives in the Cool Soda project area, the projects that would help us meet those objectives and the resulting benefits from nature that would be affected by these projects. The colors, symbols and benefits shown below will appear throughout this document to sew a common thread for each theme.

Important Objectives Potential Projects Benefits from Nature in Cool Soda Recover Steelhead and Instream wood Wild fish chinook habitat placement Clean cold water

Minimize road impacts Riparian vegetation enhancement Aquatic species on aquatics diversity and habitat Culvert replacement to Maintain future upland improve wood and Traditional and and riparian large gravel routing cultural uses wood sources Culvert replacement to Aesthetics Support a natural restore aquatic organism passage

Streams and Wild Fish resource-based Recreation economy Road sidecast pullback Jobs

Important Objectives Potential Projects Benefits from Nature Important Objectives Potential Projects Benefits from Nature in Cool Soda in Cool Soda Promote tree growth Timber harvest Timber products Foster collaborative Cultivate partnerships Jobs and forest health approaches to land with schools, Thinning to enhance Traditional cultural and management businesses, and user Timber products forest complexity and special forest products Enhance high quality groups Clean water early seral habitat diversity Native plant species Support a natural diversity resource-based Land exchange Wildlife species Develop wildlife travel Vegetation treatment diversity and habitat to enhance early seral economy Cooperative road corridors Clean water habitat management Traditional cultural and Wildlife species Decrease fire risk special forest products Minimize intoduction Planting of high quality diversity and habitat Fuel reduction and spread of invasive forage Enhance and protect Recreation species Jobs Traditional burning tribal resources (Harter Mtn.) Meadow and wetland Old Growth Aesthetics and spiritual Support a natural restoration Maintain administrative Harvest special forest values resource-based Aesthetics and spiritual and public access products Snag and down wood values Environmental economy education creation Carbon storage Provide recreation Interpretive signs Community and Culture Forests and Wildlife Protect legacy features opportunities Public health Invasive species control Climate regulation Trail development 8 9 Streams and Wild Fish Soda

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Undersized culverts replaced The example above shows a location where movement of fish, wood, stream gravel and flow were limited by the size of the road crossing pipe. The bridge on the right eliminated these blockages and reduced the need for maintenance Clean cold water protected on the road at this location. This type of upgrade can be done at both this and Soda Fork Creek has a number of cold water springs coming smaller scales in the Cool Soda project area. out of the bottom of the large basalt flat in the northeast portion of the project area. Riparian vegetation keeps this water cool in the summer and supplies wood to the stream. Continued reintroduction of threatened Large wood placement in lower Soda Fork Creek would retain gravels that store cool water and release it slowly in Chinook salmon and winter steelhead the summer. Work with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and Army Corps of Engineers to evaluate and monitor re-introduction efforts.

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• Replace undersized culverts on Roads 2041, 2041 2041- 315, 2043 and 2043-420. Document work in yearly supplements to the cost share road use Excavator and dumptruck agreements between Forest Service and CTC 320 hours to replace culverts (USFS, CTC). 333 and pull back road sidecast.

• Pull back sidecast road material on roads 2041, 2027 2041-315, and the 2043 (USFS, CTC).

315 330 • Restore passage for fish, wood and gravel at Suttle Camp Creek crossing on Road 2041 (USFS, CTC). Harter 344 Mountain One construction job to Moose 348 Mountain replace the Suttle Camp • Aggressively control non-native brook trout (USFS, 320 Creek culvert on Road CTC). 2041 with a bridge. 353

• Pull over 40 large trees with intact root wads into 1 330

344 mile of lower Soda Fork Creek main stem on Forest 2043 Service land (USFS). 100 Forest Road 417 2043 410 Gate MENAGERIE 410 • Convert alder to conifer on 2 acres of 1/4-acre Two seasonal jobs for the 410

413 gaps in riparian forest at the confluence of Suttle 411 Forest Service to conduct Camp Creek and Soda Fork Creek (CTC). Rooster fish shocking for brook Rock trout eradication in upper 2043 Soda Fork Creek. • Analyze opportunities to enhance riparian forest WILDERNESS 2041 414 structure in plantations and treat as needed (USFS). 402

• Install a gate on Road 2043-410 to reduce open road density (USFS, CTC). 20

One week of contracted yarder work to pull over Soda Fork Subwatershed Sidecast Pullback Protect Intact Riparian Forest National Forest Wilderness 40 trees in lower Soda Aquatic Organism Passage Large Wood Placement Aggressive Control of Non-native Brook Trout National Forest Land Fork Creek. Stable Waste Area Recent Road Upgrades Highway Private benefiting aquatics Replace Culvert Road A timber falling job and Benefits from Nature Enhance Riparian Reserves Alder Conversion Forest Road 2143 410 Gate one day of tree planting Wild fish, Clean cold water, for alder to conifer Aquatic species diversity and riparian conversion. habitat, Traditional and cultural uses, Aesthetics, Local contractors for gate installation. Recreation, Jobs 12 Landscape Challenges Lack of Diversity in Early Seral Habitat* Existing early seral habitat in the Cool Soda project area is mostly the result of timber harvest. However, the character of this habitat is generally not the same as that created through natural dis- turbances. Common differences include fewer legacy trees, different patch sizes, shapes and distri- butions of those patches, and a shorter residence time of the habitat on the landscape. Lack of high quality early successional habitat on public lands has resulted in elk primarily foraging in plantations Altered Forest Structure on private land causing damage to planted trees. Many stands are densely-stocked with limited understory development and structural complexity. Trees are competing for sunlight, water and nutrients causing reduced growth and vigor. In addition, many of these stands are dominated by a single conifer species, usually Doulas-fir or noble fir, and provide limited habitat for wildlife species.

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Planted tree pulled from the ground by elk on CTC’s lands. Roosevelt elk

Fragmented Habitat Barred owl Past management actions have contributed to the loss of habitat for a variety of species resulting in the need to provide various levels of habitat protection to ensure their continued existence. Scotch broom False brome Increased Non-native and Invasive Species Without natural controls to keep populations in check, non-native species can spread rapidly and affect Northern spotted owl ecosystems in a variety of ways such as displacing native species and reducing biodiversity, degrading native wildlife habitat, reducing forest health and productivity, altering ecosystem processes, altering native genetic diversity, transmitting exotic diseases to native species, reducing native forage, and further

Forests Forests and Wildlife jeopardizing endangered plants and animals. Controlling these species can have a significant economic impact as well. Prominent non-native, invasive species within the Cool Soda project area include: scotch broom, false brome and barred owls.

13 * Early seral ecosystems develop on potentially forested sites between the time of a forest-replacing disturbance and re-establishment of a closed forest canopy. This stage of development lasts 15-30 years depending on site productivity and vegetation type. Desired Condition

Forest Structural Complexity Increased Diversity in Early Seral Habitat Enhance stand structural complexity and biological diversity in dense, even-aged, single-storied Expand the variety of early seral habitat across the landscape. Include open areas with low tree densities, stands. Encourage stand health and vigor and contribute wood products to local markets. structural components such as legacy trees, snags, and large down wood, as well as diversity in herbs and grasses, shrubs, and deciduous hardwoods. These conditions will mimic forest character that once occurred after mixed severity fires and Molalla burning in and around the project area.

Shrub and small tree layer beginning to develop after thinning. Retain structural components Complex early successional forest such as snags and down wood. More Continuous Habitat Between Ownerships Some wildlife respond poorly to abrupt edges between forest types. Where feathering edges at these Native Plant and Animal Communities transitions is not in conflict with fire prevention objectives, encourage smoother transitions between Work cooperatively with all landowners to reduce, minimize, or eliminate the potential for differing habitats on both public and private lands, especially in areas of checkerboard ownership in introduction, establishment, and spread of non-native invasive species across all landscapes and wildlife travel corridors. ownerships. Once detected, aggressively control non-native, invasive species.

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Near-term Actions - Next 5 years Timber fallers for harvest and special habitat • Commercially thin to create wildlife creation corridors (USFS).

• Create snags and downed wood in managed stands (USFS).

• Pre-commercially thin, do browse enhancement and plant native forage species (USFS, CTC).

• Implement meadow and wetland restoration

(USFS, CTC). Harter Drivers and operators for Moose Mountain harvest and log haul • Gate Road 2043-410 to reduce open road density Mountain for wildlife (CTC, USFS).

• Silviculturally treat homogeneous young and mature forests on Forest Service lands (USFS).

Forest Road • Work cooperatively to minimize the introduction 2043 410 Gate and spread of invasive plant species (CTC, USFS). MENAGERIE Mastication contractor for meadow and wildlife corridor enhancement work • Protect intact old growth stands (USFS). Rooster Rock

2043 WILDERNESS 2041

20 Youth corps work to remove Benefits from Nature invasive species Soda Fork Subwatershed Browse enhancement opportunities Plant forage species for elk within Meadow and wetland restoration Timber products, Traditional cultural existing plantations (CTC, ODFW, RMEF) Remove invasive Scotch Broom Travel/Forage opportunities Highway and special forest products, Native Protection area plant species diversity, Clean water, Remove invasive False Brome Commercial timber harvest opportunities/ Road Snag & down wood enhancement Forest Road 2143 410 Gate Wildlife species diversity and Wildlife Travel Corridor habitat, Jobs Precommercial treatment opportunities/ Close off 410 road system with gate Snag & down wood enhancement

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Desired Condition PROTECT

Expanded Recreation Falls on Soda Fork Creek The falls pictured on the left are a short distance from Forest Road 2041, the main access road through the project area. Expanded recreational opportunities could include the construction of a trail beginning on Forest Service lands and ending on CTC lands with a spectacular view of the falls and river canyon below. Strategic Fuel Breaks Another idea would be the development of a ridgeline The interface of public and private lands with differing hut-to-hut trail system for mountain bikers and winter management objectives presents an opportunity to reduce sports enthusiasts. This trail system could correspond risk of spreading fire after lightning strikes or human with the same areas where shaded fuel breaks are being caused fires. Along ridge tops and road corridors in the considered to aid in fire protection of forestlands. project area, fuels can be treated to lessen the likelihood of crown fires and produce more defensible areas that can be relied on during wildland fire fighting.

Economic Benefit to the Local Community Jobs Timber resources in need of protection created by this proposal are vital to the economy of the local community. Forestry-related jobs will continue to employ local contractors, particularly on CTC lands and to a lesser degree, Forest Ser- vice lands. On national forest lands, expansion of recreation has potential to bring more users to a “road less traveled” in this part of Linn County. If there are opportunities to stop in the project area Mountain biker in forested terrain as opposed to merely passing through, the local economy will benefit. More efficient special forest products gathering opportunities and outside money brought in to accomplish vegetative fuels treatments can also employ more local contractors. Special Forest Products Coordination Special forest products are becoming an increasingly important Efficient Road System part of forest-related employment in Sweet Home. Improving Under the existing Cost Share Road Use Agreements between Forest the permitting system for special forest products could decrease Service and CTC, there may be opportunities to change maintenance theft and make it easier for people to gather commercial prod- levels, gate roads for fire protection or put roads into storage until ucts. Possible improvements include CTC and Forest Service needed again. Outdated easements also need to be reconciled after using similar forms, charging the same for commercial products, land exchanges done in the past. In addition, funds must be pursued tracking the products in the same way and selling each other’s through programs like Legacy Roads and Trails for the Forest Service, permits. On-the-ground improvements could involve marking State and Private Forestry funds and USDA grants and cost-share land boundaries and roads better so that trespass does not occur. programs for CTC to allow the replacement of old culverts with new Community training taught by both CTC and Forest Service for pipes that meet the State of Oregon 50-year flow standard. Upsized those interested in permitted commercial gathering, and a special culverts will reduce maintenance costs and will keep roads open for map showing where people are likely to find certain products commercial and administrative needs for both parties. 18 could also help to expand this economic possibility. Well-maintained forest roads are key 19 Community and Culture Team andStakeholder-generatedIdeas • • • • • • • • • • • • (High Update project Pursue Reintroduce habitat watershed Use wildlife Gate boundaries Make hunting Fix could Use ments Identify Consider Implement a Construct management from Construct

target

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Jobs Near-term Actions - Next 5 years

• Review and revise road cost share agreement. Update easements and consider renegotiating maintenance Excavator and dumptruck for levels to better reflect todays budget and need (USFS, 320 road work.

CTC). 333

• Plan, design and implement shaded fuel breaks at 2027

selected locations on ridgetops and road corridors in 330 the Cool Soda project area (USFS, CTC). 315 Logging contractors for fuel • Reintroduce or mimic traditional cultural burning Harter Soda Falls 344 break work. Trail Mountain practices in Harter Mountain vicinity (USFS). Moose 348 Mountain

320 • Harvest mature forest to meet local economic need and create high quality early seral habitat (USFS). 353

330

100 344 • Harvest special forest products and coordinate 2043 Permit coordination for special between public and private lands (USFS, CTC). forest products gathering. Forest Road 417 2043 410 Gate • Make firewood available to the public (USFS, CTC). MENAGERIE 410 410

413

411 • Gate Road 2043 410 to reduce the risk of Rooster Rock human-caused fires (USFS, CTC). 2043 WILDERNESS 2041 414 • Develop the ideas of a community-built trail to the falls and a mountain bike hut-to-hut trail system on the ridgeline (USFS, CTC). Volunteer labor for the trail 20 construction to the view of the falls.

Local contractor to install gate Soda Fork Subwatershed Highway Potential bough Harvest Areas Forest Road 2143 410 Gate Proposed Hut Location on 2043 410. Trail/FuelBreak Cost Share Roads Potential Firewood Area Close off 410 road system with gate Campground Shaded Fuel Breaks Soda Falls Trail Traditional Uses Potential cedar /cedar bark collection area Trailhead Entrepeneurial opportunities Benefits from Nature Priority for Land Exchange Road Potential beargrass collection areas Timber Products Area Trail Jobs, Timber products, Clean water, for outfitter guides related to Traditional cultural and special forest the hut-to-hut trail system. products, Aesthetics and spiritual, values, Environmental education, Commercial firewood potential Public health from designated firewood areas. 20 Funding Sources/Tools Summary of Near-term Proposed Actions Funding Sources Description Legacy Roads and Trails Funds Funding for National Forests to reduce or eliminate road and trail risks to water quality and aquatic habitat, while reducing future 2041 maintenance requirements and increasing the safety and durability of the transportation system. Grants Funds applied for and provided from any organization whose internal

320 goals align with the proposed project. Usually require and in-kind or cash match. Examples include Oregon Watershed Enhancement 333 Board grants to implement watershed restoration projects, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation grants to improve elk habitat and Oregon Tourism Commission grants to enhance recration opportunities. 2027 Partnerships Agreements to work together on specific projects to leverage 330 resources. Partners include South Santiam Watershed Council, NW 315 Youth Corps, Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, Audobon Society, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, National Harter Forest Foundation and other state and federal agencies. Soda Falls 344 Trail Mountain Moose 348 Mountain Knutson Vandenberg Funds collected from timber sale purchasers for sale area

320 Trust Funds improvement work. Healthy Forests Federal funds to conduct hazardous fuels reduction projects on 353 Restoration Funds National Forest System lands aimed at protecting communities and

330 watersheds from catastrophic wildfire.

100 344 State and Private Forestry Funds Specially designated funds for collaborative endeavors. 2043

Forest Road 417 2043 410 Gate Forest Service Description MENAGERIE 410 Implementation Tools 410

413 411 Timber Sale Contracts Used to sell timber from national forest lands. The contract describes Rooster how the purchaser buys, pays for, harvests, and removes the wood. Rock

2043 Service (Procurement) Used to buy services such as tree planting, pre-commercial thinning, WILDERNESS 2041 Contracts trail maintenance, and stream restoration. The contract describes the 414 402 work to be done and the time period in which it will be completed.

Integrated Resource Used exclusively for implementing Stewardship contracting Contracts (IRC) projects. IRCs combine aspects of both timber sale and service contracts and must be awarded on a best-value basis. They may also 20 include provisions for the exchange of goods-for-services, the retention of receipts, multi-year contracting, designation by descrip- Soda Fork Subwatershed Highway Forest Road 2143 410 Gate Traditional Uses Wildlife Travel Corridor tion or prescription, and other special stewardship authorities. This Aquatic Organism Passage Cooperative Road Close off 410 road system with gate Potential cedar /cedar bark collection area National Forest Land authority is valid through September 30th, 2013. Replace Culvert Maintenance Area Browse enhancement opportunities Plant forage species for elk within Private Remove invasive False Brome Sidecast Pullback Travel/Forage opportunities existing plantations (CTC, ODFW, RMEF) Participating Agreements Used to allow organizations or individuals to work on projects with Road Aggressive Control of Non-native Brook Trout Remove invasive Scotch Broom Commercial timber harvest opportunities/ the Forest Service. Soda Falls Trail Snag & down wood enhancement Large Wood Placement Potential beargrass collection areas Allow the Forest Service to fund watershed improvement projects on Shaded Fuel Breaks Precommercial treatment opportunities/ Potential bough Harvest Areas Wyden Authority Agreements Snag & down wood enhancement non-federal land, provided there is National Forest benefit. Title II & Title III Projects Used to fund county-approved projects that benefit federal (Secure Rural Schools resources. This authority is currently authorized through September & Community Self- 30th, 2013. Determination Act Projects) 21 Proposed Action Table

Near-term Action Costs/ Landscape Challenges Opportunities Outputs Outcomes Benefits from Nature Revenues Streams and Wild Fish Remove barriers to fish, gravel and Reduces risk of failure on 6 undersized culverts with deep fills showing • Clean cold water wood movement Replace undersized culverts 6 miles of stream restored (USFS, CTC) signs of imminent failure that are directly upstream of ESA listed fish • Wild fish $240,000 species. 90% of aquatic risk culverts will be replaced in the watershed. • Jobs 90% of the high aquatic risk side cast areas will be stabilized. May • Clean water Minimize sources of fine sediment Excavate road sidecast 1 mile of stream restored (USFS, CTC) prevent approximately 100 cubic yards of fine sediment from entering • Aquatic sp. diversity and habitat $20,000 Soda Fork Creek. • Jobs Install bridge at Suttle Camp Removes only unnatural barrier to ESA-listed fish in watershed. Allows Remove barrier to winter steelhead, Creek to restore aquatic organism sediment routing of major source of hard competent-durable gravels • Wild fish bedload movement, and wood and gravel/wood passage ½-mile of stream restored (USFS, CTC) directly into a ESA-listed fish spawning flat. Reintroduces genetic • Traditional cultural uses $250,000 transport diversity to resident fish above the culvert. • Jobs Aggressively control brook trout Objective will be to limit the population of brook trout to 5-10% of Aquatic sp. diversity and habitat Restore native fish species 3 miles of stream restored (USFS, CTC) the current numbers. Decimated amphibian populations will be able to • $100,000 through shocking and removal recolonize 3 miles of upper Soda Fork Creek. • Jobs Improve channel scoured to bedrock 90% of the most important stream reach for anadromous fish in the that currently lacks complex habitat Implement in-stream large wood Cool Soda planning area will be restored by increasing structural • Wild fish and spawning areas for anadromous placement through tree tipping 1 mile of stream restored (USFS) complexity through introduction of large wood. Retained gravels will • Clean cold water $50,000 fish. store cool water and release it slowly in summer. • Jobs Increase conifers in riparian areas to Convert alders to conifers (Suttle 50% of the historic cedar density would be restored in the Clean cold water provide shade and sources of large Camp and Soda Fork Creek 2 acres (CTC) • $7,500 wood confluence) alder-dominated floodplains on listed fish habitat. • Wild fish Forests and Wildlife Treat densely-stocked stands that Commercially thin to create 830 Acres (USFS) 22% of identified wildlife corridor treated to improve ability of wildlife • Wildlife sp.diversity and habitat inhibit wildlife movement across wildlife corridors to move about the landscape and seasonally. Also pulls elk away from • Timber products $75,000 landscape. 5 MMBF (USFS) CTC plantations to minimize damage to trees. • Hunting • Jobs A lack of snags and down wood left Restores 39% of plantations on USFS that currently lack snag and down Wildlife sp. diversity and habitat in managed stands have altered forest Create snags and down wood 995e Acr (USFS) • $25,000 structure wood habitat necessary for species persistence. • Healthy forests Enhance early seral habitat • Wildlife sp. and habitat diversity Lack of diversity in early seral habitat - travel/forage creation, 397 Acres (FS) 11% of CTC and 33% of FS plantations enhanced for wildlife Timber products/Spec For. Prod. • $40,000 across the landscape - browse enhancement, 636 Acres (CTC) movement and initiation of preferred forage species. • Hunting • Jobs - rhododendron removal 1173 Acres (FS) • Traditional cultural uses Treats 43% of encroached meadows and wetlands. Limits tree Meadows and wetlands in some areas Cut back encroaching vegetation encroachment on meadow habitat. Improves foraging potential by • Wildlife sp. diversity and habitat have been encroached by trees and to restore meadow and wetland 150 Acres (FS) planting native species and cutting back encroachment of shrubs and • Hunting • Jobs $10,000 shrubs. trees. Improves water storage and filtration. • Clean cold water 15% of big game travel corridor planted with appropriate forage Wildlife sp.diversity and habitat Big-game forage areas Plant forage species 636 acres • $70,000 species. • Hunting Gate 410 road to reduce open Closes 10% of total road system and reduces road density from 4.5 to • Wildlife sp.diversity and habitat Protect wildlife from harassment 4,725 acres of habitat 4.0 miles/sq. mile in Soda Fork. Also closes 7.5 road miles outside of • Hunting • Jobs $5,000 road density for wildlife. project area. Enhance forest complexity, diversity, Thin homogenous young forests 0.7 MMBF 15% of plantation acres not treated for wildlife would be treated to promote tree growth, forest health, and increase forest complexity, • Timber products • Jobs $10,500 health and vigor on USFS 92 acres vigor and disease/fire resistance. • Jobs/Healthy Forests 100% of known false brome sites treated to limit non-native species 1.8 mi. of roadside and establishment and future spreading of existing populations. Scotch Native plant sp.diversity $1,250 for false brome Native species habitat Remove invasive plant species. • $25,000 for scotch 0.5 acre patches treated broom site would need to be treated annually. Improves productivity • Healthy forests • Jobs and disease resistance. broom 22 Proposed Action Table (Continued)

Near-term Action Costs/ Landscape Needs Opportunities Outputs Outcomes Benefits from Nature Revenues Community and Culture • Clean cold water Review/revise road cost-share Wild Fish Probably even trade Improve maintenance and management agreements Revised agreements on 7 segments of road • between cost-share Re-evaluates about 8% of cost-share roads (4 miles of 48 miles) • Wildlife sp.diversity and habitat of cost-share road system - ID aging infrastructure that totaling about 4 miles Jobs areas with land may affect future access. • exchanges • Recreation 5 miles of ridgeline available for recreation opportunities in shaded fuel • Recreation Reduce risk of wildfire on NFS and Create shaded fuel breaks through 5 miles of ridgelines and 5 miles of breaks Traditional cultural uses $15,000 fuel treatment commercial private forest lands ground and ladder fuel treatments roadsides treated • $10,000 from harvest 40% of high hazard zones treated along major travel routes • Hunting • Forest Products • Traditional cultural uses Encourage traditional cultural use of Reintroduce or mimic traditional Wildlife sp.diversity and habitat cultural burning practices in the 40 acres burned 80% of traditionally burned acres treated • $32,000 landscape resources vicinity of Harter Mtn. • Recreation • Special Forest Products Enhance special forest product 95% of all accessible acres of appropriate size trees for bough harvest Better coordination of collection of harvest opportunities and 25 permits issued made available • Jobs special forest products between public coordinate harvest requirements 100% increase in tons of beargrass made available for harvest • Special Forest Products $50,000 and private lands. 150 acres of SFP enhanced 50% of acres of noble fir habitat improved out of total available noble • Traditional cultural uses between public and private lands fir habitat for bough harvest • Recreation Develop community-built trail to • Aesthetics and spiritual values waterfall, ridgeline trail through About 5 miles of shade-fuel breaks/trail Increases recreational opportunities by 90% and diversifies activities by Environmental Education Limited recreational opportunities • $25,000 shaded-fuel break, hut to hut/mtn 750 feet of trail to access Soda Falls about 30%. • Public Health biking • Traditional cultural uses • Jobs Lack of firewood gathering Meets an additional 5% of the local demand for firewood. Currently • Traditional cultural uses opportunities in close proximity to Increase firewood availability 20 cords of firewood the USFS meets about 60% of local firewood requests. • Aesthetics and spiritual values $200 population centers • Jobs • Fuel/energy source Harvest timber products from 20% of available mature forest on high soil productivity lands to be • Jobs Local economic development both public and private lands 2.5 MMBF (USFS) harvested and replanted for sustainable timber production. • Timber products $250,000 • Wildlife sp.diversity and habitat Protects 16% of important stream and adjacent riparian habitat in the • Aesthetic and spiritual values Protect cultural, wildlife, and aquatic Pursue land exchange between Cool Soda mainstem. • Clean cold water resource values USFS and CTC 400 Acres Protects 30% of important meadow and wetland areas. • Wild fish Trade Protects important cultural resources • Aquatic species diversity • Traditional and cultural values

23 Participants and Contributors to Cool Soda All Lands

Forest Service Core Team The Design Charrette Process Johan Hogervorst and Anita Leach, Co-team Leaders April 30-May 7th, 2012 - Knowledge Transfer Sessions for Collective Learning- 38 experts shared with the core team Anita Leach, Terrestrial Ecologist on five separate thematic days: physical sciences, vegetation, wildlife, social and cultural and aquatics Tiffany Young, Wildlife Biologist Jon Meier, Heritage, Recreation and Cultural Coordinator May 22nd, 2012 - Public Stakeholder Meeting #1 - Inherent Potential of the Landscape in the Cool Soda Project Area Lance Gatchell, Physical Scientist Brett Blundon, Aquatic Biologist June 14th, 2012 - Public Stakeholder Meeting #2 - Existing Condition in the Cool Soda Project Area Karen Bennett, Soils, Consultant to the Process Nikola Smith, Ecosystem Services August 7th, 2012 - Public Stakeholder Meeting #3 - Initial Ideas for a Management Plan for Cool Soda All Lands Kimberly Hoover, Graphic Design lead for proposal Jeremy Hobson, GIS and Graphic Design for maps August 21st, 2012 - Public Stakeholder Meeting #4 - Draft Management Plan for Cool Soda All Lands

Cascade Timber Consutling Core Team September 28th, 2012 - Restoration Proposal draft complete Dave Furtwangler, CTC President Bill Marshall, Silviculture November 15th, 2012 - Final Restoration Proposal completed for distribution to stakeholders Milt Moran, Sales and Logging Operations

Stakeholders and Participants Richard Archambault, Private Citizen, Eugene, OR Robb Ginn, USFS Mining Specialist Jon Morrison, Private Citizen, Brownsville, Oregon Jay Anderson, USFS Timber Opertations Paul Harcombe, Private Citizen, Albany, OR Alex Paul, Albany Democrat Herald Newspaper Lindsay Anderson, USFS Special Forest Products Eric Hartstein, Coordinator South Santiam Wateshed Council Craig Pettinger, Oregon Department of Forestry Leslie Boak, USFS Engineering Doug Heiken, Oregon Wild Peg Polichio, Dir, State & Private Forestry, PNW Brett Boyd, South Santiam Hatchery Manager, ODFW Miles Hemstrom, OSU Institute for Natural Resources (ILAP) and AK Regions Paul Bridges, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Consultation Brian Hoffman, Sweet Home Econ. Development Specialist Gordie Reeves, PNW, Fisheries Research Keith Brown, Deputy Director, Northwest Youth Corps Marilyn Hubbard, USFS Cost Share Roads Specialist Bill Richardson, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation Theresa Burcsu, Institute for Natural Resources - ILAP Marcus Kauffman, ODF Biomass Resource Specialist Josh Seeds, ODEQ, Non-point Source Pollutant Specialist Brian Carroll, Linn County Parks Dept., Recreation Specialist Ed Keith, Oregon Department of Forestry Jodi Schoenen, Fellow, NSF IGERT Program on Ecosystem Kristen Chadwick, USFS Forest Pathologist Jane Kertis, USFS Forest Ecologist Services in Urbanizing Regions Mike Cloughesy Oregon Forest Res. Inst., Forest Certification Rod Krahmer, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Doug Shank, USFS Geologist/Soils Specialist Mischa Connine, National Marine Fisheries Serv., Consultation Mei Lin Lantz, USFS Fire and Fuels Specialist Alice Smith, USFS Botanist Nanci Curtis, USFS Fire and Fuels Josh Laughlin, Cascadia Wildlands Tom Spies, PNW Terrestrial Ecologist Emily Jane Davis, UO, Institute for a Sustainable Environment David Lewis, Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Susan Steagall, Special Forest Products Coodinator for CTC Ray Davis, PNW, Old Growth Specialist Jenny Lippert, USFS Forest Botanist Scott Swanson, New Era Newspaper Bob Deal, PNW Research Station Ken Loree, USFS Forest Products Manager Greg Taylor, Army Corps of Engineers Fisheries Biologist Liz Dent, Oregon Department of Forestry, Riparian Mgt Jeremy Marshall , USFS Natural Resources Staff Nancy Taylor, ODFW Wildlife Biologist Leslie Elliott, USFS Silviculturist Jude McHugh, USFS Public Affairs Will Tucker, Linn County Commissioner Christina Ellis, USFS GIS Specialist Bob McKane, Environmental Protection Agency Lena Tucker, Oregon Department of Forestry Jennifer Fairbrother, FS Employees for Environmental Ethics Scott Melcher, Melcher Logging, Stewardship Practitioner Jennifer Velez, USFS Public Affairs Tony Farque, USFS Tribal Liasson, Cultural Resources Stephanie Miller, PNW Research Roy Watters, Fellow, NSF IGERT Program on Ecosystem Stephanie Gatchell, USFS Aministrative Officer Meg Mitchell, USFS, Willamette NF Supervisor Services in Urbanizing Regions Patricia Wilson, USFS Forest Natural Resources Staff Officer Andy Geissler, American Forest Resource Council Fred Monzyk, ODFW Fisheries Research 24 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all prgorams). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whiten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.