The British Response to the Irish Famine
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New Working Papers Series, Entitled “Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics”
Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics no. 74 the other canon foundation, Norway Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance CONTACT: Rainer Kattel, [email protected]; Wolfgang Drechsler, [email protected]; Erik S. Reinert, [email protected] 80 Economic Bestsellers before 1850: A Fresh Look at the History of Economic Thought Erik S. Reinert, Kenneth Carpenter, Fernanda A. Reinert, Sophus A. Reinert* MAY 2017 * E. Reinert, Tallinn University of Technology & The Other Canon Foundation, Norway; K. Car- penter, former librarian, Harvard University; F. Reinert, The Other Canon Foundation, Norway; S. Reinert, Harvard Business School. The authors are grateful to Dr. Debra Wallace, Managing Director, Baker Library Services and, Laura Linard, Director of Baker Library Special Collections, at Harvard Business School, where the Historical Collection now houses what was once the Kress Library, for their cooperation in this venture. Above all our thanks go to Olga Mikheeva at Tallinn University of Technology for her very efficient research assistance. Antiquarian book dealers often have more information on economics books than do academics, and our thanks go to Wilhelm Hohmann in Stuttgart, Robert H. Rubin in Brookline MA, Elvira Tasbach in Berlin, and, above all, to Ian Smith in London. We are also grateful for advice from Richard van den Berg, Francesco Boldizzoni, Patrick O’Brien, Alexandre Mendes Cunha, Bertram Schefold and Arild Sæther. Corresponding author [email protected] The core and backbone of this publication consists of the meticulous work of Kenneth Carpenter, librarian of the Kress Library at Harvard Busi- ness School starting in 1968 and later Assistant Director for Research Resources in the Harvard University Library and the Harvard College 1 Library. -
Primary Sources
Irish Famine Rebellion of 1848: Context and Consequences Fall 2018: Primary Sources: Christine Kinealy, Repeal and Revolution. 1848 in Ireland. Manchester University Press, 2009. (Details events leading up to the 1848 rising, reasons for its failure, and crucial role in the development of modern Irish nationalism. It places the rising in the context of political changes outside Ireland, especially the links between the Irish nationalists and radicals and republicans in Britain, France and North America.) Cormac Ó Gráda, Black '47 and Beyond: the Great Irish Famine in History, Economy and Memory. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. (Broad scope concentrates on fresh insights based on interdisciplinary and comparative methods including several economic and sociological features previously neglected.) Cíarán Ó Murchadha, The Great Famine: Ireland's Agony 1845-1852. London, Bloomsbury, 2011. (Draws on eyewitness accounts, official reports, newspapers and private diaries, focus rests on the experiences of those who suffered and died during Famine, and on those who suffered and survived.) John Crowley, William J. Smyth and Mike Murphy (eds.), Atlas of the Great Famine. Cork, Cork University Press, 2012. (Includes over 150 original maps of population decline, analysis and examples of poetry, contemporary art, written and oral accounts, numerous illustrations, and photography, which help paint a fuller picture of the event and to trace its impact and legacy). Other Sources: Thomas Gallagher, Paddy’s Lament, Ireland 1846-1847: Prelude to Hatred. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. (Journalist account of Ireland immediately before and during famine; difficulties in finding passage to America and then the hell-like conditions of the “coffin ships”; problems faced by first Irish immigrants to land in large numbers in a country decidedly Anglophile.) Enda Delaney, The Great Irish Famine: A History in Four Lives. -
Charles Trevelyan, John Mitchel and the Historiography of the Great Famine Charles Trevelyan, John Mitchel Et L’Historiographie De La Grande Famine
Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique French Journal of British Studies XIX-2 | 2014 La grande famine en irlande, 1845-1851 Charles Trevelyan, John Mitchel and the historiography of the Great Famine Charles Trevelyan, John Mitchel et l’historiographie de la Grande Famine Christophe Gillissen Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/281 DOI: 10.4000/rfcb.281 ISSN: 2429-4373 Publisher CRECIB - Centre de recherche et d'études en civilisation britannique Printed version Date of publication: 1 September 2014 Number of pages: 195-212 ISSN: 0248-9015 Electronic reference Christophe Gillissen, “Charles Trevelyan, John Mitchel and the historiography of the Great Famine”, Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique [Online], XIX-2 | 2014, Online since 01 May 2015, connection on 21 September 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/281 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ rfcb.281 Revue française de civilisation britannique est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Charles Trevelyan, John Mitchel and the historiography of the Great Famine Christophe GILLISSEN Université de Caen – Basse Normandie The Great Irish Famine produced a staggering amount of paperwork: innumerable letters, reports, articles, tables of statistics and books were written to cover the catastrophe. Yet two distinct voices emerge from the hubbub: those of Charles Trevelyan, a British civil servant who supervised relief operations during the Famine, and John Mitchel, an Irish nationalist who blamed London for the many Famine-related deaths.1 They may be considered as representative to some extent, albeit in an extreme form, of two dominant trends within its historiography as far as London’s role during the Famine is concerned. -
Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details ‘Providence and Political Economy’: Josiah Tucker’s Providential Argument for Free Trade Peter Xavier Price PhD Thesis in Intellectual History University of Sussex April 2016 2 University of Sussex Peter Xavier Price Submitted for the award of a PhD in Intellectual History ‘Providence and Political Economy’: Josiah Tucker’s Providential Argument for Free Trade Thesis Summary Josiah Tucker, who was the Anglican Dean of Gloucester from 1758 until his death in 1799, is best known as a political pamphleteer, controversialist and political economist. Regularly called upon by Britain’s leading statesmen, and most significantly the Younger Pitt, to advise them on the best course of British economic development, in a large variety of writings he speculated on the consequences of North American independence for the global economy and for international relations; upon the complicated relations between small and large states; and on the related issue of whether low wage costs in poor countries might always erode the competitive advantage of richer nations, thereby establishing perpetual cycles of rise and decline. -
During the Famine Years, 1845-1855 Postgraduate School of Scottish Sıudies September 19.96
'CONTEMPT, SYMPATHY AND ROMANCE' Lowland perceptions of the Highlands and the clearances during the Famine years, 1845-1855 Krisztina Feny6 A thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Glasgow PostgraduateSchool of Scottish Sýudies September19.96 To the Meniog of My Grandparents ABSTRACT This thesis examines Lowland public opinion towards the Highlanders in mid- nineteenth century Scotland. It explores attitudes present in the contemporary newspaper press, and shows that public opinion was divided by three basic perceptions: 'contempt', 'sympathy' and 'romance'. An analysis of the main newspaper files demonstrates that during the Famine years up to the Crimean War, the most prevalent perception was that of contempt, regarding the Gaels as an 'inferior' and often 'useless' race. The study also describes the battle which sympathetic journalists fought against this majority perception, and shows their disillusionment at what they saw at the time was a hopeless struggle. Within the same period, romanticised views are also examined in the light of how the Highlands were increasingly being turned into an aristocratic playground as well as reservation park for tourists, and a theme for pre-'Celtic Twilight' poets and novelists. Through the examination of various attitudes in the press, the thesis also presents the major issues debated in the newspapers relating to the Highlands. It draws attention to the fact that the question of land had already become a point of contention, thirty years before the 1880s land reform movement. The study concludes that in all the three sections of public opinion expressed in the press the Highlanders were seen as essentially a different race from the Lowlanders. -
Examining Representations of the Great Irish Famine; the Contribution of Rural Household Archaeology
EXAMINING REPRESENTATIONS OF THE GREAT IRISH FAMINE; THE CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY by Megan Elizabeth Lorence Submitted to the Faculty of The Archaeological Studies Program Department of Sociology and Archaeology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts University of Wisconsin-La Crosse 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Megan Elizabeth Lorence All Rights reserved ii EXAMINING REPRESENTATIONS OF THE GREAT IRISH FAMINE; THE CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY Megan Elizabeth Lorence, B.A. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2013 The Great Irish Famine, 1845-1852, has been the focus of significant historical research, but less archaeological investigations. This study examines the Famine through rural house sites occupied before, during, and after the Famine in comparison to historical images of the Famine. The images represent a barrenness that is not evidenced fully in the archaeological record. These images which are used to give an overall view of the Famine, give a biased interpretation of what was actually happening in Ireland during the Famine. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my faculty readers Dr. Joseph A. Tiffany and Dr. Timothy McAndrews for their support, encouragement, and guidance. I would also like to thank my reading group members, Marianna Clair and Dominick Del Ponte, for their much needed editing and funny comments. I have to thank my family and friends as well for their constant support, listening to me go on and on about potatoes, and imagery, and the overly large number of books I checked out, and for most importantly keeping me interested in talking about my topic. -
The Coronavirus and the Great Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from the “Spanish Flu” for the Coronavirus’S Potential Effects on Mortality and Economic Activity
The Coronavirus and the Great Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from the “Spanish Flu” for the Coronavirus’s Potential Effects on Mortality and Economic Activity Robert J. Barro Harvard University José F. Ursúa Dodge & Cox Joanna Weng EverLife CEMLA-FRBNY-ECB Conference ● July 7th, 2021 “Conference on Economic and Monetary Policy in Advanced and Emerging Market Economies in the times of COVID-19” Session I. Epidemiological and Economic Factors Introduction Motivation . Rare disasters taxonomy: Natural catastrophes, like pandemics, feature prominently . Great Influenza Pandemic 1918-20: Measurable economic and financial impact . Uncertain COVID-19 outcome: Especially when we wrote the paper in March 2020 This paper . Main goal: Estimate the macroeconomic impact of the Great Influenza Pandemic . Secondary goal: Establish plausible guides for COVID-19 or other pandemic outcomes . Strategy: Assemble data on flu 1918-20 and war deaths 1914-18; disentangle WWI . Economic variables: On average, 6% and 8% declines in GDP and consumption p.c. Financial variables: Lower realized real returns on stocks and bills (higher inflation) 2 Rare disasters: Taxonomy . Previous work: Barro and Ursúa (2008, 2012) analyzed cumulative declines in real GDP and consumption per capita by more than 10% . Early 1920s: We found a number of rare disaster observations with troughs between 1919 and 1921, which we hypothesized could be connected to the flu, but we had not separated its effect from that of WWI . Breakdown of macroeconomic disasters 1870-2006: C (28 countries) GDP (40 countries) Episode/period Number of events Mean fall Number of events Mean fall Pre-1914 31 0.16 51 0.17 World War I 20 0.24 31 0.21 Early 1920s (flu?) 10 0.24 8 0.22 Great Depression 14 0.20 23 0.20 World War II 21 0.33 25 0.37 Post–World War II 24 0.18 35 0.17 OECD countries 6 0.12 6 0.13 Non-OECD countries 18 0.19 29 0.17 Other 5 0.19 10 0.15 Overall 125 0.22 183 0.21 Note: These results update Barro and Ursúa (2008, table 7) to include the four countries with newly constructed data as shown in Table 3. -
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3
Notes Chapter 1 1 Smith, A., The Wealth ofNations. ed. E. Cannan, New York, 1937, Book IV, ch. vii, part 3, p. 590. Chapter 2 J Pares, R., 'The economic factors In the history of the Empire'. Economic History Review, vol. VII (1937), p. 120. 2 Madariaga, S. De, The Fall ofthe Spanish American Empire. Lon don, 1947, p. 69. 3 Haring, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America . New York, 1947, p.305. 4 -po342. 5 Lannoy, C. De and Linden, H. V., Histoire de l'Expansion coloniale des Peuples Europeens: Portugal et Espagne. Brussels, 1907, pp. 226-36. Chapter 3 1 Moreau De Saint-Mery, M. L. E., Lois et Constitutions des Colonies francoises (sic) de l'Amerlque sous Ie vent. Paris, n.d. vol. I, p. 714. 2 - IV, pp. 339-40. 3 Girault, A., Principes de Colonisation et de Legislation coloniale. 5th ed. Paris, 1927, vol. I, p. 219. 4 Saintoyant, J. 1A Colonisation francoise sous l'Ancien Regime . Paris, 1929, vol. II, p. 432. 5 Turgot, A.-R.-J., 'Memoire au Roi sur la guerre d'Amerique', in L. Deschamps, Histoire de la Question coloniale en France. Paris, 1891, p. 314. 429 TRB COLONIAL EMPIRES 6 Deschamps, L., op.cit., p. 316. 7 Lannoy, C. De and Linden, H. V., Histoire derExpansionc%nlak des PeuplesEuropiens. Neer/ande et Denemark, Brussels, 1911, pp. 353-4. Chapter 4 1 Schumpeter, E. B., Eng/ish Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697-1808 Oxford, 1960, p. 18. 2 -p.18. 3 Jensen, M. (ed.), American Colonial Documents to /776. London, 1955, p. -
Social Structure and Development: a Legacy of the Holocaust in Russia∗
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT: A LEGACY OF THE HOLOCAUST IN RUSSIA∗ DARON ACEMOGLU TAREK A.HASSAN JAMES A.ROBINSON We document a statistical associationbetween the severity ofthe persecution, displacement and mass murder of Jews by the Nazis during World War II and long-run economic and political outcomes within Russia. Cities that experienced the Holocaust most intensely have grown less, and both cities and administrative districts (oblasts) wheretheHolocaust hadthelargest impacthaveworseeconomic Downloaded from and political outcomes sincethe collapse of the Soviet Union. We provide evidence that the lasting impact of the Holocaust may be attributable to a permanent change it induced in the social structure across different regions of Russia. JEL Codes: O11, P16, N40. http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/ I.INTRODUCTION The mass murder of as many as 6 million Jews in the Holo- caust during World War II was a major cataclysmic event for Europe, Russia, andtheworld. In this article, weinvestigate some of the economic and political legacies of the Holocaust within Russia.1 Ourempirical analysis showsa persistent correlationbetween at MIT Libraries on August 3, 2012 the severity of the persecution, displacement, and mass murder of Jews due to the Holocaust and long-run economic and political outcomes inRussia. Weconstructa proxymeasurefortheseverity of the Holocaust by using the prewar fraction of the population of ∗We are particularly grateful to Mark Harrison for his help and many sug- gestions and Omer Bartov for his detailed comments on an earlier draft. We also thank Josh Angrist, Bob Davies, Esther Duflo, Elhanan Helpman, Amy Finkel- stein, Tim Guinnane, Lawrence Katz, David Laibson, Jeffrey Liebman, Sergei Maksudov, Joel Mokyr, Cormac ´OGr´ada, Kevin O’Rourke, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, four anonymous referees, and seminar participants at Harvard and CI- FAR for useful comments. -
The Proximate Cause of the Great Irish Famine (1846-52) Was the Fungus Phythophtera Infestans (Or Potato Blight), Which Reached Ireland in the Fall of 1845
CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH WORKING PAPER SERIES 2004 Ireland’s Great Famine: An Overview Cormac Ó Gráda, University College Dublin WP04/25 November 2004 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN BELFIELD DUBLIN 4 IRELAND'S GREAT FAMINE: AN OVERVIEW 1 Cormac Ó Gráda, University College Dublin The proximate cause of the Great Irish Famine (1846-52) was the fungus phythophtera infestans (or potato blight), which reached Ireland in the fall of 1845. The fungus destroyed about one-third of that year's crop, and nearly all that of 1846. After a season's remission, it also ruined most of the 1848 harvest. These repeated attacks made the Irish famine more protracted than most. Partial failures of the potato crop were nothing new in Ireland before 1845, but damage on the scale wrought by the ecological shock of potato blight was utterly unprecedented (Solar 1989; Bourke 1993; Clarkson and Crawford 2001). However, the famine would not have been nearly so lethal had Ireland's dependence on the potato been less. The experience of other European economies in the 1840s is telling in this respect. In Ireland the daily intake of the third or so of the population mainly reliant on the potato was enormous: 4-5 kilos daily per adult male equivalent for most of the year. After allowing for non-human consumption and provision for seed, the 2.1 million acres (or 0.8 million hectares) under potatoes in the early 1840s produced 6.2 million metric tons for human consumption. That amounted to an average daily intake of 4.6 lbs (or over two kilos) per man, woman, and child. -
The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961
Review of Economic Studies (2015) 82, 1568–1611 doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016 © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Review of Economic Studies Limited. Advance access publication 20 April 2015 The Institutional Causes of China’s Great Famine, 1959–1961 Downloaded from XIN MENG Australian National University NANCY QIAN Yale University http://restud.oxfordjournals.org/ and PIERRE YARED Columbia University First version received January 2012; final version accepted January 2015 (Eds.) This article studies the causes of China’s Great Famine, during which 16.5 to 45 million individuals at Columbia University Libraries on April 25, 2016 perished in rural areas. We document that average rural food retention during the famine was too high to generate a severe famine without rural inequality in food availability; that there was significant variance in famine mortality rates across rural regions; and that rural mortality rates were positively correlated with per capita food production, a surprising pattern that is unique to the famine years. We provide evidence that an inflexible and progressive government procurement policy (where procurement could not adjust to contemporaneous production and larger shares of expected production were procured from more productive regions) was necessary for generating this pattern and that this policy was a quantitatively important contributor to overall famine mortality. Key words: Famines, Modern chinese history, Institutions, Central planning JEL Codes: P2, O43, N45 1. INTRODUCTION -
Emigration and Living Standards in Ireland Since the Famine
J Popul Econ (1995) 8:407-421 Population--Journal ot Economics © Springer-Verlag 1995 Emigration and living standards in Ireland since the Famine Kevin O'Rourke Department of Economics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Received December 7, 1994 / Accepted June 26, 1995 Abstract. Ireland experienced dramatic levels of emigration in the century follow- ing the Famine of 1845-1849. The paper surveys the recent cliometric literature on post-Famine emigration and its effects on Irish living standards. The conclu- sions are that the Famine played a significant role in unleashing the subsequent emigration; and that emigration was crucial for the impressive increase in Irish living standards which took place during the next 100 years. 1. Introduction Within the context of nineteenth century Europe, Ireland ranks as an outlier in several respects. This essay will focus on two of the more obvious ways in which Ireland was different. First, and most importantly, the Irish Famine of 1845-1849 was the last major subsistence crisis in Western European history. Proportionally, it involved excess mortality on the scale of the Bengali famine of 1943 - 1944, despite the fact that it occurred in the backyard of the then dominant world power. Second, even when set against the mass migrations of 1820-1914, which brought roughly 60 million people from all over the continent to the New World, Irish emigration after the Famine was uniquely high: so high that the pop- ulation declined from 8.2 million in 1841 to 4.4 million in 1911. This paper will survey current work on the links between these two issues, drawing on the writings of several economists and economic historians.