National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior pca eoreSuyGetFlsHsoi ititPtro,NwJre November, 2006 Paterson, NewJersey Great Falls HistoricDistrict Special Resource Study

Great Falls Historic District Paterson, New Jersey November, 2006

National Park Service Special Resource Study Great Falls Historic District Paterson, New Jersey Special Resource Study Department of the Interior

As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has the responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural resources. Its duties include fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historic places; and providing for the enjoyment of life This report has been prepared to provide Congress and the public with information about the resources in through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral the study area and how they relate to criteria for inclusion within the national park system. Publication resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interest of all our and transmittal of this report should not be considered an endorsement or a commitment by the National people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Park Service to seek or support either specific legislative authorization for the project or appropriation for Department also has major responsibility for American Indian reservation its implementation. Authorization and funding for any new commitments by the National Park Service communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. will have to be considered in light of competing priorities for existing units of the national park system and other programs.

This report was prepared by the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Park Service Northeast Region. For additional copies or more information contact: The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department of the Interior. Its National Park Service mission is to preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the Division of Park Planning & Special Studies National Park system for the enjoyment, education and inspiration of this and future 200 Chestnut Street, 3rd Floor generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of Philadelphia, PA 19106 natural and cultural resources conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this 215.597.1848 country and the world. Table of Contents

To Comment on This Study

Public comments on the Special Resource Study of the Great Falls Historic District in Paterson, NJ will be welcomed by the NPS for the period of 60 days after the date of the release of this report. Comments may be made electronically through the NPS Planning, Environment and Public Comment (PEPC) website at http://www.parkplanning.nps.gov or through the Great Falls Historic District Special Resource Study Website at http://www.nps.gov/nero/greatfalls/. Written comments may be addressed to the individual listed below:

Peter Samuel Outdoor Recreation Planner Division of Park Planning & Special Studies National Park Service 200 Chestnut Street, Third Floor Philadelphia, PA 19106 i

Please note that it is our practice to make comments, including names, home addresses, home phone numbers, and email addresses of respondents, available for public review. Individual respondents may request that we withhold their names and/or home addresses, etc., but if you wish us to consider withholding this information you must state this prominently at the beginning of your comments. In addition, you must present a rationale for withholding this information. This rationale must demonstrate that disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy. Unsupported assertions will not meet this burden. In the absence of exceptional, documentable circumstances, this information will be released. We will always make submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals identifying themselves as representatives of or officials of organizations or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.

Photo credits for front cover and inside front cover: Great Falls of the Passaic. NPS photo. S.U.M. Building and the Great Falls. NPS photo. C o n t e n t s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Table of Contents

Executive Summary v

Chapter One 1 Study Purpose and Background

ii Introduction ...... 1 Previous Administrative Designations and Congressional Actions ...... 4 Study Area ...... 6 The National Park Service in New Jersey and Related Studies ...... 8

Chapter Two 11 Historical Overview and Resources

The Context for Early Industrial Growth in America ...... 11 Alexander Hamilton and the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures ...... 15 Paterson’s Beginning ...... 18 Recovery and Reversal ...... 21 Power for the Mills ...... 23 Major Industries, People and Events at the Great Falls ...... 25 Locomotive Manufacturing ...... 26 Samuel Colt and the Gun Mill ...... 28 John Holland and the Submarine ...... 30 John Ryle and “Silk City” ...... 32 The Silk Strike of 1913 ...... 34 Cotton, Flax, Paper, Hemp and Jute ...... 36 A Final Note on the S.U.M...... 38 Historic District Resources ...... 39

T a b l e o f Table of Contents

Chapter Three 43 Designation Analysis

Introduction ...... 43 National Significance of the Great Falls Historic District ...... 43 Suitability Analysis of the Great Falls Historic District ...... 45 The Great Falls of the Passaic–The Natural Feature ...... 45 The Great Falls Historic District–Cultural Resources ...... 47 Peopling Places ...... 47 Expanding Science and Technology ...... 50

Alexander Hamilton and Developing the American Economy ...... 55 iii Determination of Suitability ...... 63 Feasibility Analysis ...... 64 Determination of Feasibility ...... 67 Analysis of the Need for NPS Management ...... 67 Potential for Affiliated Area Status ...... 68 Study Conclusions ...... 69

Chapter Four 71 Consultation & Coordination

Notice of Intent ...... 71 Public Scoping Meeting ...... 71 Additional Meetings ...... 71 Written Communications ...... 72 Other Correspondence ...... 73 Consultation ...... 73 Special Resource Study Team and Advisors ...... 75

Appendices 77

Appendix One: Legislation ...... 77 Appendix Two: Consultation Correspondence ...... 81 Appendix Three: Bilbliography ...... 97 C o n t e n t s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

iv This Page Blank

T a b l e o f | Executive Summary

ESpecialxecutive Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson,Summar New Jersey y Executive Summary S u m m a r y of thisreport. system areexplainedinthe following chapters of aresource asaunitofthenational park Interior toCongressforpotentialdesignation recommendation ofthe bytheDepartment methods ofapplyingthesecriteriatoresultina or throughothermeans. and The importance management byotheragenciesofgovernment, for NPSmanagementoftheresourceversus unit ofthenationalparksystem,andneed its suitabilityandfeasibilityfordesignationasa significance oftheGreat Falls Historic District, management policies,examinesthenational such analysesandreflecting current NPS legislation regarding thecriteriatobeusedin The study, inaccordance withprevious (NPS). Regional OfficeoftheNational Park Service bytheNortheastthe studyundertaken system. This report constitutestheresultsof designation asaunitofthenationalpark its resourcesmeetapplicablecriteriafor District inPaterson, New Jersey todetermineif Resource Study oftheGreat Falls Historic 2001” (P.L. 107-59),toconductaSpecial the “Great Falls Historic DistrictStudy Act of Interior wasauthorizedbyCongress, through In November 2001,theSecretary of the Executive Summary USZ62-110212]. Birdseye viewofPaterson[sic],N.J.LibraryCongress, PrintsandPhotographsDivision[reproduction number, e.g.,LC- various typesofmanufacturing thatoccurred power systemsforindustrialuse,andthe Great Falls, the earlydevelopmentofwater Useful Manufactures (S.U.M.)in 1792 atthe Hamilton andtheSociety forEstablishing beginnings astheambitiousprojectof oftheCityPatersonThe history includesits knowledgeproprietary andskilledlabor. laws prohibitingexportationofsuch technological advancementsdespiteEnglish oftheEnglish talents ofthosewhoknew inducements andactiverecruitment, the Hamilton was notbeyondattracting,through duringthesameperiod.Indeed, in England response totheindustrialrevolution occurring Passaic River, asAmerica’s and counterpart power provided bytheGreat Falls ofthe Hamilton envisionedPaterson, withitswater Alexander Hamilton. governmental andfinancialinstitutions, shaperofourmodern founders, andatrue vision ofoneAmerica’s mostimportant place. It owes itsexistencetothefar-reaching was, mostsimplystated,chosentobesucha of thisnation’s earliestindustrialcenters.It Paterson enjoys asone adistinguishedhistory ExecutiveSummary

v Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Chapter 2 discusses the history and resources of the Great Falls Historic District from the advent of the S.U.M. through the growth of various industries that made Paterson a major industrial city. The Chapter also reviews the role of immigrants in the City’s industrial past, and its major labor strikes. The chapter is not meant to be an exhaustive historical account. Rather, it provides the basis for public understanding of the resource and information helpful in the determination of whether the Great Falls of the Passaic. NPS photo. district meets criteria for potential designation as a unit of the national park system.

th vi in the District’s mills into the 20 Century. Chapter 3 provides the analyses of the various These included cotton fabrics; railroad criteria for designation of a potential unit of locomotives; textile machinery; jute; and silk the national park system including national spinning, weaving and dyeing, among many significance, suitability, feasibility, and need for others. The Great Falls also represents NPS management. It is important to note that compelling stories of the lives of immigrants the suitability analysis, by definition, requires who labored in the mills, those who owned that the resources and thematic framework of and operated manufacturing concerns and the Great Falls Historic District be compared became wealthy, and the quest of laborers and not only to those of existing units of the the labor movement for better working national park system, but also to resources that conditions and pay. These are stories that are protected by other agencies of government resonate in and are characteristic of many early and the private sector. industrialized cities of America.

Chapter I of the report describes the purpose The study concludes that the Great Falls and background of the study including the Historic District meets the criterion for criteria used by the NPS to determine if national significance, but does not meet criteria resources are eligible for designation as a unit for suitability, feasibility, or need for NPS of the national park system, the various other management. With the introduction of New designations that have occurred, authorizing Jersey’s new state park at the Great Falls, the legislation for the study and other legislative study suggests that it may qualify for actions that have affected the District, and a designation as an Affiliated Area of the national description of the study area. It also reviews the park system, subject to conclusion of the State’s NPS presence in New Jersey and related current design competition, and a studies. demonstration that the resources will be managed in a manner consistent with NPS Management Policies. Should that determination be made at a later date, E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y meetings andwrittencommunications. the study, ofscoping includingasummary coordination thatoccurred beforeandduring Chapter 4 Congress. Interior ifdesignatedbytheUnited States financial assistancefrom theSecretary ofthe areas normallyqualifyfortechnicaland District wouldlikelybenecessary. Affiliated 333) thatcreated theGreat Falls Historic amendments toexistinglegislation(P.L. 104- outlinestheconsultationand photo. designated aRegisteredNatural Landmark...1967”. Plaque: “Great FallsofPatersononthe Passaichasbeen ExecutiveSummary NPS

vii Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

viii This Page Blank

E x e c u t i v e Chapter One | Study Purpose and Background

PurposeSpecial Resource Study | Great Falls Historic& District Background| Paterson, New Jersey Study Purpose and Background

Introduction ...... 1

Previous Administrative Designations and Congressional Actions ...... 4

Study Area ...... 6

The National Park Service in New Jersey and Related Studies ...... 8 B a c k g r o u n their own specialwaytoasystemthatfully the System should,therefore, contributein single nationalheritage. Potential additionsto park systemare cumulativeexpressions ofa Areas comprisingthepresent390unitnational National Park (NPS). Service by theNortheast Regional Officeofthe constitutes theresults ofthestudyundertaken District inPaterson, New Jersey. This report Resource Study oftheGreat Falls Historic 2001” (P.L. 107-59)toconductaSpecial the “Great Falls Historic DistrictStudy Act of Interior wasauthorizedbyCongress through In November 2001,theSecretary of the Introduction Background Study Purposeand Photography Collection,Miriam&IraD.Wallach DivisionofArt,Prints&Photographs,TheNewYork PublicLibrary. Stereoscopic viewsofPassaicFallsandPaterson,NewJersey. RobertDennisCollectionofStereoscopic Views, system must: NPS, aproposedadditiontothenationalpark receive afavorablerecommendation from the potential unitsofthenationalparksystem. To and Congress.Several lawsoutlinecriteriafor to theSecretary oftheInterior, thePresident, making recommendationsregarding areas new authorized by anAct ofCongress, andfor the nationalparksystemwhenspecifically professional studiesofpotentialadditionsto The NPSisresponsibleforconducting cultural resourcesthatcharacterizeournation. represents thebroad ofnaturaland spectrum ChapterOne|Purpose&Background d 1 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

(1) possess nationally significant federal agencies; tribal, state, or local natural or cultural resources; governments; or the private sector. The (2) be a suitable addition to the suitability evaluation, therefore, is not limited system; solely to units of the national park system, but (3) be a feasible addition to the includes evaluation of all comparable resource system; and types protected by others. (4) require direct NPS management, instead of alternative protection by Suitability is determined on a case-by-case basis other public agencies or the private by comparing the resources being studied to sector. other comparably managed areas representing the same resource type, while considering These criteria are designed to ensure that the differences or similarities in the character, national park system includes only the most quality, quantity, or combination of resource outstanding examples of the nation’s natural values. In this case, the resources are a

2 and cultural resources. They also recognize collection of 19th century mills and an early that there are other alternatives, short of water power system. The suitability analysis designation as a unit of the national park also addresses rarity of the resources, system, for preserving the nation’s outstanding interpretive and educational potential, and resources. similar resources already protected in the national park system or in other public or An area or resource may be considered private ownership. The comparison results in a nationally significant if it is an outstanding determination of whether the potential new example of a particular type of resource; area would expand, enhance, or duplicate possesses exceptional value or quality in resource protection or visitor use opportunities illustrating or interpreting the natural or found in other comparably managed areas. cultural themes of our nation’s heritage; offers superlative opportunities for public enjoyment To be feasible as a new unit of the national or for scientific study; and retains a high degree park system, an area must be of sufficient size of integrity as a true, accurate, and relatively and appropriate configuration to ensure unspoiled example of a resource. National sustainable resource protection and visitor significance for cultural resources, such as those enjoyment (taking into account current and comprising the Great Falls Historic District, is potential impacts from sources beyond its evaluated by applying the National Historic boundaries), and be capable of efficient Landmarks’ process contained in 36 Code of administration by the NPS at a reasonable cost. Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 65. In evaluating feasibility, the Service considers a variety of factors, such as: size; boundary An area may be considered suitable for configurations; current and potential uses of potential addition to the national park system the study area and surrounding lands; land if it represents a natural or cultural resource ownership patterns; public enjoyment type that is not already adequately represented potential; costs associated with acquisition, in the system, or is not comparably represented development, restoration, and operation; and protected for public enjoyment by other access; current and potential threats to the P u r p o s e & B a c k g r o u n “national significance” criterion. inclusion listedabove, particularlythe fail tomeetanyoneofthe fourcriteriafor are notnormallydeveloped forstudyareasthat enjoyment. Alternatives toNPSmanagement for appropriatepublic opportunities protecting significantresources andproviding would bemosteffective andefficientin alternative orcombinationofalternatives management alternativesandidentifywhich Studies evaluateanappropriate rangeof a potentialunitofthenationalparksystem. role, andthatthearea notberecommended as these otherentitiesassumealeadmanagement willrecommendService thatoneormore of identified astheclearlysuperioralternative, the NPS managementofastudiedarea is and byotherfederalagencies.Unless direct activities bystate,local,andprivate entities, encourages theexpansionofconservation applauds theseaccomplishments,andactively outstanding recreational experiences. The NPS resources throughout thenationandoffer provide forprotection ofnaturalandcultural individuals. Most notably, stateparksystems organizations,and private conservation and culturalresources byotherpublicagencies, natural successful managementofimportant There are manyexcellent examplesofthe funding andpersonnel. light ofcurrent andprojectedconstraintson managementresponsibilities new in undertake also considerstheabilityofNPSto of thenationalparksystem. The evaluation socioeconomic impactsofdesignationasaunit andtheeconomic/ general publicsupport; zoning forthestudyarea;level oflocaland staffing requirements; localplanningand resources; existingdegradationofresources; management bytheNPS. nation withoutrequiring orimplying would recognize anarea’s tothe importance park system.Either ofthese twoalternatives national significanceasunitsofthe not necessarilymeetthesamestandards of Heritage areas are distinctivelandscapesthatdo another optionthatmayberecommended. Designation asaNational Heritage Area is area’s resources must: To beeligiblefor“affiliated area” status,the “affiliated” area. recommend analternative status,suchas mayinstead park system,theService meet othercriteriaforinclusioninthenational criteria fornationalsignificance,butdonot In caseswhere astudyarea’s resources meet ChapterOne|Purpose&Background 4 beassured ofsustainedresource (4) bemanagedinaccordance withthe (3) require somespecialrecognition or (2) meetthesamestandards for (1) entity. and thenon-federalmanagement formal agreement betweentheNPS protection, asdocumentedina and units ofthenationalparksystem; policies andstandards thatapplyto programs; available through existingNPS technical assistancebeyondwhatis units ofthenationalparksystem; national significancethatapplyto d 3 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Previous 2. National Register of Historic Places Administrative The Great Falls of Paterson and Society for Useful Designations and Manufactures (Great Falls Historic District) of Congressional Actions Paterson, NJ was nominated as a district to the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and twice amended to expand Currently, there are three distinct historic its boundaries to include additional resources district designations involving cultural (1975 and 1986). The NPS administers the resources of the Great Falls and one National Register of Historic Places. In the designation relating to natural resources. nomination forms (1970, 1975 and 1986) the Additional congressional actions have provided New Jersey State Historic Preservation Officer roles for the NPS in the District. recommended the level of significance of the 1. National Natural Landmark resources as “national”, and the nomination 4 The Great Falls of Paterson was designated a and addendums were signed by the NPS National Natural Landmark (NNL) by the Keeper of the National Register. Areas of Secretary of the Interior in 1967 and nearby significance that were identified included Garrett Mountain was added to the NNL in architecture, commerce, conservation, 1976. The NNL Program recognizes and education, engineering, industry, invention, encourages the conservation of outstanding landscape architecture, sciences, urban examples of our country’s natural history. It is planning, and industrial architecture. the only natural areas program of national 3. National Historic Landmark scope that identifies and recognizes the best On May 11, 1976 the Great Falls of the Passaic/ examples of biological and geological features Society for Establishing Useful Manufacturers in both public and private ownership. NNLs Historic District was designated by the Secretary are designated by the Secretary of the Interior. of the Interior to be a National Historic To date, fewer than 600 sites have been Landmark (NHL). A National Register designated throughout the United States. The Nomination form was prepared by Russell NPS administers the NNL Program and, as the Fries, a historian who had worked on the agency responsible for maintaining the registry, Historic American Engineering Record the Service has developed criteria for eligibility, (HAER) survey work in the Great Falls including national significance (36 CFR Part Historic District in 1973. In the nomination, 62). Together, the Great Falls of Paterson and engineering was identified as the area of Garrett Mountain provide an excellent national significance. The period of illustration of the jointed basaltic lava flow significance was determined to be 1750-1924 which began a period of extrusion and with significant dates as 1791, 1864 and 1914. intrusion throughout eastern North America in The text also discusses the hydroelectric plant the early Mesozoic, influencing present day at the Falls as an element in the progression of landforms in this region. the development of the system and of American engineering over the entire period. The statement of significance in the NHL P u r p o s e & B a c k g r o u n conducted withUHIfundsinclude: Paterson. On-going andcompletedprojects protecting theresources thattellthestoriesof increase publicinterest andinvolvement in historic districtand,through thisawareness, were designedtoraisepublicawareness ofthe projects.Manypreservation oftheprojects recommended UHIfundingforavarietyof projects forPaterson. This grouphas identification andadministrationoftheUHI interested citizens, toadvisetheNPSon representatives ofthebusinesscommunityand Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Historic Preservation Commission,theNew Group consistingofCityofficials,the Paterson. The CityassembledaCore Advisory cooperative agreement withtheCityof provided fundsfortheseprojects througha projects intheGreat Falls NHL. The NPShas was allocated$4.147millionofthesefundsfor Trenton, Perth Amboy andPaterson. Paterson (UHI) involvingprojects inthecitiesof for the“New Jersey Urban History Initiative” Item portionoftheNPSbudget Construction was successfulinearmarking fundsintheLine In 1992,New Jersey Senator NewJerseyUrbanHistory 4. Marshall. and Thomas Schuyler, Pierre L’ Enfant,Peter andJohn Colt, including: AlexanderHamilton, Phillip System (thesystemthatprovided waterpower) and developmentoftheS.U.M.Raceway engineers andothersinvolved inthedesign nomination alsoincludesalistofimportant • • Initiative Allied Textile Printing(ATP) site; an environmental assessmentofthe in theNHLDistrict; a conditionassessmentofbuildings

Frank Lautenberg photo. Walking pathalongthehistoricupper raceway. NPS ChapterOne|Purpose&Background • • • • • • • rehabilitation; hosting asymposiumon section ofthehistoricraceway; restoration andre-watering ofa related totheUHI; historical, artisticorculturalprojects community grantprogram for the developmentofa$75,000 Folklife Center; the LibraryofCongress’ American ethnographic studyconductedby an oralhistoryproject and Center; and modifyingtheVisitor trails around theracewaysystem accessible tovisitorsbyrepairing District more attractiveand an AmeriCorpsproject tomakethe for theDistrict; development ofdesignguidelines had nostaff); (prior totheUHI,Commission Historic Preservation Commission funding forastaff positionforthe d 5 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

• conservation of a statue of Law 104–333). Section 510 of the Act Alexander Hamilton near the Great established the Great Falls Historic District (the Falls; boundaries of the District are delineated as • the stabilization of the ruins of the those contained on the National Register of Colt Gun Mill using UHI funds as Historic Places) and authorized $250,000 for part of a match for a New Jersey grants and cooperative agreements for the Historic Trust grant to the City; and development of a plan for the District, • a cultural resource study, including $50,000 for the provision of technical archeological work and removal of assistance by the Secretary of the Interior, and hazardous materials, on the ATP $3,000,000 for the provision of other site. assistance for restoring, repairing, rehabilitating, and improving historic The development of design guidelines, infrastructure within the District. All funding assistance to the Historic Preservation requires a 50% local match. No funds have

6 Commission through support of a staff ever been appropriated under Section 510. position, in combination with other actions The legislation provides similar authorities to taken under the UHI initiative, along with the Secretary as other legislation establishing strong community support for historic affiliated areas of the national park system, or preservation, led to considerable preservation national heritage areas. and restoration of the district. This resulted in the National Historic Landmark Program While not a designation bestowed by the removing the District from its “Priority 1 – Federal Government, the American Society of Threatened List” and placing it on the “Watch” Civil Engineers named the Great Falls Raceway list in 2002. and Power System a National Historic Engineering Landmark in 1977. In 1984 the In October 2004, the Governor of the State of Society made a similar designation for the New Jersey, by Executive Order, designated a Lowell Waterpower System in Lowell, portion of the Great Falls Historic District Massachusetts. (including the historically significant water raceways) as one of three new urban state parks. With the advent of the State’s administration of a portion of the NHL, the NPS has executed a cooperative agreement Study Area with the NJ State Historic Preservation Officer to carry out a cultural resource survey on the The City of Paterson, New Jersey is located in ATP site. northeastern New Jersey on the Passaic River, approximately 15 miles northwest of 5. Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Manhattan (see figure# 1). It comprises a land Management Act of 1996 (P.L. area of 8.4 square miles. Major transportation 104-333) access routes include Interstate 80 and the Congress enacted the Omnibus Parks and Garden State Parkway, as well as railroad access Public Lands Management Act of 1996 (Public from the New Jersey Transit Main Line. The P u r p o s e & B a c k g r o u n packaging. goods,plastics,cosmetics,and rubber electronic components,machinetools,ribbons, manufacturing baseincludesgarments,textiles, followed byhealthcare. The City’s current and government istheCity’s largestemployer, Paterson isthecountyseatforPassaic County population. comprise almostathird ofthetotal of European ancestry. Foreign bornresidents and AfricanAmericans,inadditiontocitizens East, AsiansofChineseandKorean descent, American countries,peoplefromtheMiddle diverse andincludesLatinosfrom manyLatin than in1990. The City’s populationishighly Paterson tobe149,222persons,8,395less thepopulationof 2000 U.S.Censusreported Regional context. affect theconclusionof study. defined studyarea,thisdifference doesnot than thatcomprisingthe congressionally NHL designationisforanarea slightlysmaller national significanceconferredthroughthe tonotethatthedeterminationof important Manufacturers Historic District. While itis Passaic/Society forEstablishingUseful delineated fortheNHLGreat Falls ofthe slightly differentthantheboundaries Register ofHistoric Places.” This area is Falls Historic District listedontheNational within “the boundariesspecifiedbytheGreat study, describesthearea tobeevaluated asthat Study Act of2001,whichauthorizedthis Passaic River. The Great Falls Historic District the westcentralportionofCityalong The Great Falls Historic District islocatedin Great FallsHistoricDistrictboundary. ChapterOne|Purpose&Background d 7 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

During the course of this study, public The National Park comments were received to include certain resources outside of the Great Falls Historic Service in New Jersey District in the study area. Included among and Related Studies these was Hinchcliffe Stadium which does not relate to the period of significance of the The NPS has enjoyed lengthy and district. While these resources were reviewed, collaborative natural and cultural resource they either did not relate to the congressionally protection relationships with the governments, stated purpose of the study or did not organizations, and citizens of New Jersey. contribute additionally to the suitability Units of the national park system in New analysis. Addition of these resources would Jersey include Morristown National Historical negatively affect the feasibility analysis. Park (the first national historical park in the system), Edison National Historic Site, Some resources are mentioned in the report to portions of the Delaware Water Gap National 8 provide further context in the history and Recreation Area and Gateway National resources section , they are identified as being Recreation Area, and portions of the outside of the district. Appalachian National Scenic Trail. The 1.1 million acre Pinelands National Reserve, an Affiliated Area of the national park system occupies 22% of the State’s land area. The New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail (a second Affiliated Area), and National Wild and Scenic River designations for the Great Egg Harbor River, Maurice River, and various segments of the Delaware River round out the NPS presence. Recent NPS studies have resulted in currently pending legislation to designate the Musconetcong Wild and Scenic River. The state is also the site of the Crossroads of the American Revolution National Heritage Area, designated on October 12, 2006.

NPS-administered Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund grants have preserved significant amounts of open space and provided recreation areas in the State. New Jersey has received over $117 million in Land and Water Conservation Fund grants since 1965. NPS Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance staff have provided technical assistance for trails and recreational National Historic Landmark District boundary. developments to many governments and P u r p o s e & B a c k g r o u n Establishment ofUseful Manufactures with theearlyyearsof Society forthe boundaries theextantresources mostassociated Great Falls State Park Study wastheOctober2004designation ofthe related to the Great Falls Historic District actionbyAn important theState ofNew Jersey teams. coordination between the respective study District studyandthere hasbeenclose concurrently withtheGreat Falls Historic conducted by Samuel Colt. That studyhasrun resources associated with armsmanufacturing national parksystem. The studyconcerns Connecticut forpotentialinclusioninthe Resource Study ofColtsvilleinHartford, Secretary oftheInterior toconductaSpecial 2003 (P.L. 108-94)wasenacteddirecting the the 108 Hartford atArmsmear, now anNHL.During Company. He residedwithhisfamilyin the Colt’s Patent ArmsManufacturing andestablished Connecticut, hisbirthplace, 1842 andhereturned toHartford, firearms in1836,hisbusinesstherefailed Company inPaterson andbeganproducing established thePatent ArmsManufacturing Falls Historic District. AlthoughSamuel Colt particular relevance tothisstudyfortheGreat at ColtsvilleinHartford, Connecticuthas A Special Resource Study currently underway matching grantstotalingover $3million. received Federal Save America’s Treasures Since 1999,elevenNew Jersey projects have protectfurther theState’s valuable resources. provided grantsandtechnicalassistanceto the NPSNHLandNNLPrograms have are 55NHLsand10NNLsinNew Jersey and organizations throughoutNew Jersey. There th Congress, theColtsvilleStudy Act of whichincludeswithinits winning design. toassistinselectingthe competition jury ontheState’srepresentative oftheNPSserved pledged $10millioninparkimprovements. A second phasedevelopmentoftheparkandhas a nationaldesigncompetitionforfirstand itself. The State isintheprocess ofconcluding andtheGreatincluding theraceways Falls State Parkphases1and2. ChapterOne|Purpose&Background d 9 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

10 This Page Blank

P u r p o s e & Chapter Two | Historical Overview and Resources

OverviewSpecial Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District & | Paterson, NewResources Jersey Historical Overview and Resources

The Context for Early Industrial Growth in America ...... 11

Alexander Hamilton and the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures ...... 15

Paterson’s Beginning ...... 18

Recovery and Reversal ...... 21

Power for the Mills ...... 23

Major Industries, People and Events at the Great Falls ...... 25

Locomotive Manufacturing ...... 26

Samuel Colt and the Gun Mill ...... 28

John Holland and the Submarine ...... 30

John Ryle and “Silk City” ...... 32

The Silk Strike of 1913 ...... 34

Cotton, Flax, Paper, Hemp and Jute ...... 36

A Final Note on the S.U.M...... 38

Historic District Resources ...... 39 Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

The Context for Early Industrial Growth in America

The industrial revolution began in England with technological advances in textile productions. During the mid-eighteenth century the production of woolens was England’s chief industry, the first stages taking place primarily in the homes of individual spinners and weavers, then finished with bleaching and fulling in small mills with water power. Fulling involved removing grease and oils from wool, using a tub filled with water and detergent, after which a water wheel powered pair of wooden mallets would beat the cloth in the tub for days, shrinking the cloth and compacting the weave. Clothiers 11 facilitated the movement of the farmer’s wool Photocopy of Map: Town of Paterson, New Jersey: 1835. to the homes of the spinners and weavers, and HAER, Library of Congress. then to the tiny fulling mills. Entire families were engaged in this manufacture and sustained by its income.

The Great Falls Historic District The first step in speeding the process towards Historical Overview industrialization was the invention of the flying and Resources shuttle, by John Kay in 1733. The flying shuttle allowed one man to operate a loom, rather than two as had previously been This chapter explores the history and resources required. In 1769 Richard Arkright, building of the Great Falls Historic District. It is not on the work of Lewis Paul, developed an meant to be an exhaustive analysis of this automatic spinning machine. In 1774, a mill historically special American place. Rather, it was set up to use Arkwright’s machine. provides an overview for public understanding Improvements followed quickly, leading to of the major events and people that James Hargreave’s “spinning jenny” and then to contributed to the national significance of the the “spinning mule” developed by Samuel Great Falls Historic District. Since the Great Crompton. This led to an excess of yarn, Falls is a congressionally designated Historic which was addressed by Edmund Cartwright’s District and a National Historic Landmark, the inventions and patents for mechanical weaving analysis provides a brief background of why machines in 1785 and 1787. these very appropriate designations have been made.

R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

fulling mills, which relied on water power produced from available streams, were also rurally located. The new manufacturing technologies led to the demand for concentrated labor and development of early manufacturing cities, such as Manchester. Later, as the steam engine eliminated the siting constraints inherent in waterpower, manufactures moved to existing urban areas and concentrations of labor.

Many of the thirteen colonies in North Woollen Manufacture : Spinning Jenny. The Picture America were established in part to further the Collection of the New York Public Library

12 Source Note: From The cyclopedia: or, universal mercantile ambitions of England, specifically dictionary of arts, sciences and literature. (Philadelphia: by supplying raw materials to English Bradford, 1810-1842.) Rees, Abraham (1743-1825), author. Digital ID: 825894 manufactures, and a market for the finished manufactured goods. Early colonial outposts were generally established in ports that could support this exchange. In order to maintain that profitable status quo, England endeavored A need arose for greater amounts of power to obstruct manufacturing in the colonies. required for these machines. Waterpower had been utilized for fulling mills since the Middle Protectionist legislation advanced by the Ages. However, since the topography and English manufacturers and labor interests had waterways of England were not sufficient to an enormous impact on the economic produce the necessary power for larger configuration of the colonies, banning exports operations, England turned to the of manufactured goods from their shores. development of the steam engine to power its Among them included the Woolens Act of textile mills. In the United States, the use of 1699 that prohibited colonial export of woolen steam engines in manufacturing trailed because cloth and the Hat Act of 1732 that prohibited there was abundant and cheap water power, colonial export of hats. Additionally, and good site selection on any number of rivers technology and the skilled labor familiar with preempted the need for the more expensive the new industrial technologies were banned steam power for many more decades. from export from English shores. Capital necessary to fund the establishment of Technological advancements also affected the manufactures was controlled by European supply and distribution of labor, which had capitalists and banks. initially been centered in the rural economies of the manor, where raw materials and labor The lack of American banks significantly were in close proximity, and an established impaired the establishment of credit, not only pattern of home manufactures and local trade personal, but public credit. The Banks of that existed since the Middle Ages. The early England and Amsterdam, among others, O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

underwrote not only manufacturing at home, Massachusetts Undertakers of the Glass Works. but mercantile adventures abroad in the various Over one hundred years later in 1748 the colonies. As Alexander Hamilton wrote in a United Society for Manufactures and Importation 1781 letter to the fledgling nation’s new formed in Boston to produce linen, followed superintendent of finance, Robert Morris, such closely in 1751 by the Society for Encouraging banks underwrote state power by financing the Industry and Employing the Poor in the same English military with a “vast fabric of credit.” city. In 1775 the United Company of National credit was necessary to underwrite Philadelphia for Promoting American functions of government, as much as a system Manufactures was formed and manufactured of personal credit and capital were necessary to chiefly linens. While some ventures were establish new manufacturing and mercantile already underway, not one had set out to endeavors. These issues dogged American aggressively pursue large-scale manufacturing manufactures into the early years of the on par with that of Britain. Republic. The protectionist conditions established by Two other factors would eventually affect the England were fully in place when the American potential for manufactures as the colonies colonies began to establish their freedom from 13 broke away from British rule: raw materials and the Crown. During the Revolutionary War, labor. Initial forays into mechanized textile access to capital and supplies were major labor identified women and children as sources limitations in the struggle for nationhood. of cheap labor, children being employed by The end of the conflict found the emerging Arkright in his early mill. In colonial America nation in a newly established Confederation, the extraction and production of raw materials seriously encumbered by debt, without unified for export were initially the chief demand for power to generate revenue, lacking an effective labor. The population of the colonies was executive, and fragmented along state lines limited, and economic growth depended on with each state largely determining economic indentured servants, enslaved Africans, and policy in accordance with its own self interest. new immigrants. It was not until soon after the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789 that America Business companies were slow to start. The seriously began its journey towards economic, first American business company was probably as well as political independence. Events The New London Society United for Trade and adjacent to the Great Falls in Paterson, New Commerce, chartered in 1732-33. While there Jersey were the basis for a significant early is question about its corporation status, it chapter in our national industrial history. carried on many trade activities. Companies in colonial America were to become more The first real step in America’s industrial common and dealt in various industries such as revolution, however, took place in another fishing, mining, simple manufactures, banking, former colony – Rhode Island. Samuel Slater, land, trade with “Indians,” and transportation. born in 1768 in the County of Derbyshire, England, arrived in New York in 1789. Slater Manufacturing companies were few in number, had apprenticed in England under Jedediah but existed as early as 1642, such as the Strutt, a partner of English textile R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

manufacturing’s noted technology pioneer, Richard Arkwright. Despite the embargo on emigrating skilled workers, Slater managed to sail to the United States under false pretenses. Immediately upon arrival, he gained employment in a small textile mill in New York City. He soon learned of manufacturing attempts in Pawtucket, Rhode Island by Moses Brown, a Quaker merchant. Brown had established a textile mill with machines of the type invented by Richard Arkwright in Slater Mill, Pawtucket, Providence County, RI, west and north elevations. Note single-story addition extending to England. side of trench. Drawing c.1869. Credit cc. HAER ri,4- pawt,3-47. Library of Congress.

14 Brown and his partners found that operations with the machinery were flawed and sought someone more experienced in textile machines to lead the enterprise. Slater came to Pawtucket, rebuilt part of the equipment, and convinced Brown to replace it and start anew. Two years later, the mill was so successful that a new water-powered mill was designed and established for the purpose of manufacturing textiles in 1792. Now known as “Old Slater Mill,” it is a nationally significant resource of the John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor. It was designated a NHL in 1966. Soon after Slater’s success, similar manufacturing efforts would take hold and grow throughout New England. Alexander Hamilton, the nation’s newly appointed first Secretary of the Treasury followed these events closely.

Slater Mill, Pawtucket, Providence County, RI. Interior first floor from east corner, looking northwest. HAER er ri,4-pawt,3-24. Library of Congress. O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

Alexander Hamilton and the restoration of national credit. Morris, who Society for Establishing Useful had just received approval from Congress for Manufactures establishing the Bank of North America, responded favorably to Hamilton, establishing In the same lengthy 1781 letter to Robert common grounds for an early friendship. This Morris cited previously, Alexander Hamilton letter was Hamilton’s entrance upon the stage had argued that an attack on English credit of American economic development. could be a surrogate attack on England’s Alexander Hamilton is arguably the architect military, resulting in a withdrawal of the of the American economic system, as well as a financial support underwriting its ventures— leading proponent of a unified central particularly since English citizens were already government. His background is somewhat heavily taxed and could not alone support the obscure. Born in the British West Indies military. Hamilton laid out other economic (believed to be Nevis), he is thought to have reforms necessary for ensuring not only victory arrived in New York City circa 1772 or 1773. over the English, but the advancement of a He entered Kings College but did not graduate multitude of American socio-economic due to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. interests. Key to these reforms was the He became fully engaged in the conflict when 15 establishment of a national bank, and the he was appointed a captain of artillery. In 1777, he rose to prominence while serving as a key aide to General George Washington.

Hamilton came to know New Jersey well during his war experiences, having participated in the November 1776 retreat from New York and across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, the battles of Trenton and Princeton, the Morristown encampments and the Battle of Monmouth. Following his military service, Hamilton was a representative to the Continental Congress and vocally advocated for reform of the ineffective Articles of Confederation and the convening of a constitutional convention. Hamilton’s thinking was always national in scope. He wrote many of the Federalist Papers justifying the Constitution. As the nation’s first Secretary of the Treasury, he authored numerous reports that were instrumental in shaping the financial and economic future of the United States such Alexander Hamilton by Charles Willson Peale, from life, as the Report on Public Credit, Report on a Plan c. 1790-1795. Oil on canvas. National Park Service. Independence NHP. http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/ for the Further Support of Public Credit, Report exhibits/revwar/image_gal/indeimg/hamilton.html R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

on the Bank, Report on Establishing the Mint, and the Report on Manufactures.

Of particular importance to this Special Resource Study is the December 1791 Report on Manufactures. Hamilton set forth multiple arguments in the report on the importance of stimulating American manufacturing. In contrast to the beliefs of Thomas Jefferson and others regarding the need to maintain an agrarian society, Hamilton argued that agriculture does not fully employ the workforce available, that industry would help Tench Coxe. www.findagrave.com/

16 to attract immigrant workers to the fledgling nation, and that the diversification of the economy would greatly strengthen the nation’s Shortly before issuing the report, Hamilton ability to survive and prosper. He also had joined in supporting Coxe’s plan for a advocated the use of women and child labor manufacturing society operated by private and protective tariffs. interests enjoying the support of government. A prospectus for the Society for Establishing Scholars have long offered the proposition that Useful Manufactures (S.U.M) was drawn up, Treasury’s assistant secretary, Tench Coxe, most likely a collaborative effort by Hamilton participated in the drafting of the report. Coxe and Coxe, and published on April 29, 1791. was a noted advocate of manufactures and (Chernow, p.372). active in a Pennsylvania society for this purpose before his appointment. The report, unlike The prospectus expounded on Hamilton’s Hamilton’s many others, was not received arguments for manufacturing more finished favorably by Congress, largely due to products by corporations, even using public opposition from then Secretary of State subsidy if necessary. It called for the Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and the establishment of an entire town supported by Republican Party. Many prominent citizens, private investments and devoted to the too, were skeptical of the fledgling nation’s Society’s manufactures producing a multitude ability to raise capital and begin manufacturing of different products from linens to paper to at a sizable scale. The report contained an beer. While no specific site was mentioned, interesting note that: Hamilton viewed New Jersey as the logical place for the venture due to its proximity to It may be announced, that a society is forming financial interests in New York and with a capital which is expected to be extended to Philadelphia, an available labor force and at least a million dollars, on behalf of which abundant water power. measures are already in train for prosecuting on a large scale, the making and printing of cotton The S.U.M convened in New Brunswick for its goods. first meeting in August 1791. Directors were O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

successes. During the Revolutionary War, he served as a deputy adjutant general for the New York troops and also on the New York “Committee of Correspondence.” He became a delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, and was later appointed to the Board of War. He was particularly known to be prone to speculative ventures and a key figure in the corrupt Scioto Corporation, an infamous group of land speculators in Ohio from 1789-1792.

The name of the new manufacturing town, decided upon before the site was selected, was to be “Paterson” after William Paterson, New Jersey’s governor. With Paterson’s support, the Assembly and Council of New Jersey quickly 17 awarded the S.U.M a liberal charter conveying exceptional powers. Wm. Duer. Library Division: Humanities and Social Sciences Library / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. With the signing of the charter by Governor New York Public Library Digital Gallery. Digital ID: 421710 Paterson in November 1791, New Jersey agreed to be the location of what many observe selected and included William Duer as as the most ambitious commercial undertaking governor, as well as John Dewhurst, Elias of that era. Hamilton is believed to have been Boudinot, Alexander Macomb, Royal Flint, heavily involved in drafting the charter. The Benjamin Walker, Nicolas Low, John Bayard, charter gave enormous power to the S.U.M., John Nelson, Archibald Mercer, Thomas including exemption from local taxes and the Lowring, George Lewis, and More Furmans. right to improve rivers, build canals and charge Seven were from New York and six from New tolls. Article III of the charter provided, Jersey. Most were financiers and the board lacked experienced membership in actual ...that the said corporation shall not deal, nor manufacturing. trade, except in such articles as itself shall manufacture, and the materials thereof, and in William Duer, the S.U.M. governor had been such articles as shall be really and truly received an assistant to Hamilton at Treasury prior to in payment and exchange therefore. Coxe and was a prominent businessman of the time. Duer was raised and educated in This was envisioned as no mere business or England and moved to New York as a young holding company enterprise, but one that man in 1768. He was known for a friendly manufactured the products and gathered the disposition and eloquence that aided in his resulting profits at a scale previously unknown in the new nation. R e s o u r c e s

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 18

Stereoscopic views of Passaic Falls and Paterson, New Jersey. Robert Dennis Collection of Stereoscopic Views, Photography Collection, Miriam & Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints & Photographs, The New York Public Library.

Paterson’s Beginning

The name of the industrial settlement was The site was the land adjacent to the Great already decided upon, but a location had yet to Falls of the Passaic, a place Hamilton had be selected. Hamilton employed a number of visited briefly while serving as an aide to persons to seek out the most advantageous George Washington during the Revolutionary location. A letter from William Hall to War. The site seemed particularly well suited Hamilton dated September 1791 made the for the start of an industrial city due to the following finding: abundant availability of water-power, timber from nearby forests, mineral ore in the “Sir/ surrounding mountains, and proximity to the Last night Mr. Mort & myself returned from the markets of Philadelphia and especially New Pasaic Falls- one of the finest situations in the York City. In May 1792, the S.U.M. convened world (we believe) can be made there – The with Hamilton present to officially authorize quality of te water is good and in sufficient the purchase of 700 acres of land adjacent to quantity to supply works of almost any extent, the falls and dispatched a group of directors to every thing necessary as to situation is here to be purchase the land. found…The situation so far exceeds our expectations that We are very desirous you shou’d The area around Great Falls was initially see it…” inhabited by the Lenni Lenape and colonized by the Dutch in the 17th century. In 1684, O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

the S.U.M. selected the site for the industrial City of Paterson. (Renner, p.2) The S.U.M. bought land above and below the falls to ensure complete control over its water power potential.

The first priority for the S.U.M. was putting into place the infrastructure necessary to provide water power for the vast enterprise. The original plan to construct canals from above the falls and emptying into the river below proved too costly. The S.U.M. embarked on a short-term program to construct a cotton spinning mill, a weaving operation, an establishment for printing calicoes, a sawmill, and housing for workers. (Renner, p.5) 19

The motives of Hamilton and those of Duer and his associates were different; Duer being driven by speculation and Hamilton William Paterson. Library Division: Humanities and Social additionally interested in demonstrating the Sciences Library / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. value of industry in the growth of the nation. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. In: The S.U.M directors were also more narrowly Emmet Collection of Manuscripts, etc. Relating to American History. The Members of the Continental focused, reflecting the smaller-scale operations Congress, 1774-1789. New Jersey delegates. (created in which they had experience. 1808-1890). New York Public Library Digital Gallery. Digital ID: 420187 Hamilton’s biographer, Broadus Mitchell, notes that: fourteen Dutch families split the land into 100-acre lots all facing the Passaic River, with “The directors were merchants and promoters the remainder of land remaining common rather than industrialists. They were used to property. In 1714 a second major division individual ventures, or to joint action with a occurred, known as the Boght Patent because friend or two, in brief projects, the outcome of of its lay within a bend in the river. Many of which could be fairly calculated. The SUM was these division lines from the Boght are intended to be not only permanent, but reflected in Paterson’s eventual street plan. expanding, and embraced such varied problems as Plots were then divided vertically, creating strip power development, construction of machinery farms similar to those in New England at the and plant, recruitment of skill, technological time. While small-scale operations like grist operation, purchase of materials and sales of mills sprouted in the rural landscape, the area products, town planning, lease of mill sites, and remained quite pastoral until Hamilton and R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

attraction and housing of settlers.” (Mitchell, directors had taken or invested S.U.M. funds p.185) elsewhere. The effects were instant and a number of the original investors left. Another problem that the Society faced was the Hamilton expressed his concern to Duer in a lack of technology and skilled workers. May 23, 1792 letter containing advice about Hamilton and the directors agreed that the best paying his debts: way to get manufacturing underway was to actively seek out skilled English workers to “I hasten to express to you my thoughts, as your come to Paterson and build the same modern situation does not permit of delay. I am of equipment being used in Britain. Despite the opinion that those friends who have lent you their English laws of the day and his post as money or security from personal confidence in Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton, along with your honor, and without being interested in the his assistant Tench Coxe, seemed to have few operations in which you may have been engaged,

20 qualms about pursuing intellectual espionage ought to be taken care of absolutely, and as a means to ensure success. The goal was preferably to all creditors. In the next place, simply to get manufacturing up and running as public institutions ought to be secured. On this soon as possible. point the manufacturing society will claim peculiar regard. I am told the funds of that While pragmatism and a narrow industry society have been drawn out of both banks; I trust orientation guided most of Paterson’s they are not diverted. The public interest and my development, one fascinating divergence is the reputation are deeply concerned in the matter. appointment of Pierre L’Enfant, the temperamental and extravagant engineer who On May 25th, Hamilton took direct action on worked on plans for the nation’s new capital behalf of the S.U.M. by seeking a loan in its city. Despite friendly relations with Hamilton, behalf from the Bank of New York. In his L’Enfant proved to be a problematic choice. letter to William Seton, Hamilton goes so far He was under the employ of the S.U.M. for as to suggest that the bank will be guaranteed little more than one year and repeated requests that no loss will occur. by the Society for his plans were left unanswered. His city plan for Paterson was My Dear Sir: never carried out, and any actual drawings are The society for the establishing of useful lost. He did, however, design water power manufactures, at their last meeting resolved to raceways that would ultimately be modified for borrow a sum of five thousand dollars upon a use in the City. pledge of deferred stock. Mr. Walker is empowered to negotiate the loan, and I expect During this period, financial panic set back the application will be made to the Bank of New young nation, particularly in New York, York for it. I have a strong wish that the directors between 1792 and 1793. The panic was of that bank may be disposed to give facilities to largely caused by the massive amount of this institution upon terms of perfect safety to speculation, much of it by William Duer, the itself. I will add that from its situation it is much governor of the S.U.M. The S.U.M. was the interest of our city that it should succeed. It is affected significantly, because Duer and other not difficult to discern the advantage of being the O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

immediate market of a considerable Recovery and Reversal manufacturing town. A pledge of public stock will completely fulfil the idea of perfect security. I The task of immediate recovery was enormous. will add more, that in my opinion banks ought to Despite the obstacles, Hamilton continued to afford accommodation in such cases upon easy be dedicated to his grand manufacturing terms of interest. I think five per cent. ought to experiment. He attended meetings of the suffice, for a direct public good is presented. And board and visited Paterson despite a bout with institutions of this kind, within reasonable limits, yellow fever. The directors finally found a ought to consider it as a principal object to replacement and hired Peter Colt, a promote beneficial public purposes. Connecticut shipping merchant, as superintendent. To you, my dear sir, I will not scruple to say in confidence that the Bank of New York shall suffer Colt, though untrained as an engineer, was no diminution of its pecuniary facilities from any brought in to be the superintendent of the accommodation it may afford to the society in S.U.M. in 1793. L’Enfant did not bow to his question. I feel my reputation much concerned in supervision, and eventually left the site with all its welfare. of his plans later that year. Colt proceeded, as 21 best as he was able, to continue construction of I would not wish any formal communication of the industrial buildings as finances would this letter to the directors, but you may make allow. The first, a small frame cotton mill was known my wishes to such of them as you may constructed, but powered by an ox and known judge expedient. as the “Bull Mill.” (Shriner, p. 62) A canal was completed in January 1794, and water power Duer was ultimately thrown into debtors’ became available later that year. The second prison in New York and other New York cotton mill, so long in the plans and directors felt it necessary to attend to their own constructed of stone and wood, opened in June personal finances. Subscribers were now 1794. unwilling or unable to invest and the S.U.M. lost its early momentum. Duer would languish Despite Colt’s improved management, the and die in prison. Hamilton, never fully enterprise continued to decline. In 1796, at an forsaking the friend that placed his vision in emergency meeting, the S.U.M. ceased peril, appealed to a creditor in a letter asking operations and dismissed the majority of for understanding of Duer’s unfortunate plight. directors from their duty only five years after the signing of the charter. Hamilton’s Financially crippled, the remaining directors of envisioned manufacturing enterprise was to the S.U.M. turned to Hamilton for guidance. enter a lengthy period of land leasing and water (Mitchell, p.192) He volunteered his power development enriching other aspiring leadership. Until a new superintendent was industrialists. It would never live up to the hired, Hamilton essentially (though charge of its far-reaching charter to deal and unofficially) served as the manager of the trade in its own manufactures. Paterson site and as the de facto governor of the S.U.M. all at once. R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

As Ron Chernow has concluded: surplus income from the leasing of the mill seats. This was the first large investment made By early 1796, with Hamilton still on the board, in Paterson in over 10 years, and the the society abandoned its final lines of business, availability of additional power allowed for two discontinued work at the factory, and put the more cotton mills to be built. Higher cotton mill up for sale. Hamilton’s fertile dream domestic demands for textiles came with the left behind only a set of derelict buildings by the War of 1812 and the City began to grow and river. At first, it looked as if the venture had prosper. At the close of the war, the market completely backfired. During the next two years, became flooded with foreign goods and not a single manufacturing society received a Paterson endured its second setback with mills charter in the United States. Hamilton’s faith in idle and workers dismissed. The City textile manufacturing in Paterson was eventually weathered this new storm and began the vindicated in the early 1800s as a ‘raceway’ system process of renewal once more. This new

22 of canals powered textile mills and other forms of capacity was partially enabled due to the manufacturing, still visible today in the Great completion of a second canal in 1829, greatly Falls Historic District. The City that Hamilton expanding the available water power. helped to found did achieve fame for extensive manufacturing operations, including foundries, A third crisis point for Paterson occurred in textile mills, locomotive factories, and the Colt 1834 and 1837, when banks failed due to Gun works. Hamilton had chosen the wrong massive speculation. Industry, however, sponsors at the wrong time. (Chernow, pp. 386- continued to pick up in diversified forms. 387) Paterson’s industrial future was about to be finally realized. It would not be the success of Another Hamilton biographer, Richard the S.U.M. as Hamilton envisioned it, but the Brookhiser, notes somewhat more bluntly: realization of manufacturing diversity, and use of an immigrant work force would occur in The Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures never recovered, and the ‘Report on Manufactures’ was a dead letter. (Brookhiser, p. 107)

As a real estate venture, rather than a manufacturing colossus, the S.U.M. was ultimately to prosper. In 1800 part of the cotton mill was being used. A few other manufacturers trickled in and rented out mill seats (the site upon which a mill is located), breathing a small bit of life into the all but abandoned site.

Despite a fire that destroyed the cotton mill, a S.U.M. Hydroelectric Plant, Mcbride Avenue, Paterson, new raceway was cut in 1807 paid for by Passaic County, NJ. NPS photo. O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

Historic District water power system. The first, between 1792 and 1794 provided for the basic water supply system and a portion of the middle basin. Between 1800 and 1802, the system was extended and the middle canal was possibly enlarged. From1806 to 1807, the lower raceway along Boudinot Street was added. Additions made between 1827 and 1846 were the most extensive and largely form the system as it exists today.

The first plan for diverting the waters of the Passaic for powering the mills of the S.U.M. were drawn up by Pierre C. L’Enfant, who was appointed in July, 1792. He began the design of a grand undertaking that would include a transportation canal over part of the 23 watercourse and aqueduct. His plans included the construction of a reservoir to ensure a supply to the mills in periods of low river flow. The costly plans and L’Enfant’s lack of desire to S.U.M. Hydroelectric Plant, Mcbride Avenue, Paterson, stay within the S.UM.’s financial means Passaic County, NJ. Interior view of penstocks, turbines, resulted in his being replaced by Peter Colt. and generators. HAER, Library of Congress.

Colt continued aspects of L’Enfant’s work and Paterson and last into the next century. The in mid-January of 1794, a channel from the same phenomenon would occur at the same river and floodgates had been completed, as time elsewhere in New Jersey and the nation. well as a dam. The canal was finished and placed into operation in June 1794 to power three or four mills. Power for the Mills In the first decade of the 1800s, business A major reason for the Great Falls designation activity at the Great Falls began to improve and as a National Historic Landmark was the early plans were made to extend the canal. Head harnessing of its water power resources. The and tail races (the latter being canals to rid the following discussion of water power is largely system of water once it had been used by the drawn from the Historic American mills) were constructed west of Mill Street and Engineering Record (HAER) Great Falls-SUM are still extant. This improvement added about Survey, authored by Russell I. Fries. 500 feet of mill lots along the street and increased the depth and capacity of the middle Research has indicated that there were at least raceway. four stages of development of the Great Falls R e s o u r c e s

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 24

Water from the upper raceway flows through the Ivanhoe spillway. NPS photo.

In 1806-7 additional improvements were made of Spruce Street, completed in 1827. The to allow a second tier of mill sites using water addition required that the level of the whole at the elevation of the tail race from the middle system be raised almost to the base of the river canal as the head race for the new sites. These to gain a further head of 22 feet for the new were located between the river and the present sites. The dam at the end of the ravine was Van Houten Street. Water from the canal went raised and most likely enlarged. The deep gap through each lot and returned to the river via was enlarged and partially filled to raise the individual tail races. A spillway at the east end water level, and after passing through, the of Boudinot Street handled excess water. Each water made an immediate right angle bend of the above two improvements had a head of along the face of the ridge for almost 1,000 22 feet available. feet. The new canal was cut into the hillside with an embankment to hold the water. Water The third expansion of the system, and the for the middle canal passed through the upper most elaborate and expensive, was the addition canal and the new tier of mill lots. This of a new upper tier of mill lots on the west side O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

required the tail race for the new upper group The Irish came in large numbers during and of mills to be higher than the old middle canal. after their Great Famine of the 1840s and Tail races on Spruce Street were raised on an started anew as industrial laborers. Their rising embankment from 10 to 15 feet high. populations caused those controlling political As mill lots developed, even these power to have concerns as the residents of the improvements became tested by 1850. The “Dublin” section of the City, near the Great S.U. M. was forced to sell water rights to Falls, struggled for increased representation. newcomers contingent upon an adequate Skilled silk workers from England and Lyon, supply to other mills. The only significant France, as well as Lodz, Poland arrived. Jews changes to the system after 1846 were the from Poland, Germany and Russia brought covering of several sections of the tail race on skills and traditions. Italian immigrants, and Mill and present day Market Streets. After later African-Americans, joined the already 1850, many of Paterson’s new mills were diverse workforce. Labor unrest would ignite located outside the Great Falls Historic District after the turn of the century, ironically in the and used steam as a power source instead of City that was founded on Hamilton’s turbines powered by water. proposition in his Report on Manufactures that women, children and immigrants were best 25 Between 1912 and 1914, the S.U.M. opened suited to be the ones to produce the goods for another chapter by constructing a hydroelectric a prosperous nation. power generating station at the base of the Great Falls. A steam generating plant was also The City would continue to experience times built for when the river was too low to run the of boom and bust as it progressed from the electrical plant. Designed by the Thomas early days of the S.U.M. A fourth crisis Edison Electric Company, the hydro-electric occurred in 1857 when nearly every factory plant produced 4849 kilowatts and operated stopped and thousands lost their jobs. The last until 1969. The plant was purchased by the decade of the 19th century would be the City of Paterson and restored to service in pinnacle of industrial output in Paterson, and 1986 to produce almost 11,000 kilowatts per its status in silk production gained it the hour. nickname “Silk City.

As the 19th century continued and the 20th Major Industries, People and century dawned and wore on through the Events at the Great Falls Great Depression, Paterson’s prosperity, like other industrial centers, continued to turn on From the 1830s on, the area comprising today’s and off. It ultimately followed the path of Great Falls Historic District hummed with the decline of most other older Northeastern sounds of railroad locomotive works and the industrial cities. The post World War II textile trade. Paper-making, rope and hemp decline would still most of the factories at the production settled into plants. Textiles of same time that increasing numbers of African- cotton, wool and silk, as well as arms were Americans flowed in from the segregated manufactured. South, seeking their own very late-arriving opportunities for economic advancement. The R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

opportunities were in a state of decline. Immigrants from other places search for the same opportunities in Paterson today. Unlike during its industrial peak, however, the mill sites adjacent to the Great Falls are mostly quiet with even fewer economic opportunities to offer. Its great heritage and associated important stories of our nation’s industrial past, however, live on.

Locomotive Manufacturing

26 Thomas Rogers was born in Groton, Connecticut in 1792. He moved to Paterson in 1812. Having been trained in carpentry and as a blacksmith in Connecticut, he formed businesses in Paterson designing and building machinery for textile manufacturing. In 1832, he teamed up with two New York City Danforth Locomotive & Machine Company, Market financiers, Morris Ketchum and Jasper Street, Paterson, Passaic County, NJ. Photocopy of an Grosvenor, to form the manufacturing firm of engraving—ca, 1850-1859. HAER, Library of Congress. Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor. The company diversified, making among other items small parts for the newly developing railroad industry.

The production of railroad locomotives and Matthias W. Baldwin of Philadelphia made rails in the United States followed earlier drawings of the Stephenson and Co. developments in England. Colonel John locomotive John Bull that was being stored in Stevens of Hoboken, New Jersey constructed a Bordentown, New Jersey prior to being steam wagon in his yard in 1825. In 1829 assembled to run on Colonel John Stevens’ Peter Cooper of New York built the Tom Camden and Amboy Railroad. In 1832 Thumb and it was placed into service on the Baldwin produced his first locomotive, Old newly constructed Baltimore and Ohio Ironsides, which was used on the Philadelphia, Railroad. In 1830 the West Point Foundry Germantown and Norristown Railroad and produced the first fully American built steam stayed in service for 20 years. His locomotive engine, Best Friend, to conduct scheduled works were ultimately to become the largest in passenger service on the Charleston and the United States, producing over 70,500 Hamburg Railroad. In 1831 the De Witt locomotives when it ceased operations in 1956. Clinton reached 25 miles per hour on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad. O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources 27 Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works, Spruce & Market Streets, Paterson, Passaic County, NJ. Photocopy of Associated Mutual Fire Insurance Map-1906. HAER, Library of Congress.

In 1835, Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor be reorganized and purchased by the New York assembled its first locomotive for the Paterson and Erie Railroad as a maintenance shop. and Hudson River Railroad, one that had actually been built by the same British Another employee, John Cooke, formed manufacturer, Robert Stephenson and Danforth, Cooke and Company in Paterson in Company. In 1837 Rogers designed and built 1852. This firm later changed to Cooke and the Sandusky which contained his own design Company, and was ultimately purchased by the innovations. The Sandusky was placed in American Locomotive Company shortly after service in Ohio. the turn of the century. It produced close to 3,000 units before closing in 1926. During As Rogers’ reputation grew in producing the late 19th century, Paterson was establishing locomotives of endurance and increasing itself as a major center for locomotive power, more orders arrived and the firm manufacturing in the country. The Grant established itself in an important position in Locomotive Company was also located in the the industry. It also spawned other producers City. from within its own ranks. Rogers’ shop foreman, William Swinburne, left to form his Perhaps the most popularly known locomotive own locomotive works in partnership with produced by Rogers was that bearing the serial Samuel Smith in 1845. Swinburne and Smith number 631. Built in late 1855, the and Company went under a decade later in the locomotive was purchased by the Western and 1857 financial panic. It soon afterwards was to Atlantic Railroad. Christened The General, the R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

locomotive would become famous during the conglomerate, the American Locomotive Civil War for an attempt by Union cavalry to Company (ALCO) or its older rival, and the highjack the Confederate train it was consistently leading U.S. manufacturer, the powering. The event was popularized in the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia. It 1962 movie, “The Great Chase.” The was finally absorbed into ALCO before the end locomotive The General is preserved today at of the decade, joining its neighbor, the Cooke the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive and Machine Works. ALCO Locomotive History in Kennesaw, Georgia. continued making locomotives at the Rogers’ plant for a few more years when major Thomas Rogers died in 1856 and his son Jacob locomotive production and an important era in S. Rogers took the helm and reorganized the Paterson’s history came to an end. firm into Rogers Locomotive and Machine works. The company maintained its Today, the Paterson Museum occupies the

28 competitive position in the industry and former Rogers’ erecting shop and offers prospered. interpretive exhibits and programs of the City’s industrial past. The New Jersey Community A Rogers locomotive (Union Pacific #119), Development Corporation occupies the former built in 1868, was present at the driving of the Rogers locomotive frame fitting shop and the “Golden Spike” marking the completion of the former administration building which had first transcontinental railroad on May 10, 1869 since been converted to a textile factory. Both at Promontory, Utah, although that was not buildings comprise the Senator Frank R. the original plan of the event sponsors. Lautenberg Transportation Opportunity Mishaps and weather events affecting other Center and Independence House. locomotives left #119 as the next in line to participate. Although scrapped in 1903, a replica of the locomotive is located at the Samuel Colt and the Gun Mill Golden Spike National Historic Site, a unit of the national park system. Samuel Colt was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1814, the son of a textiles In the early 1890s Jacob S. Rogers resigned manufacturer. As a teenager, he went to sea the presidency, but remained an investor, and and legend persists that he conceived of his the company was reorganized under its former invention on a voyage and carved a wooden treasurer, Robert S. Hughes, as the Rogers model of the revolving breach cylinder on the Locomotive Company. Hughes died in 1900 ship. He later had models made of the and the works were closed in 1901 by Rogers, cylinder and secured an English patent in 1835 who died later that year. Rogers left much of and one in America in 1836. his fortune and a legacy of many valuable works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of In 1836, he established the Patent Arms Art in New York City. Manufacturing Company in Paterson. Colt was unsuccessful in attracting contracts with Reorganized once more, the plant reopened the government. The company was forced to briefly, but could not compete with a newer O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

World Wars I and II. The Colt Company still exists, but is no longer located at the Hartford site. His guns became popular among individuals on the western frontier, primarily after the factory moved to Hartford.

After his untimely death in 1862, Colt’s wife Elizabeth took over the direction of the Hartford company for close to 39 years. Their nearby home, Armsmear, is a NHL. An NHL nomination for several Colt Company factory buildings and workers’ housing has been submitted for formal consideration by the Landmarks Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board.

The remaining Patent Arms Manufacturing 29 Company resources at the Great Falls have significantly less integrity than those in Hartford. The Colt mill in Paterson was a multi-storied structure built near the Great Falls. A weather vane in the shape of a gun sat Samuel Colt, 1814-1862. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. atop a bell tower. As the Colt operation

close in 1842 after producing approximately 5,000 guns.

Samuel Colt was to later to make his fortune when he returned to his home state Connecticut. Awarded a government contract for revolvers to be used by U.S. troops in the Mexican American War, Colt urgently needed manufacturing space. He temporarily found space at Eli Whitney’s factory and then established Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in Hartford in 1848. Completed in 1855, Colt made it one the most advanced interchangeable parts factories in the nation. The Colt facility in Hartford, named “Coltsville,” included the factory and workers housing and continued its production through Gun Mill ruins, Paterson, NJ. NPS Photo. R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Holland left Ireland for the United States in 1873 to join his previously relocated mother and brothers in Boston. He moved to Paterson and took a teaching position at St. John’s Parochial School. Two years after his arrival in the U.S., he submitted a submarine design to the Navy Department, the first of a number the Department chose not to accept. With financing from the Irish Fenian Brotherhood, a group committed to freeing Ireland from British control, John Holland built his first submarine in 1877. The Brotherhood was seeking a submarine that

30 could be transported by ship and dropped off close to a British ship for the purpose of sinking it. It was constructed at the Albany City Iron Works in New York City. The Paterson Colts, Paterson Museum, Paterson, NJ. Designated Holland I, the craft was moved to NPS Photo. the J. C. Todd and Company machine shop in Paterson for the installation of a petroleum wound down, the building was used for other manufactures including early silk production. Later, the upper floors were removed. In 1983, the building was subjected to the arson caused fires of the Allied Textile Printing (ATP) site of which it is an integral part. Only the walls of the first two stories remain today.

John Holland and the Submarine

John Phillip Holland was born in 1841 on the west coast of Ireland not far from the Cliffs of Moher in Liscannor, County Clare. He joined the Irish Christian Brothers and became a teacher. He was particularly interested in science and the development of the flying machine and the submarine, completing his earliest design for the latter in 1869. He declined to take his perpetual vows into the Christian Brothers in 1872. John Phillip Holland. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources 31

The Holland I, Paterson Museum. NPS photo.

powered Brayton engine. The 14-foot long took place outside of Paterson. The only Holland I was launched in the Passaic River structural resource connected with his Paterson above the Great Falls in May and June 1878. launching is the remains of the J.C. Todd and Holland managed to take his submarine down Company machine shop which was mostly to 12 feet for approximately one hour, but did destroyed by a series of fires at the Allied not use the malfunctioning engine. Instead, he Textile Printing Site beginning in 1983. attached a flexible hose to an accompanying launch and powered the submarine by steam. Holland’s second Fenian Brotherhood financed Despite the malfunctioning engine, the Fenian submarine, the 31-foot Fenian Ram was Brotherhood was impressed with this initial constructed by the Delamater Iron Company performance and agreed to fund a larger vessel. in Manhattan and first launched into the Holland scuttled the hull of his first submarine Hudson River in 1881. The ensuing trials into the Passaic River. It was discovered in were successful and a number of descents were 1927 and is currently on display at the accomplished. Holland also test fired unarmed Paterson Museum. projectiles provided by John Ericsson, designer of the Civil War ironclad, the Monitor. Holland’s further submarine endeavors and his Because of internal financial disputes, the major contributions to the United States Navy Brotherhood stole the submarine in November as “The Father of the Modern Submarine” 1883 under cover of night and towed it to New R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Haven, Connecticut where it was stored and later abandoned in a lumber shed. In 1916, the submarine was taken to Madison Square Garden for a fund raising endeavor for victims of the Easter uprising in Dublin. It was then removed to what is now the New York State Maritime College at Fort Schuyler. In 1927 it was purchased and moved to West Side Park in Paterson and more recently to the Paterson Museum where it is currently on display.

John Ryle’s house. NPS photo.

John Ryle and “Silk City” 32 Paterson’s history is perhaps most readily initially taken a position as superintendent of a identified by its label “Silk City.” It is one that small mill in Northampton, Massachussets, but is well deserved. During the late 19th and early was at the time working in New York City as a 20th centuries Paterson’s silk mills supplied merchant for a silk factory in Macclesfield close to 50% of the country’s entire silk owned by his brothers. production and ranked second behind Connecticut in the production of spool silk in Murray initially recruited Ryle to run his new the United States. Well over 100 factories and venture from the Colt gun mill which he mills were involved in all aspects of silk purchased in 1840. They became partners in manufacturing and necessary support in the 1843 and Ryle took over completely when late 1880s, employing thousands of skilled and Murray retired in a few years later. As the unskilled workers, mostly recent immigrants, business flourished, Ryle bought the gun mill in jobs such as weavers, dyers, throwers and and constructed additional structures at the twisters. site. He later built his own mill, named after Murray which was lost to fire. The business The first attempt at silk production in Paterson went through ups and downs and almost occurred in Samuel Colt’s gun factory in 1838. floundered during the 1857 financial Christopher Colt attempted to weave silk on downturn. A new Murray mill was the fourth floor of the gun mill. It was quickly constructed in 1869. The business suffered realized that the enterprise would be hardships again in 1872, but Ryle emerged unprofitable and it was abandoned. once more, reorganizing as John Ryle and Sons. This firm later became part of the Christopher Colt sold his machinery to George Pioneer Silk Company. Murray, who previously had owned a silk business. Murray brought in John Ryle, a During his tenure, Ryle became a major force knowledgeable person in the silk trade who in silk production, lobbying for relaxation of came to America from the silk manufacturing tariffs on imported raw materials. He was the center in Macclesfield, England. Ryle had first to produce silk thread on a spool, O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

Two of his employees, Robert Hamil and James Booth would form their own successful firm of Hamil and Booth beginning in 1855. Other silk enterprises were established and prospered in Paterson both within and outside of the Great Falls Historic District well into the next century. Many were smaller operations that came and went using and reusing existing mills in the historic district for silk manufacturing and dyeing, or related work.

Lambert Castle. NPS photo. While many historic mill resources associated with the silk industry were significantly damaged in the ATP site fires, a number of responding to a request from Elias Howe, the mills periodically used for such manufactures manufacturer of sewing machines (Shriner, p. remain. Among these are the Franklin Mill, 33 81). Essex Mill, Congdon Mill, Harmony and Industry Mills which were operated by the Williams and Adams Company, and the

ATP Site, postcard. Paterson Museum. R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Pheonix Mill, the oldest mill in the district. apprenticeship at an English cotton mill. John Ryles’ house, although moved slightly Lambert rose to become one of the wealthiest from its original site, is also located in the of Paterson’s “Silk Barons.” The castle now district, now converted to office use. serves as the headquarters of the Passaic County Historical Society. Above and outside the Great Falls Historic District on nearby Garrett Mountain is Belle Vista, often called “Lambert’s Castle.” It was The Silk Strike of 1913 built by Catholina Lambert in 1892. Lambert established the silk operations of Dexter, While the silk industry thrived and the Lambert and Company on Straight Street in “Barons” became wealthy, labor unrest was Paterson, outside the Great Falls Historic soon to affect the City. Initially, silk workers District, in 1866. He came from an were recruited or arrived from Northern th

34 impoverished background in England, his Europe; at the end of the 19 century many parents being mill laborers, and had served an were from Eastern and Southern Europe. Difficult working conditions and the threat of new technological innovations in the mills resulted in labor unrest and union activities. Work interruptions became commonplace and many silk manufacturers began moving operations to locations with less labor conflict in Pennsylvania and elsewhere.

During the late 19th and early 20th century, conflict between labor and management was growing not only in Paterson, but throughout the country. Establishment of labor unions was on the rise and major labor actions were becoming more frequent. Strikes and events demonstrating continuing labor unrest included the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Haymarket Riot in Chicago in 1886, the Homestead “Lockout” in Pennsylvania in 1892, the Pullman strikes in Illinois in 1893 and 1894, the Anthracite Coal Strike in Pennsylvania in 1902, the New York Shirtwaist Strike of 1909, and the Lawrence Textile Strike in Massachusetts in 1912 to name just a few.

Paterson was not a stranger to labor actions, having been the scene of one of the nation’s The Phoenix Mill. NPS photos. earliest actions, the 1835 strike by child O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

the Doherty Silk Mill, one of Paterson’s largest, workers walked out on January 27, 1913 because of the installation of the newer machines throughout the factory. Workers in other mills soon joined the walk out. Ultimately, an estimated 24,000 workers were involved.

Paterson’s mills had attracted the attention of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), commonly referred to as the “Wobblies.” The union was fresh from its success in leading the Lawrence, Massachusetts “Bread and Roses” strike. Paterson mill owners responded harshly, bringing in outside strikebreakers. Paterson police also took strong actions against the striking workers. 35

The IWW brought in many prominent socialists and labor leaders including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, Bill Haywood, Emma Goldman, Margaret Sanger, Eugene Debs and Upton Sinclair. Forbidden to gather I.W.W. Pageant of the Paterson Silk Strike. Lithograph for meetings in Paterson, major rallies were by Robert Edmund Jones. American Labor Museum, held at the home of Maria and Pietro Botto in Botto House National Landmark. nearby Haledon. The Bottos were Italian immigrants who had worked in the Paterson mills. Their home, now a NHL laborers in some 20 factories protesting 13½ commemorating its role in the strike, is the site hour working days. The strike wore on for six of the American Labor Museum. weeks and resulted in a partial win for the children. The settlement was reached for 12 Living conditions for the striking workers hours of work on weekdays and 9 hours on became more difficult during the strike and the Saturday. organizers provided for many children to be sent out of the city to stay with volunteering The Paterson Silk Strike of 1913 included families predominately in New York City and requests for increased wages and an 8 hour Elizabeth. The IWW leaders also attracted the work day. It was primarily focused, however, interest of intellectuals in New York City and on the impact of technology which permitted plans were made for a great pageant at one worker to tend three or four looms instead Madison Square Garden focusing on the of the usual two. Workers saw the new Paterson strike as a vehicle to raise funds. On technology as a threat to their livelihoods. At June 7, 1913 thousands attended the pageant R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

with silk workers portraying strike events and northern textile mills closed or sought other activities. raw materials.

Mill owners continued to refuse to give in to One of the largest of the mills at Great Falls striker demands and remained financially was the Barbour Flax Spinning Company. viable, in part by the fact that they could Thomas Barbour came to the United States redirect manufacturing orders to their relocated from Lisburn, Ireland circa 1850 to establish mills in Pennsylvania. After 22 weeks, the an American branch of his family’s Lisburn solidarity among strikers began to show cracks manufacturing interests—William Barbour as some and then more workers returned to the and Sons. In 1852 he established a business mills. concern at Exchange Place in New York dealing in threads and twines, including those The strike ended along with the effectiveness of his family’s Lisburn mill. In 1864 he moved

36 of the IWW in the northeast. In 1919, after a to Paterson and began operations at the mill series of smaller strikes, many silk workers in previously used by John Colt for the Paterson won the 8-hour workday.

Silk mills continued to prosper in Paterson during World War I. In time, many smaller concerns were bought up by larger companies such as the Standard Silk Dying Company and Allied Textile Printers. As technological advancements occurred in the development of synthetic fabrics including nylon and rayon, Paterson’s role as “Silk City” came to a close.

Cotton, Flax, Paper, Hemp and Jute

Cotton was the product of the Great Falls Historic District’s first mill, constructed by the S.U.M., and the later Phoenix Mill, constructed circa 1813. The original portion of the Phoenix Mill is the oldest currently standing mill in the district, now converted to housing. Mills in the district continued producing cotton fabrics and thread along with other products.

John Colt produced cotton duck and a durable Barbour Flax Spinning Company, Spruce Street Mill, sail cloth for vessels. The inability to obtain Spruce & Barbour Streets, Paterson, Passaic County, NJ. East elevation. HAER NJ,16-pat,7-b-1. Library of cotton during the Civil War meant many Congress. O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources 37

Photocopy of a Lithograph—ca. 1880-1889. Barbour’s Flax Thread Works: Paterson, New Jersey (8x10 neg.) HAER NJ,16-PAT,7-A-1. Barbour Flax Spinning Company, Granite Mill, Spruce & Barbour Streets, Paterson, Passaic County, NJ. Library of Congress.

production of cotton duck. Barbour was to Company, making it one of the most popular construct two more mills as the business brands in the nation. Although there were grew. ten buildings associated with the Ivanhoe operations, only the wheelhouse structure Henry Butler, born in Connecticut and the son remains today between the upper and middle of a paper mill owner, came to Paterson in S.U.M. constructed raceway. 1837 and began paper manufacturing in the Passaic Mill. In 1850 he constructed the The manufacture of rope, twine and carpet Ivanhoe Mill and continued his paper making backing from hemp and jute was also a part of enterprise as the Ivanhoe Manufacturing R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Paterson’s industrial past. The Dolphin Jute Wright Aeronautical Company which came to Company was one of the largest of these Paterson in 1919 to Lewis Street produced the enterprises in the Great Falls Historic District. engine that powered Charles Lindberg’s Spirit The Company occupied some of the Rogers of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean to France Locomotive Works’ buildings, along with the in 1927. Wright Aeronautical would become Paterson Silk Exchange, when Rogers ceased Curtiss-Wright Corporation in 1929 and the operations. company would go on to produce engines and aircraft that helped win World War II. Mills at the Great Falls were used and reused by The corporation still exists, but no longer in different manufacturers during the history of Paterson. the area. The Phoenix Mill, and Colt Mill, as well as both Passaic mills, for example, were the sites of many different industries, as were A Final Note on the S.U.M.

38 others. Reuse of mills within the district continues today with public and private uses The S.U.M. continued its operations for including housing, offices and the Paterson approximately 153 years after its establishment Museum in the places that once rang with the in 1792. While it did not fulfill the vision of sounds of industrial production and labor. its founders, it did prosper during its history Paterson’s present plans for the district are for from real estate and water power ventures. In continued adaptive reuse of the mills. 1945, the S.U.M.’s charter and remaining property were purchased by the City of The Great Falls and its industries secured for Paterson, which now owns the preponderance Paterson a major portion of its rich industrial of the Great Falls Historic District. history. The district, however, was not the only location in the City for such uses. Major silk operations like Dexter and Lambert on Straight Street were located elsewhere. The

The Franklin Mill. NPS photos. O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

The Essex Mill. NPS photos.

Historic District Resources to 12 inch square wood columns. More

modern 20th century structures or additions 39 The Great Falls Historic District basically were constructed of steel and concrete comprises a collection of predominately 19th (Maxman pp. D-49-D59). century mills (some with later additions), other structures and water power raceways along the A series of fires at the ATP site substantially Passaic River below the Great Falls. The mills damaged most of the 30 buildings there, no longer contain original equipment, including some of the district’s most important although representative machinery for textile historic resources. This site is among the and locomotive manufacturing exist at the properties now included within the boundaries Paterson Museum, located in a building of the of the newly designated state park. The former Rogers Locomotive Works. remaining resources in the district outside of the ATP site largely retain a high degree of Probably the earliest construction material used integrity and many have been adaptively reused for mills in the district was cut brownstone for other purposes. block set in a minimal mortar bed. Typically, brownstone block walls were at least 18 inches The ATP site lies within the heart of the thick. Cut brownstone also comprises the historic district and consists of approximately 7 majority of the retaining wall along the Passaic acres. It contains portions of the S.U.M. River. Brick appears to have replaced cut constructed raceways and the ruins of brownstone in the next generation of mills. numerous historic mill structures. Among Multi-wythe wall sections of three to five mills within the ATP site were some of the wythes of brick were interlaced with soldier earliest in the district. It was here that the courses for durability. Timber and wood S.U.M. established a mill in 1794. Included, framing was also used for construction. too, was the Colt Mill (1836) where Samuel Generally the configuration included rough cut Colt produced his first firearms and in the floor joists bearing on timber girders spanning same building John Ryle brought silk textile R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

The Harmony Mill. NPS photo. The Nightingale Mill. NPS photo. 40 manufacturing to Paterson. Additional virtually all intact. The S.U.M. Passaic Street buildings constructed by Ryle were also at the Bridge (1858) also remains. site. The Todd Mill (c. 1876), where the engine for John Holland’s first submarine was Buildings associated with locomotive fitted, was located here, along with the Waverly manufacturing include the Rogers Locomotive (1857) and Mallory (c. 1860) textile mills and Works’ administration building (1881), the the Passaic Mill complex. erecting shop (1871), the frame fitting shop (1881), and the millwright shop (rebuilt in Many of these resources were later consolidated 1879 on the site of the Passaic Paper Mill under the ownership of larger manufacturing (1832). In 1974 archeological excavations enterprises in the late 19th and early 20th were conducted at the site of the former centuries including, successively, the Knipscher blacksmith shop. and Maass Silk Dyeing Company, Standard Silk Dyeing Company, and Allied Textile Danforth and Cooke Locomotive Company Printing Company. The remainder of the resources include the the office building Great Falls Historic District is comprised of (1881), and the foundry (1831). The site of buildings associated with the S.U.M, the Grant Locomotive Company erecting shop locomotive and textile manufacturing, and (c. 1850) was the subject of archeological other manufacturing enterprises. excavations in 1974.

Buildings directly associated with the S.U.M. Buildings associated with textile and silk include the hydroelectric plant (1914), a field companies include the Barbour Flax Company house (1914), remnants of the steam and complex including the flax mill (1860) and the boiler plant (1876), two gate houses (1846 and Granite Mill (1881). Other textile 1906), and the S.U.M. administration building manufacturing resources in the district include (c. 1920). The upper (begun in 1847), middle the Franklin Mill (c. 1870 with later addition), (begun in 1792) and lower (1807) water power the Essex Mill (1871), the Congdon of raceways, including head and tail races are Nightingale Mill (1915), the Phoenix Mill (the O v e r v i e w & Chapter Two | Overview & Resources

oldest extant mill in the district with portions Historic homes within the district include constructed in 1816 and additions c.1826), the those of John Ryle (1830), Benjamin Harmony Mill (1876), the Industry Mill (1875 Thompson (1835) and John Colt (1850). and 1879), and the Addy Mill (1873-1880). Other than the S.U.M.-constructed water The Old Yellow Mill (originally built in 1803 power improvements, the extant resources of and rebuilt in 1856) was an early paper rolling the Great Falls Historic District are typical of factory and joins the Ivanhoe Wheel house as many northeastern cities that experienced the major remnants of paper manufacturing in industrialization in the 19th century. the district. The Dolphin Jute Mill Complex (1844 and later addition) also remains. 41

Workers in the silk mills c. 1910. Paterson Museum. R e s o u r c e s Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

42 This Page Blank

O v e r v i e w & Chapter Three | Designation Analysis

Analyses of National Significance, Suitability, Feasibility and Need for NPS Management

DesignationSpecial Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New JerseyAnalysis Designation Analysis

Introduction ...... 43

National Significance of the Great Falls Historic District ...... 43

Suitability Analysis of the Great Falls Historic District ...... 45

The Great Falls of the Passaic–The Natural Feature ...... 45

The Great Falls Historic District–Cultural Resources ...... 47

Peopling Places ...... 47

Expanding Science and Technology ...... 50

Alexander Hamilton and Developing the American Economy ...... 55

Determination of Suitability ...... 63

Feasibility Analysis ...... 64

Determination of Feasibility ...... 67

Analysis of the Need for NPS Management ...... 67

Potential for Affiliated Area Status ...... 68

Study Conclusions ...... 69

A n a l y s i s consideration, anarea must: NPS Management Policies. To beeligiblefor Public Law105-39, criteria establishedby Congress in system, analysesare conducted basedon designation asaunitofthenationalpark resource should beconsidered forpotential For adeterminationtobemadeaswhether Introduction and NeedforNPSManagement Suitability, Feasibility Analyses ofNationalSignificance, Designation Analysis Paterson, NJ,Great Falls.NPSPhoto. andinaccordance with Title IIIof exceptional valueorqualityinillustrating or buildings, structures andobjectsthatpossess significance isascribedto districts,sites, contained in36CFRPart 65.National evaluated by applyingtheNHL criteria National significanceforculturalresources is criteria: significant ifitmeetsallofthefollowing resource willbeconsidered nationally NPS Management Policies provide thata Falls HistoricDistrict National SignificanceoftheGreat cited above. as apotentialunitofthenationalparksystem District andappliesthecriteriafordesignation This chapterevaluatestheGreat Falls Historic .retains ahighdegree ofintegrityas 4. offers superlativeopportunitiesfor 3. possessesexceptionalvalueor 2. isanoutstandingexampleofa 1. require direct NPSmanagement 4. beafeasibleadditiontothe 3. beasuitableadditiontothe 2. possessnationallysignificant 1. unspoiled exampleofaresource. a true,accurate,andrelatively study; and public enjoyment,orforscientific our nation’s heritage; the naturalorculturalthemesof quality inillustratingorinterpreting particular typeofresource; sector. other publicagenciesortheprivate protection by instead ofalternative system; and system; natural orculturalresources; Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

43 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

interpreting the heritage of the United States in cultures, or by shedding light upon history, architecture, archeology, engineering periods of occupation over large and culture, and that possess a high degree of areas of the United States. Such integrity of location, design, setting, materials, sites are those which have yielded, workmanship, feeling and association, and or which may reasonably be that: expected to yield, data affecting 1. are associated with events that theories, concepts and ideas to a have made a significant major degree. contribution to, and are identified with, or that outstandingly National significance for natural resources can represent, the broad national be evaluated by applying the NNL criteria patterns of United States history contained in 36 CFR Part 62. Within the and from which an understanding NNL Program, national significance describes and appreciation of those patterns an area that is one of the best examples of a 44 may be gained; or biological or geological feature known to be 2. are associated importantly with the characteristic of a given natural region. Such lives of persons nationally features include terrestrial and aquatic significant in the history of the ecosystems; geologic structures, exposures and United States; or landforms that record active geologic processes, 3. represent some great idea or ideal or portions of earth history; and fossil evidence of the American people; or of biological evolution. 4. embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural When evaluating national significance in type specimen exceptionally congressionally authorized Special Resource valuable for the study of a period, Studies, resources that have been designated as style or method of construction, or NHLs or NNLs are considered to already have that represent a significant, been determined to be nationally significant distinctive and exceptional entity whose components may lack and require no further analysis. individual distinction; or 5. are composed of integral parts of Resources associated with the S.U.M. within the environment not sufficiently the Great Falls Historic District, established by significant by reason of historical P.L. 104-333, have been designated by the association or artistic merit to Secretary of Interior as nationally significant warrant individual recognition but for reasons identified in their specific NHL collectively compose an entity of and NNL designations. The district, therefore, exceptional historical or artistic meets the criterion for national significance. It significance, or outstandingly must be noted that, during the course of this commemorate or illustrate a way of study, numerous scholars, authors and other life or culture; or knowledgeable persons have confirmed the 6. have yielded or may be likely to importance of the events and resources yield information of major scientific associated with the Great Falls Historic importance by revealing new District. The study team also confirmed that D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s enhance, orduplicateresource-protection or whether theproposed newareawouldexpand, comparison resultsinadetermination of other publicorprivate ownership. The protected inthenationalparksystemor potential; andsimilarresourcesalready of theresources; interpretive andeducational The comparativeanalysisalsoaddresses rarity values. quality, quantity, orcombinationofresource differences orsimilaritiesinthecharacter, same resourcetype,whileconsidering comparably managedareasrepresenting the comparing thepotentialarea toother determined onacase-by-casebasisby private sector. Adequacy ofrepresentation is protected by otherpublicentitiesandthe extends theanalysistosimilarresources resources are represented inthesystem,but analysis isnotlimited,simply, towhether It tonotethatthesuitability isimportant private sector. tribal, state,orlocalgovernments; orthe public enjoyment byotherfederal agencies; comparably represented andprotected for adequately represented inthesystem,orisnot cultural resource typethatisnotalready national parksystemifitrepresents anaturalor is considered suitableforadditiontothe NPS Management Policies provide thatanarea District the Great FallsHistoric Suitability Analysisof integrity. the resources ofthedistrictlargelyretain the Niagara River andGorge. ORHP also with anumberofcompanion stateparksalong (OPRHP) asNiagara Falls State Park, along of Parks, Recreation andHistoric Preservation administered by theState ofNew York’s Office are oftheNiagara apart NHLand Reservation and presentpower source inNew York State, The AmericanFalls, linkedtoamajorhistoric present industrialuses. have provided power sourcesforhistoricand A numberoftheseandtheirassociatedrivers and otherfederallandsthoughoutthenation. parks andinunitsofthenationalpark system Waterfalls are wellrepresented inmanystate old, basalt. underlying, approximately 200millionyear Mountains. The Falls were throughthe carved Passaic formedbehindthe was Watchung age. Astheglacierreceded,GlacialLake 13,000 yearsagoduringtheendoflastice The Great Falls were formedapproximately 176 feetinheight. width andvolumeintheUnited States and Niagara Falls, bycomparison, isthelargestin Mississippi River. The AmericanFalls at height) intheUnited States, eastofthe (inwidthandvolume, not largest waterfall The Great Falls, 77feetinheight,isthesecond Natural Feature The Great FallsofthePassaic–The protected byotherpublicorprivate entities. represented inthenationalparksystemor made toothersimilartypesofresources In evaluatingnaturalresources, acomparisonis comparably managedareas. foundinother visitor-use opportunities Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

45 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

administers Taughannock Falls State Park, site Numerous state parks throughout the nation of a 215 foot waterfall, and Letchworth State feature waterfalls as scenic and recreational Park, among others. attractions. The Great Falls, itself, is now part of the New Jersey State Park System. A The High Falls in downtown Rochester is part sampling of other protected resources include of a state sponsored heritage area and an urban Amicalola Falls State Park in Georgia, Silver cultural park celebrating Rochester’s industrial Falls State Park in Oregon, Falls Creek and past. Rochester’s Heritage Area focuses on Caesar’s Head State Parks in South Carolina, High Falls, a revitalized complex of mills, Ricketts Glen State Park in Pennsylvania, and factories and archaeological sites adjacent to Blackwater Falls State Park in West Virginia, the Genesee River. Lowell National Historical among many others. Park also interprets the use of water power along falls on the Merrimack River. Units of the national park system and other

46 federal lands also contain a myriad of waterfall The NPS has recently completed a attractions. Some of the nation’s most majestic congressionally authorized National Heritage falls can be found at Yellowstone, Yosemite Area (NHA) Feasibility Study to determine if a (with Yosemite Falls, the highest in the US potential Niagara Falls NHA met criteria for dropping vertically 2425 feet, Sentinel at 2,000 congressional designation. The study feet, and Silver Strand at 1,182 feet), the Great determined that the study area, which included Smokies, Grand Teton, Grand Canyon, Mt. the American Falls and communities along the Rainier, and Shenandoah, among others. Niagara Gorge to Lake Ontario, qualified for congressional designation as a NHA. The Crabtree Falls at George Washington National preferred alternative in the study includes the Forest in Virginia cascade 1200 feet to its base. establishment of a limited term Federal In the U.S Forest Service-administered Commission to undertake a heritage area plan Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, for the NHA, later to be succeeded by a non- Multnomah Falls is one the nation’s highest federal management entity after five years. year-round, non cascading waterfalls at 620 feet. An earlier reconnaisance analysis performed by the NPS determined that the Niagara Falls It is the conclusion of this analysis that the State Park would not meet criteria for Great Falls, as the primary natural feature of designation as a unit of the national park the Great Falls Historic District, and its use for system because it was already protected by the industrial water power, does not meet the State of New York and there was no need for suitability analysis for potential inclusion in the NPS management. national park system. Numerous waterfall resources, including those historically used for One of the themes of the potential heritage water power and possessing scenic or area detailed in the study is the history of water recreational values, are already adequately power in the region. Legislation to designate a represented in the national park system or Niagara Falls National Heritage has recently protected by other federal and state been introduced in Congress. governmental entities. D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s formation, atdifferent conceptsofgender, historic times.It alsolooksatfamily movement and changethrough prehistoricand This themeexamineshumanpopulation Peopling Places American economy. science andtechnology, anddevelopingthe Great Falls are peoplingplaces,expanding The three thematicconceptsapplicabletothe are: approach toAmericanhistory. The concepts interdisciplinary, lesscompartmentalized experience, thethematicframeworkreflectsan faceted andinterrelatednature ofhuman eight conceptsthatencompassthemulti- encapsulated withineachresource. Through analyze themultiplelayers ofhistory that embodyAmerica’s pastandtodescribe assist intheidentificationofculturalresources to conceptualizeAmericanhistory. It isusedto outline ofmajorthemesandconceptsthathelp andprehistory.history The framework isan Framework” usesits“Thematic Service for resources withinoroutsidetheNPS, In evaluatingthesuitabilityofcultural Cultural Resources The Great FallsHistoricDistrict– .ChangingRoleoftheUnited States 8. Transforming theEnvironment 7. ExpandingScienceandTechnology 6. DevelopingtheAmericanEconomy 5. ShapingthePoliticalLandscape 4. Expressing CulturalValues 3. Creating SocialInstitutions 2. PeoplingPlaces 1. in theWorld Community During the19 labor tothisplannedindustrialcity. the Citywasfounded,toattractimmigrant stated purposeofAlexanderHamilton,when much ofitsproductiveperiod.Indeed, itwasa District benefited fromimmigrantlaborduring Paterson’s industriesintheGreat Falls Historic for thisstudyisimmigration. is mostappropriate. The area ofsignificance the topicofmigrationfromoutsideandwithin colonization. For thepurposesofthisstudy, homelands; encounters,conflicts,and community andneighborhood;ethnic migration fromoutsideandwithin; the lifecycle; health,nutrition,anddisease; The themeincludessuchtopicsasfamilyand they havebeenexpressed intheAmericanpast. family, andsexualdivisionoflabor, andathow conditions bytoday’s standards, immigrant Working longhoursandunderharsh advance economicallyasowners. ultimately establishtheirownmillsand Jewish immigrants.Some were able to Poles workedinthemillsincludingmany located withinthesamearea. Germansand As the20 growing power. quarter ofthe19 quarter wasfrequently usedinthelast gerrymandering They becameapoliticalforceintheCityand Irish stillcomprised40%ofthepopulation. in anareaknown as“Dublin.” In 1860,the most settlingnearthemillsofGreat Falls almost 50%ofPaterson’s populationwasIrish, Jewish, andItalian immigrants.In the1830s waves ofEnglish, Irish, German, Polish, comprisedsucceeding labor forceparticularly Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis th century arrived, Italian century immigrants th andearly20 th century tocircumventtheir century th centuries,the

47 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

workers, both skilled and unskilled, were the backbone of Paterson’s early and growing industrial might, particularly in its textile, locomotive and silk factories. The City, today, continues its tradition as a location for recent immigrants including Hispanic, Latino and Middle Eastern populations.

Immigration resources and themes are well represented in the national park system and sites associated with immigration are also Lowell’s mile of mills as seen from across the Merrimack River, Lowell, MA. NPS photo. protected by other entities. Example sites

include: 48 1. Castle Clinton National Monument, New 3. Lowell National Historical Park, York—Constructed as a fort to defend New Massachusetts—Located in Lowell, the park York Harbor between 1808 and 1811, Castle interprets the American Industrial Revolution Clinton became a major immigration receiving and the experiences of immigrant workers. station. Over 8 million people entered the The Boott Cotton Mills Museum with its United States through what was then known as operating weave room of 88 power looms, Castle Garden between August 3, 1855 and “mill girl” boardinghouses, the Suffolk Mill April 18, 1890 when it was closed. The site Turbine Exhibit and guided tours tell the story was later reopened as the New York City of the transition from farm to factory, Aquarium. Programs and tours trace the chronicle immigrant and labor history and history of the fort from its defensive role and trace industrial technology. The park includes its changing uses as a theatre, immigration mills, worker housing, 5.6 miles of canals, and station, and aquarium. 19th-century commercial buildings.

2. Statue of Liberty National Monument and 4. Lower East Side Tenement National Ellis Island, New York and New Jersey—A gift Historic Site, New York—an Affiliated Area of from the people of France dedicated on the national park system, the tenement October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty building at 97 Orchard Street is located in the became a beacon for millions of immigrants to Lower East Side of New York City. The site our nation’s shores. The monument includes interprets the immigrant experience and Ellis Island, which became the entry point for includes restored apartments of actual over 12 million persons between1892 to 1954. residents, as well as offering educational It is the nation’s premier site for interpreting programs on historical and contemporary the American immigration experience as a immigration. The site is owned and managed point of entry. by the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, Inc. D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s in associationwiththeIndustrial Theme Trail. within theheritagearea interpret immigration many historicalperspectives. Anumberofsites visitors toexplore theregion’s resources from Settlement, Maritime, andIndustrial) permit Massachusetts. Three themetrails(Early approximately 500square milesineastern Massachusetts— 1. EssexNational Heritage Area examplesinclude: immigration. Afew interpretation ofresourcesrelated to Areas provide additionalprotectionand Congressionally designated National Heritage Florida Park System. and hospitals. The site isaunitoftheState of restaurants, socialclubs, mutualaidsocieties City home,establishingtheirown newspapers, Jews, Cubans, andAfro-Cubans called Ybor making industry. Spaniards, Italians, Germans, of cultural history Ybor Cityandthecigar Florida. The museumparktracestherich thriving communityof Ybor Cityin Tampa immigrants whosettled,lived in,andbuiltthe visitors aglimpseintothelivesof NHL, Ybor CityMuseum State Park provides Park,StateFloridaMuseum City 6. Ybor Japanese immigrantswere detainedatthesite. approximately 250,000Chineseand150,000 this country. Acting asadetentioncenter, citizenship toChineseimmigrantsalready in of Chineselaborersandprohibited U.S. Exclusion Act whichrestricted theimmigration Island represents theimpact oftheChinese were processedthroughthefacility. Angel California. Approximately 1millionpersons asaU.S.immigrationstationin served NHL, between 5. AngelIsland State Park, California—

1910 and1940,AngelIsland Essex comprises , A — A 19 immigrants whoflocked to theregionin the legacyof“Big Steel” andthemany Pennsylvania of isdevotedtotellingthestory Pennsylvania— ofSteel5. Rivers National Heritage Area, coal miningandindustrialpast. immigrant workercontributionstotheregion’s Resources intheheritage area interpret immigrants between1860and1910. The regionbecameamagnetfornew Lackawanna Valley ineasternPennsylvania. mass educationwere allindustriesinthe scale fabrication,printing,textiles,trolleys,and building,steel,foodprocessing,railroad large- Pennsylvania— 4. Lackawanna Valley National Heritage Area, Peninsula. ofcopperontheKeweenaw relate thestory interpret immigrantlifeandcontributionsthat Historical Park, alongwiththeheritagesites, in theKeweenaw region.Keweenaw National ofthehard-rock copperminingindustry story Sites,” andtellingthe whichassist inpreserving knownwith partners as“Keweenaw Heritage units, theNational Park alsoworks Service In additiontothepark’s CalumetandQuincy mining onMichigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula. significant sitesaffiliatedwithhistoricalcopper Michigan— 3. KeweenawNational Park, Historical andworkers. interpretation ofindustry themes andstoriesarecentraltoits and RhodeIsland. Immigration resources, the Blackstone River Valley inMassachusetts rich Americanindustrialrevolution heritageof and RhodeIsland— National Heritage Corridor, 2. John H.ChafeeBlackstone River Valley th and20 Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis th The parkismadeupofnationally centuriestolaborinthe mills. Rivers of Steel inwestern Coal mining,railroading and Blackstone interprets the

Massachusetts

49 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

A number of museums also interpret the Expanding Science and immigrant experience in the United States. The Dreams of Freedom Immigration Museum Technology in Boston (MA) provides living history and interpretation of that City’s immigrant stories. This theme focuses on science, which is At the Johnstown (PA) Heritage Discovery modern civilization’s way of organizing and Center’s America: Through Immigrant Eyes, conceptualizing knowledge about the world visitors take an active assigned role and and the universe beyond. Technology is the experience the daily life of their immigrant application of human ingenuity to character as they tour exhibits. modification of the environment in both modern and traditional cultures, and includes Some museums are dedicated to specific topics such as experimentation and invention, immigrant groups such as the Danish and technological applications. The areas of significance for this study are engineering and

50 Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn, Iowa and the Scandinavian Heritage Museum in Seattle, technology. Washington. The Museum of Work and Culture in Woonsocket, Rhode Island—part of Paterson’s Great Falls Historic District was the the Blackstone River Valley NHA—interprets scene of significant technological advances in the compelling stories of French Canadian industrial processes and engineering immigrants seeking economic improvement in advancements in the use of water power for the mill towns along the Blackstone River. industry and, later, electrical generation. The first signature project of the SUM was its ambitious endeavor to provide for the design and construction of a system for industrial water power, drawing water from the Passaic Conclusion River and diverting it by gravity through raceways to manufacturing sites – a task While the Great Falls Historic District has initially assigned to Pierre Charles L’Enfant. many resources and rich stories relating to the The establishment of the system, as an early theme of immigration in the U.S., it does not water power system, is a primary reason for the appear to have particularly unique resources or NHL designation of the Historic District. stories when compared to those already represented in the national park system, or Technological innovations were evident in protected and interpreted by other public and many of Paterson’s industrial enterprises from private entities. the invention and production of Colt’s first revolver and the fitting of an engine to Holland’s first submarine, to innovations by locomotive manufacturers, and those affecting the Paterson textile silk trade. Like most cities in the Northeast and those in New Jersey, Paterson had its own manufacturing specialties in the industrial milieu of the 19th and 20th D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s iron makingtoseventeenth-century settlement 1668. The parkinterprets thecriticalrole of integrated ironworksinNorth America,1646- Massachusetts— 2. Saugus Ironworks National Historic Site, main power shaftordrivepulley. power wastransferred by gearstothemill’s andturbine,the mills. In boththewaterwheel 35 to650horsepower, helpeddriveLowell’s vanes. By 1858,56Boyden turbines,ratedat vanestoturnanothersetofmoving stationary its centerandwasdirected outward by Lowell’s mills,thewaterenteredwheelat and adaptedby James B.Francis topower the firstturbinesdesignedby Uriah Boyden applications initsprogramsandexhibits.In and interprets waterpower anditsindustrial NHP containssignificantwaterpower resources configuration thatisstillvisibletoday. Lowell mills andevolved from 1821tothe1850s success. Its systemofcanalsprovided power to waterpower foritscontinuingindustrial Massachusetts— 1. Lowell National Historical Park, Examples ofsitesforwaterpower include: simplest formstolargehydroelectric systems. Sites interprettheuseofwaterpower fromits protected by other publicandprivate entities. represented inthenationalparksystemor engineering andtechnologyare well Resources interpretingthethemesof the theme. an exhaustive analysisofallsitesrepresenting Falls Historic District andisnotmeanttobe comparable tothoserepresented intheGreat analysis haspurposelyfocusedonresources were oftenamongthekeystosuccess. This of manufacturing,advancementsintechnology centuries. In theemergingcompetitive climate Saugus isthe siteofthefirst Lowell wasdependenton NHL, thissiteinterpretsthe18 Stuart4. Gilbert Birthplace, RhodeIsland— mill (Slater’s Mill) inPawtucket, RhodeIsland. fuel textilemillsbeginningin1790acotton Blackstone washarnessedforwaterpower to the Blackstone Valley riverscape. The villages, towns andcitiesareallintegralpartsof ponds, mills,canals,locksandtherelatedmill waterpower -dams, and earlytransportation over a46-milelength.Structures related to inAmericawithits438-footdrop industry provided thewaterpower of forthebirth revolution inAmerica. The Blackstone River of theindustrial waterpower ofitsstory aspart and RhodeIsland— National Heritage Corridor, Massachusetts 3. John H.ChafeeBlackstone River Valley demonstrate earlywaterpower techniques. to museum withworkingwaterwheels the nation. The sitefeatures anopen-air of and itslegacyinshapingtheearlyhistory Civil Engineering Wonders. The Bureau Engineers asoneofAmerica’s Seven Modern rated bytheAmericanSociety ofCivil a National Historic Landmark andhasbeen Interior’s Bureau ofReclamation. The Damis NHL, administeredby ofthe theDepartment 6. Hoover Dam, Nevada andArizona— Valley. centers locatedthroughoutthe Tennessee and interpretshydroelectric power initsvisitor The TVA isamajorelectricalpower generator 5. Tennessee Valley Authority, Tennessee— powered bywaterinthecolonies. by Stuart’s father, thesnuffmillwasfirst that were typicalofsmallsystems.Established waterpower used forthegristandsnuffmills Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis Blackstone interprets th century A A

51 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

interprets hydroelectric power at its Tour not currently enjoy the same level of protection Center and conducts tours of the facility. as other resources, but is within the area proposed as the Niagara Falls National 7. Augusta Canal National Heritage Area, Heritage Area. Georgia—Built in 1845 as a source of power, water and transportation, the Augusta Canal Example sites for technology and engineering was one of the few successful industrial canals include: in the American South. Spearheaded by native Augustan Henry H. Cumming, who perceived 1. Edison National Historical Site, New that Augusta could one day become “the Jersey—For more than forty years, the Lowell of the South,” the Augusta Canal began laboratory created by Thomas Alva Edison in to fulfill Cumming’s vision in short order. By West Orange, New Jersey, had enormous 1847 the first factories - a saw and grist mill impact on the lives of millions of people

52 and the Augusta Factory were built, the first of worldwide. Out of the West Orange many that would eventually line the Canal. laboratories came the motion picture camera, vastly improved phonographs, sound 8. Folsom Powerhouse, California—A NHL, recordings, silent and sound movies and the this hydroelectric generating plant sent high- nickel-iron alkaline electric storage battery. voltage alternating current over long-distance Edison National Historic Site provides a lines for the first time in 1895, a major unique opportunity to interpret and experience advance in the technology of electric power important aspects of America’s industrial, social transmission and generation. and economic past, and to learn from the legacy of the world’s best known inventor. 9. Niagara Power Project Power Vista, New York—Operated by the New York Power 2. Golden Spike National Historic Site, Authority, the facility interprets hydroelectric Utah—The site commemorates the power associated with Niagara Falls and the completion of the world’s first transcontinental historical role of hydroelectricity in the Niagara railroad which was celebrated where the Frontier. Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met on May 10, 1869. Its paramount purpose 10. Adams Power Plant Transformer House, is to illustrate the social, economic, and New York—A NHL, until well into the 20th political impacts of the transcontinental century, this electric-power generating facility railroad on the growth and westward retained its position as the largest hydroelectric development of the United States. One of the power plant in the world. The transformer two locomotives present when the last spike house, built in 1895 from designs by McKim, was driven, was Rogers Locomotive Works’ Mead and White, is the only surviving locomotive # 119, manufactured in Paterson, structure of the plant, which has been hailed as NJ. “the birthplace of the modern hydroelectric power station.” When it became operational, long-distance commercial electrical transmission became a reality. The plant does D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s plantation. It interprets iron-making iron American19thcentury examples ofarural Pennsylvania— 6. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Springfield ArmoryNationalHistoricSite.NPSphoto. production. of manufacturing duringitlonghistory the technologicalevolutionofarms American industrialization. The siteinterprets manufacturing methodsthatwere criticalto pioneering hadperfected Armory muskets in1794. Within decades, Springfield beganmanufacturing the firstnationalarmory Washington earlyintheRevolutionary War, under theauthorityofGeneralGeorge Massachusetts— 5. Springfield National Armory Historic Site, technology andoperations. and designmethods,iron-making engineering demonstrate seventeenth-century 1668. Resources interpreted atthe site integrated ironworksinNorth America,1646- Massachusetts— 4. Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site, American Industrial Revolution. inthesuccessofearly instrumental textile andothermanufactures thatwere Lowell are thetechnologicaladvancementsof Massachusetts— 3. Lowell National Historical Park, The siteisoneofthefinest Begun asamajorarsenal Saugus isthesiteoffirst toldat ofthehistory As part patterns to casting and construction helps patterns tocastingandconstruction the trainbuildingprocess, frommetallurgyand assembly. Aninteractive presentation detailing restored Glover locomotives invarious stagesof original machiningequipment,andtwo driven locomotiveassemblylineinthecountry, Works andfeatures theonlyrestored belt- contains areproduction ofthe Glover Machine Institution AffiliationsProgram, themuseum Kennesaw, andamemberoftheSmithsonian Locomotive History, Georgia— 9. SouthernMuseum ofCivil War and locomotive constructionandtechnology. provides displaysandinterpretation of development oftheUnited States. The site of therolesteamrailroading played inthe publicunderstandingandappreciationfurther Pennsylvania— 8. Steamtown National Historic Site, skilled craftsmen. traditionally basedonthemanuallaborof whichwas technological goalforanindustry –aboldlyambitious interchangeable parts forproducingrifleswith precision machinery workshopstooling new andperfecting Lower Hall Island. Hall spentseveral years the smallislandonwhichitstoodwascalled soon becameknown asHall’s Rifle Works, and sawmill alongtheShenandoah River. The site Ferry where heoccupiedanoldArmory terms ofthecontract,HallcametoHarpers designed andpatentedin1811.Under the breechloading rifles–aweapon hehad War Department toproduce 1,000 England gunmaker, signedacontractwiththe West Virginia— 7. Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, of theearlyiron-makingperiod. technology, businessoperationsandvillagelife Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis Steamtown wasestablishedto In 1819,John H.Hall,aNew Located in

53 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

visitors experience life as a factory worker, projects. In the early 19th century, this while detailed company records provide insight waterway opened the “Old Northwest” to into the management of the Glover Machine settlement and gave Western agriculture access Works. The site is also the location of one the to Eastern markets. A remarkable engineering Rogers’ Locomotive Works most famous feat for the period, it helped to make New York locomotives, “The General,” which was built City one of the most important trade centers in Paterson in 1855. in the world.

11. John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor, Massachusetts and Rhode Island—As part of the history and Conclusion interpretation offered through resources of the heritage area, many technological innovations While the Great Falls Historic District has

54 are examined that were associated with the many resources relating to the thematic American Industrial Revolution including the concept of Expanding Science and Technology, first successful cotton mill. it does not appear to have particularly unique resources when compared to those already 12. U.S. Submarine Force Museum, represented in the national park system or Connecticut—The Submarine Force Museum, protected and interpreted by other public and located on the Thames River in Groton, private entities. maintains the world’s finest collection of submarine artifacts. It is the only submarine museum operated by the United States Navy, and as, such is the primary repository for artifacts, documents and photographs relating to U.S. Submarine Force history. The museum traces the technology and development of submarines from David Bushnell’s Turtle, used in the Revolutionary War, to the modern Los Angeles, Ohio, Seawolf and Virginia class submarines.

13. Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor, New York—The Erie Canalway NHC preserves associated resources and interprets the construction and operation of one of the nation’s foremost engineering

D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s These themesare commonlyapplicableto exchange andtrade,economictheory. work culture, labor organizations andprotests, distribution andconsumption, workersand theme includeextractionandproduction, goods andservices. Topics thathelpdefinethis production, distribution,andconsumptionof by theprocesses ofextraction,agriculture, ways theyhave materiallysustainedthemselves wage, aswell aspaidlabor. It alsoreflects the worked, includingslavery, andnon- servitude, This themereflectsthewaysAmericanshave American Economy and Developingthe Alexander Hamilton Publishing CompanyCollection. Congress, PrintsandPhotographsDivision,Detroit Alexander HamiltonbyJohnTrumbull. Libraryof soon aftertheestablishment oftheS.U.M., to Congressonthatsubject whichfollowed interest inmanufactures, hisreport particularly our nation. While known forhiswritings and Hamilton’s lifeisonethatcontinues toimpact endeavors. stepping stonesoflessgrandlyconceived England citiesthatwere builtonthefirm and Waltham, Massachusetts andotherNew quickly andwide-spread in placeslikeLowell but aftertheearlydeclineofS.U.M.,more achieved intheUnited States, andinPaterson, Hamilton’s visionofanindustrialsocietywas manufacturing enterprisesbelow thefalls. providing landandwaterpower for primarily areal estateventure,ultimately Hamilton envisioned;rather, itbecame did notbecomethemanufacturingcolossus governor/director participants. The S.U.M. early-on duetothemajorweaknessesofits that thePaterson venture, asenvisioned,failed based United States, thefactofmatteris implement hisstrongbeliefsinanindustrially- the Great Falls andtheS.U.M.,asavehicle to viewed themanufacturingpromiseofPaterson, While there isnoquestionthatHamilton many contributions. played inthelargerschemeofhislifeandthose attheGreatthe experimenthenurtured Falls contributions tothenation,androlethat question ofAlexanderHamilton’s overall for thisSpecial Resource Study toaddress the and thecreationofS.U.M.,itisimportant manufacturing centertoAlexanderHamilton Because Paterson asa proudlytracesitshistory andlabor.significance areindustry Falls Historic District. The areas of historic industrialdistrictssuchastheGreat Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

55 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Hamilton provided much more that shaped and its history and is part of the reason for the the nation and our society. Indeed, his Report district’s designation as a NHL, there are no on Manufactures was not well received by resources at Great Falls save the falls and the Congress at the time, nor acted upon, despite S.U.M. constructed water raceways that reflect its ultimate realization. the period of his association. Paterson represented his vision of industrial progress in Hamilton was a close and trusted associate of 1791, but the vision in this one place was General George Washington, serving on his quickly dashed by the financial adventures of staff for most of the Revolution. He fought at William Duer and others. Hamilton’s vision White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth was ultimately achieved in Paterson, but and Yorktown. He was instrumental in the through a lengthy application of establishment of and served as delegate to the entrepreneurial skills of many individual Constitutional Convention and was a principle manufacturers, not the single manufacturing

56 author of the Federalist Papers, a still enduring entity he originally conceived. That source on the meaning of the United States phenomenon occurred in other locations all Constitution. Hamilton served as the first over the Northeast and the nation at the same Secretary of the Treasury and became one of time. America’s great early statesmen. He initiated the First Bank of the United States, and Authors Stanley Elkins and Erik McKitrick in established the Revenue Cutter Service, the their book chronicling the Federal Period forerunner of the U.S. Coast Guard. provide a comparative perspective of the S.U.M. They write: Hamilton is regarded as “The Father” of the U.S. Coast Guard and was instrumental in the When the directors in 1796 voted to shut down establishment of the U.S. Navy. His Report on altogether to avoid ‘evident loss,’ they were putting Public Credit was a major milestone in a period to some four years of amateurness, cross American financial history. Hamilton purposes, and divided attention. Not until the established the foundations for American 1820s and ‘30s with the activities of the Boston capitalism and commodity and stock Associates would something like Hamilton exchanges. He was responsible for the envisioned come into being. The foundation of establishment of the first political party. He Lowell, Chicopee, and Holyoke during that stood as a national founder who believed in period would be the fruit of careful planning and strong central government, national defense, two decades of prior technological experience in assistance to business and industry, national small mills all over New England. (Elkins and debt financing and a strong national banking McKitrick, p. 280) system. Many of the issues he addressed are as relevant to Americans today, as they were Alexander Hamilton, the person, is not as well during his time of life; only the scale, perhaps, represented in the national park system as his is different. significant contributions to American history deserve, but it is largely through a failure of the While Hamilton’s association with the Service to fully interpret his recognized founding of Paterson is important to the City achievements, not a lack of places associated D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s photo. Liberty Bell,IndependenceNational HistoricalPark.NPS His role inauthoringmanyoftheFederalist in congressional deliberationsonthematter. the Constitutionwasdraftedandparticipated participated asamemberoftheCongress for aConstitutionalConvention. Hamilton Hamilton whoorchestratedthegroundswell dedicated nationalistfromthestart,itwas and theU.S.Constitutionwere created.A where boththeDeclaration ofIndependence Philadelphia isthesiteofIndependence Hall Pennsylvania— 2. Independence National Historical Park, Jr. home wasdesignedbyarchitectJohn McComb only twoyears before hisdeathin1804. The ashishomefor home inScotland,itserved Grange” aftertheHamilton family’s ancestral Hamilton, completedin1802.Named “The City homeofAlexanderandElizabeth York— 1. Hamilton Grange National Memorial, New with AlexanderHamilton: are unitsofthenationalparksystemassociated Americanfigure.this important The following improve publicknowledge andappreciationof Hamilton’s lifeandlegacyby theNPS would accomplishments. Increased interpretation of another hasstrongassociationswithhismajor Grange, isfullydedicatedtoHamilton,while with thosecontributions.One unit,Hamilton The memorial preserves theNewThe memorialpreserves York Independence NHPin First BankoftheUnitedStates,Philadelphia.NPSphoto. Hamilton helpedtocreate. Exchange, the icon ofU.S.financialpower that associated. It overlooks theNew York Stock Secretary ofthe Treasury, theunitindirectly is that locationandHamilton’s appointment as Washington’s inaugurationinNew York Cityat York— 3. Federal Hall National Memorial, New and prosperityoftheUnited States. federal government andthecontinuedgrowth ofthenew would eventuallyensure thesurvival toward implementingasoundfiscalpolicythat and thePresident firststeps tookthenecessary thebank,bothCongressand chartering Constitution. In adoptingHamilton’s proposal an expansiveinterpretation ofthe the firstgreat debateover strict,asopposedto Park. The establishmentofthebankprovoked located atIndependence National Historical The First Bank oftheUnited States isalso ratification. Papers ingainingits wasinstrumental While constructedaftertheperiodof Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

57 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Other resources which relate to Hamilton 1. John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley include: National Heritage Corridor, Massachusetts and Rhode Island—The Blackstone River 1. The National Constitution Center, Valley of Massachusetts and Rhode Island is Pennsylvania—Located in Philadelphia, the popularly described as the “Birthplace of the Center conducts programs and exhibits American Industrial Revolution,” the place dedicated to increasing public understanding where America made the transformation from of, and appreciation for, the Constitution, its farm to factory. America’s first successful history, and its contemporary relevance. textile mill, Slaters Mill, could have been built Hamilton is depicted in its exhibit on along practically any river on the eastern Founding Fathers. seaboard, but in 1790 the forces of capital, ingenuity, mechanical know-how and skilled 2. Schuyler Mansion State Historic Site, New labor came together at Pawtucket, Rhode

58 York—A NHL, an elegant Georgian style Island where the Blackstone River provided the mansion, was the home of Phillip Schuyler, power that kicked off America’s drive to Hamilton’s father-in-law. It was the site of industrialization. The mills and factories of the Hamilton’s marriage to Elizabeth Schuyler in Blackstone Valley served as the cornerstone of 1780. The site is administered by the New America’s industrial growth. York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. 2. Lowell National Historical Park, Massachusetts—Lowell interprets the rise of 3. Hamilton Hall, Massachusetts—A NHL industry during the American Industrial located in Salem, the Hall was established Revolution. While it was a center for textile when political differences between Federalists manufacturing, Lowell grew into the location and Republicans split the Salem Assemblies in for many other industrial pursuits. Foremost 1805. The Federalists erected this three-story were textile machinery firms established to brick building to house their social activities. meet the demands of textile manufacturers It is a distinguished example of a Federalist- throughout New England. The Lowell Adamesque public building. Machine Shop and the Kitson Machine Company were the largest of these companies, 4. Alexander Hamilton’s Memorial and Tomb, but there were many others. New York—Located at Trinity Church Yard in New York City, the site is the burial plot of The Lowell Machine Shop did not limit itself Alexander Hamilton. to textile machinery, producing steam locomotives for New England’s expanding rail Sites reflecting the theme of Developing the network. Other textile-related firms American Economy in the area of industry manufactured and distributed a broad array of which relate to similar resources of Paterson mill fixtures, tools, and textile machine parts. include: New entrepreneurs built companies unconnected with textiles. Firms established to

D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s uncompromising attention tothe“uniformity Hall, anativeof Portland, Maine, devotedhis manufacture bymachine. lead thechangefromcraft-basedproduction to Rifle Works between1820-1840,andhelped interchangeable firearms manufactureathis workers. Inventor John H.Hallpioneered and pistols,employed, attimes,over 400 produced more than600,000muskets,rifles, outbreak oftheCivil War in1861,theArmory industrial center. Between 1801andthe Harpers Ferry fromaremote villageintoan Arsenal, establishedhere in1799,transformed Virginia— 4. Harpers Ferry National Historic Site, West arms. main centerfordevelopingandtestingsmall manufacturing. In 1891itbecametheArmy’s andprecisioninterchangeable parts design andproductionincludingtheuseof responsible formanyinnovations inarms firearms between1777and1968.It was Massachusetts— 3. Springfield National Armory Historic Site, was oneoftheleadingemployers inthecity. known politicianandGeneralBenjaminButler founded shortlyaftertheCivil War by well and theUnited States Company, Cartridge War I,munitionsmanufacturersprospered, scalemakers, andabrewery. During World diversified: shoefactories,boilerworks, The city’s economicbasegrew moreand market advertising. field, pioneeringintheskillfuluseofmass- Father John’s Medicine were prominent inthis industry. The Hood andAyer companiesand patent medicinesgrew intoamajorLowell supply anexpandingnationalmarketfor The United States and Armory The Armory produced The Armory missile and electronics conversions.missile andelectronics of itsropesupplies,tomaking itselfacenterof supplyingtheNavyonly ropewalk, withmost shipyard technology, frombuildingtheNavy’s its inceptiontheyard wasintheforefront of and maintainedrepaired thousands.From of itsworkforce builtmore than200warships repair centeruntil1974. The menandwomen 1800, the Yard asashipbuildingand served the CharlestownNavy Yard. Establishedin Massachusetts— 5. BostonNational Historical Park, for America’s system. emergingfactory firearm components,layingasolidfoundation and themanufactureofinterchangeable Hall pioneered mechanizedarmsproduction accurately sizedthattheywere interchangeable. so special-purpose machinestoproduceparts of manufactures” bytheBritish, madeuseof principle,” referred toas“the Americansystem the HarpersFerry Armory. The “uniformity principle” ofinterchangeablemanufacture at route. NPSphoto,KenGanz. many excursionsintothePoconoMountainsalongthis Snag PondinGouldsboro, PA. Steamtownoperates Canadian National3254pullsapassengertrainpast Steamtown NationalHistoricSite,Gouldsboro,PA. Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis The parkincludesportionsof

59 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

6. Steamtown National Historic Site, Connecticut is presently the subject of a NHL Pennsylvania—Steamtown was established to nomination pending before the National Park further public understanding and appreciation System Advisory Board. Coltsville is the of the role steam railroading played in the location of Samuel Colt’s arms factory which development of the United States. The site was managed by his wife after Colt died. Colt provides extensive displays and interpretation moved to Hartford after his Paterson factory of locomotive construction and technology. failed. The buildings associated with Coltsville maintain high degrees of integrity. The site is 7. National Heritage Areas—Besides the subject of a Special Resource Study Blackstone, many of the congressionally currently being conducted by the NPS to designated heritage areas focus on industrial determine if it meets criteria for designation as heritage throughout the United States. A a unit of the national park system. listing of national heritage areas protecting and

60 interpreting historic industrial resources 10. Southern Museum of Civil War and include: Augusta Canal NHA, Automobile Locomotive History, Georgia—The museum NHA, Essex NHA, Hudson River Valley contains a reproduction of the Glover Machine NHA, Lackawanna Valley NHA, National Works, featuring the only restored belt-driven Aviation NHA, National Coal Heritage, Oil locomotive assembly line in the country, Region NHA, Rivers of Steel NHA, Schuylkill original machining equipment, and two River NHA, Southwestern Pennsylvania restored Glover locomotives in various stages of Industrial Heritage, and Wheeling NHA. assembly. An interactive presentation detailing the train building process, from metallurgy and 8. Cheney Brothers Historic District, patterns to casting and construction. The site Connecticut—A NHL, this 175-acre milling is the location of one the Rogers’ Locomotive community in South Manchester, Connecticut Works most famous locomotives, “The commemorates and interprets the Cheney General,” which was built in Paterson in 1855. family’s silk manufacturing enterprises. With The General was popularized in the Civil War over 200 mill buildings, worker houses, episode known as “The Great Chase.” churches, schools, and the Cheney family mansion, this is an excellently preserved 11. Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania—One example of a 19th to early 20th century of the leading sites devoted to railroading, the paternalistic mill town. Established originally museum also includes papers, manuals, in 1838 as the Mount Nebo Silk Company, records, blueprints, and diagrams of the Cheney Brothers became the single largest and Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia most profitable silk producer in the nation by from the Matthew Gray Collection, the the late 1880s. Charles Scott Collection and the Frank Moore Collection. Baldwin was the nation’s largest 9. Armsmear and Coltsville, Connecticut— locomotive manufacturer. Armsmear, a NHL, was the home of arms manufacturers Samuel and Elizabeth Colt in 12. Pullman Historic District, Illinios—A Hartford, Connecticut. Coltsville, the Colt NHL, constructed between 1880 and1884 for manufacturing complex in Hartford engineer and industrialist George M. Pullman D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s acknowledged asrepresenting thestateof world whenitwascompleted in1872,andwas inthe the largestindividualcotton factory through the1880s.HarmonyMill No. 3was and finecottonmuslinsfromthelate1860s producers ofcottonfabricforprintedcalicoes Company wasoneofthelargestAmerican located inCohoestheHarmony Mills 15. Harmony Mills, New York— myriad levelsofsociety. houses, dwellings,andchurchesthatreflect the town hasmaintainedmills,stores, boarding manufacture ofwoolen goodssince1799,the New Englandmilltown. Acenterforthe glimpse intothelifeofanearly19thcentury Hampshire— 14. Harrisville Historic District, New system. reorganization ofthefactory technological basisforafundamental dependency onBritish technology. It wasthe American industrializationandendedU.S. innovative power of looms,itsignaledthebirth intheU.S.Employing modernfactory truly manufacturing complexrepresents thefirst Massachusetts— 13. BostonManufacturing Company, unions. the Sherman Anti-Trust Act tosmashthe Federal troopsandresultedinthefirstuseof President Grover with Cleveland tointervene wide over therailroadnetworks,prompting bloody andviolentstrikewhichspreadnation- cities andtown. In 1894,itwasthefocusofa industrial class districtsinother19thcentury livingconditionsfoundinworking- unsanitary unhealthy, over-crowded makeshiftand fromthe dramatic andpioneeringdeparture planned modelindustrialtown. It represents a (1831-1897). Pullman wasacompletely This NHLprovides anunrivaled A NHLin Waltham, this A NHL, only bonafidefemaleunion inthecountry, Male unionistsrecognized hergroup asthe America’s mostprominentfemalelabor leader. UnionLaundry inthe1860s, andwas who organizedandled Troy’s all-femaleCollar system, thesitewashomeofKateMullany, York— Mullany2. Kate National Historic Site, New historical laborunrestinPaterson. American LaborMuseum andinterprets child labor. The siteisoperatedby the advocated theeight-hourdayandanendto of strikingworkersandtheirfamilieswho asarallyingpointforthousands 1913, itserved workplace. During thePaterson Silk Strike of a majorroleinthereformofAmerican workers from Italy. northern The houseplayed of Maria andPietro Botto,immigrantsilk in Haledon,New Jersey, thesitewashome 1. BottoHouse, New Jersey— Paterson include: relate tosimilarresources andeventsof American Economyinthearea oflaborwhich Sites reflecting thethemeofDeveloping resources citedabove. enjoy thesamelevelofprotection asother 20 maker ofcottonthreadinthelate19 East Newark, New Jersey, theworld’s foremost buildings oftheClark Thread Companyin incorporates mostoftheextantfactory on approximately 13acres ofland,thisdistrict New Jersey— Thread CompanyHistoric District, 16. Clark outside ofNew England.” examples ofalarge-scaletextilemillcomplex has beendescribedas“one ofthefinest atthattime. art The HarmonyMills district th century. This NHLdoesnotcurrently An AffiliatedArea ofthenationalpark Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis A NHL,withover 35buildings a NHL,located th toearly

61 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

and applauded her success in bargaining with local mines and their families from company laundry owners for her objectives. Mullany housing. The ensuing conflict left ten people and her colleagues also supported other dead. The episode was a pivotal event in the working unions and labor activity. eventual end of coal company control in West Virginia. The site is part of the National Coal 3. Bost Building, Pennsylvania—A NHL, Heritage Area. located in Homestead, Pennsylvania, the site is part of the Rivers of Steel National Heritage 5. Socialist Labor Party Hall, Vermont—a Area. Between June 29 and November 21, NHL, located in Barre, the Hall is significant 1892, much of the nation followed the events for its association with socialist and anarchist of a labor strike outside Pittsburgh, politics, labor organizations, and Italian Pennsylvania, that pitted the Carnegie Steel immigrant heritage in the early 20th century. Company against one of the strongest labor The Hall played a central role in the history of

62 unions at the time. During the strike at the Italian anarchism and militant unionism in the Homestead Steel Works, know as “The United States, and was the leading place where Homestead Lockout,” the Bost Building served debates took place among anarchists, socialists, as the local headquarters for the Amalgamated and union leaders over the future direction of Association of Iron and Steel Workers and as the labor movement in America. The Socialist the base for American and British newspaper Labor Party Hall, as the primary site for these correspondents reporting the events. The discussions, embodies the radical heritage and confrontation turned bloody when Pinkerton the strength of the union movement during guards approached Homestead on barges in a the early 20th century. The site is managed by failed attempt to reclaim the Steel Works from the Barre Historical Society. the striking workers and their supporters. It took the Pennsylvania Militia to restore order. 6. Pullman Historic District, Illinios—a The Bost Building is the best surviving NHL, the district is associated with the major structure associated with this important strike. railway strike known as, “Debs Rebellion” after The building serves as the primary visitor one of its leaders, Eugene Debs. In 1894, it center for the heritage area. was the focus of the bloody and violent strike which spread nation-wide over the railroad 4. Matewan Historic District, West networks, prompting President Grover Virginia—A NHL, the District is exceptionally Cleveland to intervene with Federal troops and significant in the history of labor organization resulted in the use for the first time of the in America. It was the scene of the “Matewan Sherman Anti-Trust Act to smash the unions. Battle” of May 19, 1920 where coal company officials tried to remove union workers from 7. Lowell National Historical Park, company housing. The conflict was Massachusetts—The park interprets labor precipitated by striking coal miners who conditions of mill workers and labor unrest demanded the company recognize the that led to the famous general strike in legitimacy of the United Mine Workers of Lawrence, led by the Industrial Workers of the America. The coal companies retaliated by World, and successive protests in Lowell, Fall bringing in armed guards to evict miners from River, and New Bedford. United mill workers D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s and privateentities. or protected andinterpretedby otherpublic already represented inthenationalparksystem particularly uniqueresources unlikethose Economy, itdoesnotappeartohave concept ofDeveloping theAmerican many resources relating tothethematic While theGreat Falls Historic District has Conclusion and achievementsofAmericanlaborers. day eachyear torecognize thecontributions national legislationthatwouldsetasideone labor’s tosecure twelve-yeareffort passageof place. This markedthebeginningoforganized 1882, whenthefirstLaborDayParade took occurred onSeptembermoment inhistory 5, orations anddemonstrations,itsparticular forparades,massgatherings,soap-box century park hasbeenthefocalpointforwellover a played inAmericanlaborhistory. While the is nationallysignificantfortheroleithas in lower mid-town Manhattan, Union Square 8 workers. gains forNew England’s immigranttextile unprecedented seriesofstrikesledtoimportant initial paycutsimposedby management. The prevailed andenjoyed raisesratherthanthe . Union Square, New York— A NHL,located in Lambert Castle. in Lambert housed atthePassaic CountyHistorical society toHamiltonpertaining andtheS.U.M.are other valuableAmericantreasures. Collections Holland’s first twosubmarines,andPaterson’s manufacturing, theCity’s silkproduction, S.U.M., Colt,thelocomotiveindustry, textile represented here includingHamiltonandthe Works. Most ofPaterson’s is industrialhistory building oftheformerRogers Locomotive in theGreat Falls Historic District ina visiting thePaterson Museum whichislocated national heritagecanbeunderstoodsimplyby stories ofPaterson’s contributionstoour protection andinterpretation.Many ofthe resources are exceptionally of worthy evolving politicalandeconomicprocesses. Its immigrant laborers,politicalfigures, andour water-powered industry, earlyindustrialists, experience thatcommemoratesandcelebrates ofthecomplexAmerican places, itisapart Lowell, Cohoesandotherearlyindustrial building ofthenation.LikePawtucket, topublicunderstandingofthe importance States. Paterson’s isoneofgreat story Historic oftheUnited District inthehistory major nationalsignificanceoftheGreat Falls This findingdoesnotinanywaydiminishthe inclusion inthenationalparksystem. Falls Historic District are notsuitablefor study concludesthattheresourcesofGreat or protectedandinterpreted byothers,this represented inunitsofthenationalpark system resource typesandinterpretationalready Based ontheanalysisofmanycomparable Suitability Determination of Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

63

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 64

Old advertising painted on exterior wall of the former Rogers Locomotive building on Spruce Street; it reads: “Home of Paterson Silk Machinery Exchange.” NPS photo.

Paterson is an example of the vision of simply complete the analyses of the Great Falls Alexander Hamilton, American enterprise, and Historic District under all designation criteria. the work of many immigrant and citizen workers who made the nation prosper. NPS Management Policies state that to be feasible for inclusion in the national park system, an area must be: 1) of sufficient size and appropriate configuration to ensure Feasibility Analysis sustainable resource protection and visitor enjoyment, and 2) capable of efficient Since a finding of suitability for potential administration at a reasonable cost. A variety designation as a unit of the national park of factors are normally considered in evaluating system was not the conclusion of the previous feasibility, including land ownership, Determination of Suitability section of this acquisition costs, access, threats to the resource, report, a feasibility analysis is not a continuing public enjoyment potential, the level of local necessary step in this study. It is offered to and general public support, and staffing or D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s Paterson and theState ofNew Jersey to demonstrated commitment oftheCity District wouldparticularlydependonthe cultural resources oftheGreat Falls Historic The feasibilityofprotecting thenaturaland governmental fordesignation. support have beensufficientindicationsofpublicand feasibility. During thestudyprocess,there ownership issuesdonotappeartoimpact of anysignificantamountDistrict resources, be anticipatedthatNPSwouldseekownership District are publiclyowned, anditwouldnot protection. Since mostresources inthe requires fullNPSmanagementforresource continue toexist,theyare notofascalethat While threats tothe resource haveexistedand visitor experiencenegatively. congestion, noiseandexhaustodorimpactthe concern intheoperationofapark unit. Traffic traffic andvisitorsafetywouldbeafactorof plan.Allroadsaretransportation opento pedestrian andvisitorfriendlytraffic The District couldbenefitfromamore for avaluable visitorexperience. resources thatareaccessible provide thebasis internal accesstoallbuildingsandsites,but Visitors totheGreat Falls maynothave no significantaccessissuesaffectingfeasibility. sufficient size andconfigurationthereare This studyconcludesthattheDistrict isof feasibility. become increasingly importantindetermining personnel. In recent years,thislatterfactorhas projected constraintsonfundingand responsibilities inlightofcurrent and management new NPS toundertake includes considerationoftheability development requirements. The evaluation such assistancewouldbe available. Lacking becomes aunitofthenational parksystem, consistently indicatedthat iftheGreat Falls ofunitdesignation have although supporters duringthecourseofstudy,forthcoming No firmoffersofassistancehavebeen thepublic andprivatefrom sector. restricted times,financialorotherdonations entities and,asisoftenthecaseinbudget withotherpublicandprivatepartnerships dependon feasibility wouldinlargepart arrangement withotherentities.Financial Even thesecouldbethroughashared foroperationsandvisitorservices. necessary NPS wouldacquireresources, otherthanthose facilities. It wouldnotbeanticipatedthatthe toprovidethose necessary adequatevisitor thedistrict’swith preserving resources and variables affectingpotentialcostsassociated What areunknown inPaterson are the used. Costsarenormallyexpressedinranges. national parksystemofsimilarsizeare often comparable costsofexistingunitsthe To evaluatefinancialfeasibility, analysesof potential parkboundary. andsignagewithinany transportation, uses,treatments,of development, resources andcompatibletypesintensities have toprovide forthecontinuingintegrityof local zoningordinance requirements would management anddecisionmakingassured, necessary, consistencyinstatelevel historic resourceprotection measures wouldbe city-owned oradministeredresources. Strong potential unitwouldincludebothstateand forany national parksystem,sinceaboundary management policiesaffectingunitsofthe in theDistrict withintheparametersofNPS manage theresourcestheyown oradminister Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

65 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

any tangible evidence of such commitments, somewhat questionable due to its own the direct NPS costs for securing and continuing budgetary constraints. refurbishing a facility for minimum visitor services and administration needs are estimated Staffing and operational requirements for the between $3 and $5 million including any Great Falls have been estimated at between 5 to exhibits in a visitor services facility and limited 10 full time equivalent (FTE) positions with an numbers of wayside exhibits in the district. estimated annual operating cost of $550,000 to $1.2 million annually. Other than for facilities For a park to be established that results in owned by the NPS, there would be no meaningful resource protection at the Great anticipated maintenance costs. Falls, this study assumes that financial and technical assistance would be required for non- The estimates also assume that NPS would not federally owned resources in the district. This acquire or otherwise own any substantial

66 cost is estimated to be authorized at between archives or collections requiring special $10 million and $15 million in matching share collection storage facilities. The costs for a capital grants based, in part, on the lower end general management plan and comprehensive similar investment being made by the State of interpretive plan and media development for New Jersey in its newly designated state park. the District are estimated at $800,000 to $1 The ability of the City of Paterson to meet million. The chart below categorizes potential significant matching grant requirements is initial and annual costs.

Capital Administration/Visitor Exhibits/Waysides: Historic Total Capital Expenditures Facilities: $1.2 to $1.8 million Preservation Expenditures $1.8 to $3.2 million Grants: $13 million to $20 $10 to $15 million million

General General Management Interpretive Plan and Total Planning Management and Plan: Media Development: $800,000 to $1 Interpretive $600,000 to 700,000 $200,000 to million Planning/Media $300,000 Development Vertical Totals By Development and Park Interpretation: Grants: Total Category (not Planning: $1.4 to $2.1 million $10 million to $15 Development/ including annual $2.4 to $3.9 million million Interpretation/ operations) Grants $13.8 million to $21 million Park Annual At low range of At high range of $1.2 Total 10-year Operations $550,000 per year million per year Estimate for between 5 to 10 including annual including annual Operations: FTE over first ten- inflation adjustment: inflation adjustment: $6,034,050 to year period (2007- $6,034,050 $13,165,200 $13,165,200 2016)

D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s in thisstudy. It isoffered tosimplycomplete step management isnotacontinuingnecessary ananalysisoftheneedfordirectreport, NPS ofFeasibilityDetermination previous park systemwere notthe conclusions ofthe potential designationasaunitofthenational Since findingsofsuitability andfeasibilityfor Management Analysis oftheNeedforNPS currently available toparks Service-wide. for thelimitedanddecreasing fundinglevels the State ofNew Jersey, whichmustcompete system intheNortheast Region, in particularly have onexistingunitsofthenationalpark considering theimpactthatsuchcostswould Historic District are notfeasiblewhen estimated costsassociatedwiththeGreat Falls Under constraints,the current NPSbudgetary Determination ofFeasibility appropriations committees. review byappropriatecongressional depending onthelevel ofdonations,require requirements andprocedures andmay, policies, stringent NPSpartnership contributions wouldalsoberequired tofollow received. It mustbenotedthatany depending onwhensuchcontributionsare and operationalcostsproportionally, participation couldreduceestimatedcapital inanycosts.Suchpartnership participation The estimatedrangesassumenodonoror Determination ofSuitability sectionsofthis and them are parksassociated withtheAmerican significant totheState andournation. Among parks thathave culturalresourcesandvalues and Forestry, administersanumberofstate Environmental Protection, Division ofParks The State ofNew Jersey Department of million forimprovements atthenewpark. improvements. The State haspledged$10 extant resourcesoftheoriginalS.U.M. and otherculturalresourcesthatcomprisethe competition includetheGreat Falls, raceways the park.Phases 1and2ofthedesign competition forthefirstphasedevelopmentof presently concludinganationaldesign ofEnvironmentalDepartment Protection is urbanstateparks. new The New Jersey Great Falls Historic District asoneofthree by executive order, designatedportionsofthe In October 2004theGovernor ofNew Jersey, national parksystem. role, andthatthearea notbecomeaunitofthe these otherentitiesassumealeadmanagement willrecommendService thatoneormore of identified astheclearlysuperioralternative, NPS managementofastudiedareais state, local,andprivateentities.Unless direct activitiesbyfederal, expansion ofconservation accomplishments andactivelyencouragesthe and individuals. The NPSapplaudsthese other publicagencies,privateorganizations, naturalandculturalresources byimportant management ofnationallysignificantand There aremanyexamplesofsuccessful unitinthenationalparksystem. as anew evaluating resources forpotentialdesignation management isthefinalcriterionfor Determination oftheneedforNPS under alldesignationcriteria. the analysesofGreat Falls Historic District Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

67 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Revolution at Washington’s Crossing and that do not meet other unit designation Princeton and Monmouth Battlefields, as well criteria, but may require some special as homes of important figures of the recognition or technical assistance beyond revolutionary period. what is available through existing NPS programs. Such areas must meet the national The Division also provides an understanding of significance criterion and be managed in New Jersey’s commercial and industrial past at accordance with the policies and standards that sites such as Allaire State Park, Batsto Village in apply to units of the national park system. Wharton State Forest, Long Pond Ironworks at Hewitt State Park, the cranberry and blueberry The NPS study team believes that the Great production history at Whitesbog Village in Falls Historic District may be such a resource Brendan Byrne State Forest and at Double and with the advent of the newly designated Trouble State Park, and the commercial Great Falls State Park, may be suitable for

68 importance of the Delaware and Raritan Canal further consideration for its potential as an at that State Park, among others. It Affiliated Area of the national park system and administers coastal locations with light houses congressional designation as a National that represent New Jersey’s maritime Historic Site. The resources included in the importance, and Fort Mott that historically state park are those that are primary to the guarded approaches to Philadelphia on the NHL designation. Delaware River. Legislation is already in place affecting the The State also administers Liberty State Park Great Falls Historic District that authorizes the which provides the backdrop to the Statue of Secretary of the Interior to provide the types of Liberty and Ellis Island and contains the assistance that are often extended to affiliated Central Railroad of New Jersey terminal that areas. Among other benefits of affiliation, the was the first stop for so many immigrants areas so designated are entitled to display the leaving Ellis Island on their way to new lives NPS Arrowhead logo on signage and in and locations, including Paterson, in their just appropriate marketing and interpretive adopted land. It is fully qualified and able to materials and exhibits. Both the New Jersey protect representative resources of the Great Pinelands National Reserve and the New Jersey Falls Historic District and to interpret the Coastal Heritage Trail are affiliated areas of the important contributions that Paterson has national park system. The NPS has provided made to the industrial history of the United substantial financial and technical assistance to States. This study concludes that there is no the Pinelands National Reserve since its need for direct management of the Great Falls congressional designation in 1978, and to the Historic District by the National Park Service. Coastal Heritage Trail since its designation in1986.

Potential for Affiliated Area Status Congress enacted Public Law 104–333 in 1996. Section 510 of the Act established the Affiliated areas of the national park system are Great Falls Historic District and authorized comprised of nationally significant resources $250,000 for grants and cooperative D e s i g n a t i o n

A n a l y s i s Great Falls Historic District. agreed objectives forthe uponpreservation that wouldbeneededtoaccomplishmutually the nature ofanyamendmentstoP.L. 104-333 reconnaissance wouldalsoassist indetermining time tomakethesedeterminations.A couldbecompletedatanappropriate survey the nationalparksystem,areconnaissance level reflects NPSManagementPolicies forunitsof District canbeaccomplishedinamannerthat policies affectingtheGreat Falls Historic City ofPaterson concludethatitsgoalsand But, shouldtheState ofNew Jersey andthe Affiliated Area statusasastudyalternative. premature forthisreport torecommend Park are better understood,itwouldbe time astheplansforentire Great Falls State nationally significantresources. Until such interpretation oftheDistrict’s proven intheprotectionand consider partnering advantageous fortheState andtheNPSto Jersey’s commitmentoffunds,itmaybe designation in2004andtheState ofNew With theadventofGreat Falls State Park appears tobeoflessconcern. State ofNew Jersey, thematchingrequirement parkfinancialinvestmentbythe forthcoming 50% matchingrequirements. With the regarding theabilityofCitytomeet becauseofconcerns Section 510,inpart, has notbeenappropriated byCongress under funding requires a50%localmatch.Funding historic infrastructure withintheDistrict. All repairing, rehabilitating, andimproving provision ofotherassistance forrestoring, Interior, andupto$3,000,000forthe technical assistancebytheSecretary ofthe the District, $50,000fortheprovision of agreements ofaplanfor forthedevelopment and standards. in accordance withNPSManagement Policies resources inthestudyarea canbeaccomplished demonstrate thatthemanagementof such adesignationandareprepared to Park are more complete,express aninterest in Paterson, afterplansfortheGreat Falls State the State ofNew Jersey andtheCityof Affiliated Area ofthenationalparksystem if to meettherequirements fordesignationasan Falls Historic Districtmayhave thepotential concludesthattheGreatThis studyfurther Historic District: concludes thatresourcesintheGreat Falls District intheCity ofPaterson, New Jersey Resource Study oftheGreat Falls Historic This congressionallyauthorizedSpecial Study Conclusions Paterson Museum.NPSphoto. Railroad, rests infront ofthe RogersMill,homeofthe ALCO-Cooke locomotive#299, builtforthePanama .failtomeetthecriteriafor 2. meetthecriterion fornational 1. NPS management. suitability, feasibility, andneedfor significance; and, Chapter Three|DesignationAnalysis

69 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

70 This Page Blank

D e s i g n a t i o n Chapter Four | Consultation & Coordination

ConsultationSpecial Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District & | Paterson, Coordination New Jersey Consultation & Coordination

Notice of Intent ...... 71

Public Scoping Meeting ...... 71

Additional Meetings ...... 71

Written Communications ...... 72

Other Correspondence ...... 73

Consultation ...... 73

Special Resource Study Team and Advisors ...... 75 Coordinatio report. web site,andbycommentingonthestudy resources,important theavailabilityofastudy sending emailcommentsandidentificationof participate intheplanningprocessincluding forthepublicto described theopportunities National Historic Landmark. The team oftheGreatadministrative history Falls NEPA process,andgave ofthe abriefoverview reviewed theSpecial Resource Study and The studyteamintroduced theproject, communities. people attendedfrom Paterson andother the Paterson Museum. Approximately 55 scoping meetingwasheldonApril 28,2004at Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), apublic In accordancewith Public ScopingMeeting Register onSeptember 15,2003. Statement waspublishedintheFederal Resource Study/Environmental Impact A noticeofintenttoconductaSpecial Notice ofIntent Study. Great Falls Historic District Special Resource and commentsrelated tothepreparationof consultation procedures andpublicmeetings This chapterdescribestherequired Coordination Consultation and

the National study. the publicoccurred during thecourseof Falls. Various adhoccontacts withmembersof the State’s plansforanewpark attheGreat affected theGreat Falls Historic Districtand and planningactivitiesofthoseagenciesasthey representatives toassesscurrent grantmaking various Federal, stateandlocalagency ofEnvironmentalDepartment Protection and with representatives oftheNew Jersey Meetings were alsoconductedduringthestudy Pascrell onNovember 3,2005. briefed SenatorLautenbergandCongressman Fran MainellaandotherNPSrepresentatives Washington onMay 5,2005.NPSDirector for CongressmanPascrell bythestudyteamin Bill Pascrell. Aspecialbriefingwasconducted former Senator Jon andCongressman Corzine representatives ofSenator Frank Lautenberg, Periodic meetingswere alsoheldwithstaff City’s Mayor, theHonorable Jose “Joey” Torres. and conductedapre-study briefingforthe with representatives oftheCityPaterson, Members ofthestudyteammetperiodically Additional Meetings District asaunitofthenationalparksystem. favored designationofGreat Falls Historic but oneoftheattendeeswhomadecomments “vision” thatpeoplehadfortheDistrict. All audience, andthere wasdiscussionofthe up tocommentsandquestionsfromthe representatives. The meetingwasthenopened were presented andread bycongressional staff designation oftheGreat Falls Historic District Senator Frank Lautenbergsupporting Letters fromCongressman Bill Pascrell and ChapterFour|Consultation&Coordination n 71 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Written Communications are available for inspection at the offices of the National Park Service in Philadelphia, A number of individuals, organizations and Pennsylvania. They are summarized below by elected officials indicated their interest in the the content of information provided. study and in the designation of the Great Falls Historic District as a unit of the national park system through correspondence. National significance of the Great Falls and connection to Alexander Hamilton: Congressional correspondence advocating unit designation was received at various times • David P. Billington, Professor of during the study from Senator Frank Engineering, Princeton University; Lautenberg, Senator Robert Menendez, • Richard Brookhiser, author and Congressman Bill Pascrell, Congressmen James Alexander Hamilton biographer; • Ron Chernow, author and

72 Saxton and Congressman Rodney Frelinghuysen. A letter dated July 12, 2006 Alexander Hamilton biographer; was also received from the entire New Jersey • Russell I. Fries, Skillman, New congressional delegation advocating unit Jersey; designation. • Robert B. Gordon, Professor of Geophysics and Mechanical Engineering, Yale University; Former New Jersey Commissioner of • Jerold S. Kayden, Co-chair, Environmental Protection, Bradley Campbell Department of Urban Planning and wrote on November 9, 2005 expressing the Design, Harvard University; State’s support for unit designation for the • Lewis E. Lehrman, Co-chairman, Great Falls Historic District and pointed out The Gilder Lehrman Institute of the advantages of a partnership between the American History; State and the NPS. • William E. Simon, Jr., Co-chairman, William E. Simon and Sons; and Governor Jon Corzine reiterated the state’s • Daniel Walkowitz, Professor of support in his letter of September, 11, 2006. History and Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis, New York Paterson Mayor Jose Torres expressed his University. support for unit designation in a letter dated August 7, 2006. Comparability of the Great Falls Historic District to other units of the national park A number of distinguished authors, scholars, system (comparison with resources protected and individuals familiar with Paterson’s history by others was not addressed): sent written comments attesting to the national significance of the Great Falls, its industrial • Eric DeLony, former Chief of the history, and its relationships to Alexander Historic American Engineering Hamilton. In some of these letters, the authors Record, Department of the Interior; provided their views on the suitability and • Alison K. Hoagland, Associate feasibility of unit designation. All of the letters Professor of History and Historic Consultation & Coordinatio designation. above inreinforcing itsadvocacyfor contains manyquotesfromtheletterscited NPS managementofthesite. The document national parksystem,aswell astheneedfor and feasibilityfordesignationasaunitofthe Great Falls Historic District, anditssuitability reasoning for thenationalsignificanceof Secretary oftheInterior its setting forth Community Development Corporationtothe document onbehalfoftheNew Jersey Washington, D.C.submitteda38-page The lawfirmofLathamand Watkins LLPof Latham and Watkins Submission: • • • • • Keweenaw NationalHistoricalPark; Advisory Commissionofthe Technological UniversityandChair, Preservation, Michigan University. School ofBusiness,NewYork Professor, TheLeonard N.Stern Robert E.Wright, ClinicalAssociate the SmithsonianInstitution;and Mechanical andCivilEngineering, Robert M.Vogel, formerCuratorof York University; Leonard N.SchoolofBusiness,New Professor ofEconomics,The Institutions andMarkets Professor oftheHistoryFinancial Richard Sylla,HenryKaufman Massachusetts, Amhearst; Graduate School,universityof John R.Mullin,Deanofthe University; Nicholas Brown Center, Brown Steven Lubar, Director, John species orcriticalhabitat. jeopardize thecontinuedexistenceoflisted carried outbyafederalagencydoesnot ensure thatanyactionauthorized, fundedor the United States Fish and Wildlife to Service Act requires allfederalagenciestoconsultwith Section 7oftheEndangeredproperties. Species anactiononhistoric before undertaking Historic Preservation andinterested persons Preservation Office,Advisory Councilon consultation withtheState Historic National Park policyrequire Service Preservation Act of1966,asamended,and Section 106of the National Historic Required ConsultationwithPublic Agencies Consultation Community. totheIslamicespecially important systeminPaterson,the nationalpark as Passaic County, advocating creation ofaunit Outreach Director oftheIslamic Centerof A letterwasreceivedfromMohamed El Filali, related topics. shared hisviewsonanumberofPaterson- interested citizen, Mr. Nick Sunday, who The studyteamreceived lettersfroman Other Correspondence: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. public inspectionattheNPSofficesin Study. Acopyofthedocumentisavailablefor within thestudyareaofthisSpecial Resource mentioned inthedocumentarenotlocated It shouldbe notedthatsomeoftheresources ChapterFour|Consultation&Coordination n 73 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Consultation was conducted through letters to the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office and the New Jersey Field Office of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. NPS received a written response from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

Consultation with Native American Tribes was conducted through letters to the federally recognized Native American tribes—the Stockbridge-Munsee Community of Wisconsin, the Delaware Nation, and the Delaware Tribe of Indians. The letters

74 requested that these entities identify any issues regarding the study, their interest in future participation, resource identification and potential for collaborative action. A letter of response and an e-mail were received from the Delaware Tribe of Indians.

These documents appear in Appendix Two.

Consultation & Coordinatio National ParkServiceAdvisors Study Team Special Resource StudyTeam andAdvisors Great FallsHistoricDistrict Paul Weinbaum, History Program Manager, NortheastRegion David Hollenberg,FormerAssociateRegional Director, Design, Linda Canzanelli,AssociateRegionalDirector forParkOperations Keith Everett, AssociateRegionalDirector, Resource Stewardship Robert W. McIntosh,AssociateRegionalDirector forPlanning, Mary A.Bomar, Former RegionalDirector, NortheastRegion Peter Samuel,OutdoorRecreation Planner, NortheastRegion Terrence D.Moore, ChiefofParkPlanningandSpecialStudies Alisa McCann,Architectural Historian,NortheastRegion Jed Levin,IndustrialArcheologist, NortheastRegion Jacquelyn Katzmire, Regional Environmental Coordinator, Christine Gobrial,CommunityPlanner, NortheastRegion Jennifer Gates,Architectural Technician, Preservation AssistanceProgram, CommunityPlanner,Allison Crnic, NortheastRegion Brookover,William HistoricalArchitect, NortheastRegion Bolger,William Historian,NortheastRegion Patricia Iolavera,CommunityPlanner, FormerStudyProject Manager Construction andFacilitiesManagement,Northeast Region and ConservationRecreation Assistance,NortheastRegion and Science,NortheastRegion Construction andFacilitiesManagement,NortheastRegion Northeast Region Compliance,NortheastRegion Northeast Region ChapterFour|Consultation&Coordination n 75 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

76 This Page Blank

Consultation & | Appendices

ASpecial Resourcep Study | p Great Falls Historice District n | Paterson, Newd Jersey i c e s Appendices

Appendix One: Legislation ...... 77

Appendix Two: Consultation Correspondence ...... 81

Appendix Three: Bilbliography ...... 97 A p p e n d i c e Legislation Appendix One AppendixOne:Legislation

s 77

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 78

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixOne:Legislation

s 79

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 80

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e Correspondence Consultation AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence Appendix Two

s 81

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 82

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 83

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 84

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 85

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 86

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 87

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 88

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 89

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 90

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 91

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 92

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 93

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 94

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e AppendixTwo: ConsultationCorrespondence

s 95

Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey 96

A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e Bibliography Appendix Three AppendixThree:Bibliography

s 97 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Bibliography

Batchelder, Samuel, Introduction and Early Progress of the Cotton Manufacture of the United States, Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1893

Brookhiser, Richard, Alexander Hamilton – American, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1999

Brown, M.L. Firearms in Colonial America: The Impact on History and Technology, 1492-1792, Technology and Culture, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Jan., 1982), pp. 118-120.

Chernow, Ron, Alexander Hamilton, New York, Penguin Press, 2004. 98 Clark, Victor S. The History of Manufactures in the United States. Vol. 1, 1607-1860. New York: Peter Smith, 1949.

Cowen, David J., The Origins and Economic Impact of the First Bank of the United States, 1791-1797. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 2000.

Crowe, Kenneth C., Alexander Hamilton – The Founding Father With the Ulterior Motive, Newsday and the Alicia Patterson Foundation, New York, July 31, 1975.

Davis, Joseph Stancliffe, Essays In The Earlier History Of American Corporations, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1917.

Elkins, Stanley and McKitrick, Eric, The Age of Federalism – The Early American Republic, 1788-1800, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.

Geisst, Charles, Wall Street: A History. Oxford University Press, 1997.

Gordon, John Steele, The Great Crash of 1792, American Heritage Magazine.

Groner, Alex, The History of American Business and Industry, New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1973.

Hamilton, Alexander, Industrial and Commercial Correspondence of Alexander Hamiton, Anticipating His Report on Manufactures, edited by Arthur Harrison Cole, with a preface by Professor Edwin F. Gay. Published under the auspices of the Business Historical Society Inc., Chicago, A.W. Shaw Co., 1928.

Hammond, J.L., The Rise of Modern Industry, New York, Harcourt Brace 1937. A p p e n d i c e s A p p e n d i c e Shriner, CharlesA Highlander, theJournal oftheNorth Jersey Highlands Historical Society 33,no. 87, 1997. Renner, Lisanne. Sterns,Randall, William – 1840 Pred, AllanRichard, Manuscripts, estimateddate:1942. New Jersey Historical Records Survey, Project CopyoftheCalendarS.U.M.Collection Calif., Windsor Publications, 1987. Murphy, J.Palmer, andMargaret Murphy, Company, 1962. Mitchell, Broadus. Cabot, Lodge, Henry 1799 Jones, Robert Francis, America 1790s–1830s Jeremy, David, 1969. Hutchenson, Harold, oftheSteamCentury Engine, Hunter, LouisC., Hudson, Kenneth, in cooperationwiththeGreat Falls DevelopmentCorporation,1973. Historic AmericanEngineeringRecord (HAER), Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986. Hindle, Brooke, andLubar, Steven, , The AmericanPhilosophicalSociety, 1992. , Cambridge,Harvard University Press, 1973. Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The Diffusion of TextileTransatlanticDiffusion Revolution: The Industrial and Technologies Britain Between From Farms toFactories: Two Centuries ofShaping Paterson’s Urban Form , Four ChaptersofPaterson History, A History ofIndustrial AHistory Power intheUnited States, 1780-1930, Vol. One: Water Power inthe Alexander Hamilton, The National Adventure, 1788-1804 Industrial Archeology: aNewIndustrial Introduction Archeology: Urban Growth andtheCirculatin ofInformation: The United States SystemofCities, 1790 The Works ofAlexander Hamilton Tench Coxe: AStudy inAmerican Economic Development. The KingoftheAlley: William Duer:Politician, Entrepreneur, andSpeculator 1768- , MITPress, 1981. Alexander Hamilton, ALife University Press of Virginia, 1979. Engines ofChange: The American Industrial Revolution 1790-1860 Paterson &Passaic County,An Illustrated History Great Falls SUMSurvey, Areport ontheFirst Summers Work . HarperCollins,New York, 2003. Paterson, N.J., Lont&Overcamp Pub. Co., 1919. , G.P. Putnam &Sons, New York, NY, 1904. , London:J.Baker, 1976. AppendixThree:Bibliography . New York: The Macmillan New York: DaCapoPress, . The North Jersey , Northridge, . , s 99 Special Resource Study | Great Falls Historic District | Paterson, New Jersey

Tripp, Anne Huber, The I.W.W. and the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1987.

Trumbore, Brian, (President/Editor) StocksandNews.com, William Duer and the Crash of 1792, http:// www.buyandhold.com/hb/en/education/8699.html.

Trumball, Levi R., A History of Industrial Paterson, Paterson, N.J. C. M. Herrick, printer, 1882.

Vance, James E., Jr., The Continuing City: Urban Morphology in Western Civilization, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, 1990 (rev.).

Vance, James E., Jr., The North American Railroad: Its Origin, Evolution, and Geography, John Hopkins 100 University Press, Baltimore & London, 1995.

White, John H, American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1968.

A p p e n d i c e s Department of the Interior

As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has the responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural resources. Its duties include fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historic places; and providing for the enjoyment of life This report has been prepared to provide Congress and the public with information about the resources in through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral the study area and how they relate to criteria for inclusion within the national park system. Publication resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interest of all our and transmittal of this report should not be considered an endorsement or a commitment by the National people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Park Service to seek or support either specific legislative authorization for the project or appropriation for Department also has major responsibility for American Indian reservation its implementation. Authorization and funding for any new commitments by the National Park Service communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. will have to be considered in light of competing priorities for existing units of the national park system and other programs.

This report was prepared by the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Park Service Northeast Region. For additional copies or more information contact: The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department of the Interior. Its National Park Service mission is to preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the Division of Park Planning & Special Studies National Park system for the enjoyment, education and inspiration of this and future 200 Chestnut Street, 3rd Floor generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of Philadelphia, PA 19106 natural and cultural resources conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this 215.597.1848 country and the world. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior pca eoreSuyGetFlsHsoi ititPtro,NwJre November, 2006 Paterson,NewJersey Great FallsHistoricDistrict Special Resource Study

Great Falls Historic District Paterson, New Jersey November, 2006

National Park Service Special Resource Study Great Falls Historic District Paterson, New Jersey Special Resource Study