PROBLEMY MECHATRONIKI UZBROJENIE, LOTNICTWO, INŻYNIERIA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ISSN 2081-5891 12, 1 (43), 2021, 101-118 PROBLEMS OF MECHATRONICS ARMAMENT, AVIATION, SAFETY ENGINEERING Delayed Blowback Operation Firearms in the Small Arms Classification Mateusz MORAWSKI*, Mirosław ZAHOR Military University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Institute of Armament Technology 2 Sylwestra Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland *Corresponding author’s e-mail address and ORCID: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0600-8794 Received by the editorial staff on 10 September 2020 The reviewed and verified version was received on 23 February 2021 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0014.7854 Abstract. This paper presents the general principle of operation of delayed blowback small arms, their classification by the applied blowback delay, and a discussion of the existing designs. An analysis was carried out to rate the specific design solutions. The results of this work will be used in further investigations into and testing of delayed blowback firearms. Keywords: mechanical engineering, small arms, firearm design, classification, delayed blowback 102 M. Morawski, M. Zahor 1. INTRODUCTION A firearm is a specific heat engine which utilises the energy of the gases formed by violent combustion of a propellant to endow a projectile with kinetic energy. One of firearm type is the automatic firearm, in which all actions during a shot cycle (save for chambering the first round and pulling of the trigger) are done without any intervention of the shooter and driven by the energy of the propellant gases. Automatic firearms can be classified by how the energy is applied, or by their ‘operation’, and this classification includes gas operated small arms, recoil operated small arms (in which the barrel or the breech or the whole weapon recoils): blowback operated small arms (in which with simple blowback and delayed blowback), short/long recoil operated small arms (with barrel recoiling on short/long distance), inertia operated small arms and blow-forward operated small arms [1]. The most popular firearm operation (or design) types include gas operated (GO), (short/long) recoil operated (RO) and blowback (simple and delayed) operated (SBO, DBO). Continuous technological progress and incessant changes in the specifics of warfare require modification and upgrading of small arms. Some problems exist which are largely disregarded or not understood as worthy of utilizing their potential to the fullest. Many literature references concerning firearms focus mainly on gas operated small arms. Few generally available publications exist which detail delayed blowback operation firearms [2]. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt a classification of DBO firearms, an analysis of DBO design solutions, and indicate which solutions may be suitable for future improvement. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF DBO SMALL ARMS Delayed blowback operation is a certain evolution of the simple blowback operation. In a SBO firearm, the barrel remains stationary and not locked with the bolt. The breech is closed by the force of inertia of a bolt of sufficient weight and supported by a recoil spring. The operation cycle of a small arm is triggered by the propellant gas pressure applied to the case base and further to the breech face, by which the cycle begins simultaneously with the movement of the bullet inside the barrel. During the recoil, the bolt compresses the recoil spring by which the latter accumulates energy. Having reached its limit of backward movement, the bolt returns forward by the release of the recoil spring, while actuating the reloading cycle and ultimately closing the breech. An undisputed advantage of SBO small arms is their simple design. However, this solution has certain restrictions on the viable ammunition types since only cartridges with relatively low muzzle energy projectiles can be used (and largely limited to pistol cartridges). Delayed Blowback Operation Firearms in the Small Arms Classification… 103 Any ammunition with a higher kinetic energy of the bullet requires a heavier bolt or a stiffer recoil spring, one effect of which is an increase in the weight and recoil of the small arm, coupled with a wider spread of projectiles [1, 3]. To minimise these drawbacks and to retain the maximum number of advantages of SBO, design solutions were created which can be operated with intermediate and rifle cartridges. The main difference which separates DBO small arms from SBO small arms is that the former features additional components or mechanisms which further decelerate the bolt recoil in its first stage of movement (when the propellant gas pressure is the highest). This delay effect in opening of the bolt is achieved by the addition of a decelerating force, an apparent increase in the bolt weight, or a combination of them. When the delayed bolt movement ends, the automatic action progresses like in SBO small arms [1, 4]. Some designs, especially old ones, featured relatively straightforward solutions with a single-component bolt. Many solutions featured a two- component breechblock comprising a bolt head, which is a front component that directly mates the cartridge/case and closes the breech; the bolt carrier is coupled to a bolt head, forming the rear component of the two, usually heavier than the bolt head. When a round is fired, the bolt head moves slightly, which corresponds to a much longer travel of the bolt carrier (which means a ratio > 1). Once the bolt carrier is powered, the delayed blowback ends and both bolt components move together at the same speed. The case is extracted under high pressure, which is usually alleviated with Revelli grooves in the chamber; earlier designs required solving this issue by oiling the cartridge cases. In designs with Revelli grooves, the propellant gases during a shot enter the space between the case and the chamber and thus the pressure is equalized (on both sides of the case wall); this action reduces friction, facilitating case extraction with a lower risk of case failure and breakage. Figure 1 shows the layout of Revelli grooves in the chamber of a HK P7 pistol (there are 17 channels spaced every 20o, with a 40o interspace where the gas port is) [5]. The DBO small arms are classified by the method of delay into gas DBO, friction DBO, and mechanical DBO (Fig. 2). Gas DBO designs can include solutions with or without a gas piston. Friction DBO designs can include a solution based on the friction of the bolt or its components against purposefully- shaped receiver surfaces or on the friction of the case against the chamber, providing an effect with the action opposite to that provided by Revelli grooves. 104 M. Morawski, M. Zahor Fig. 1. Fluted barrel chamber of a HK P7 pistol [5] Fig. 2. Classification of DBO small arms Mechanical DBO small arms vary in the design solutions which increase the breechblock inertia to delay its opening. Unlike the designs of weapons with locked breech which require unlocking by the motion of a separate component (like the slide or the bolt carrier), DBO small arms are called ‘half-locked system’ firearms. The bolt can be automatically unlocked by inclining the respective mating surfaces at an angle which is higher than the angle of friction. Similar to SBO designs, in DBO designs the bolt moves slightly to the rear while the projectile travels through the barrel; the backward travel of the bolt is a distance which allows compliance with the so-called safety condition (and the distance is no longer than the thickness of the case bottom). Delayed Blowback Operation Firearms in the Small Arms Classification… 105 3. OVERVIEW OF DBO SMALL ARM SOLUTIONS 3.1. Gas DBO small arms Unlike in GO firearms, in gas DBO firearms the energy of part of the propellant gas is applied to delay the motion of the bolt/slide, especially to delay its opening when a shot is fired. In most gas DBO design solutions, the part of the barrel directly ahead of the chamber features a gas port which opens to the gas chamber (usually below the barrel) which is open to the front and not to the back, as in GO firearms (Fig. 3). A gas piston connected to the front part of the slide is found inside of the gas chamber. When a round is fired, the bolt/slide is recoiled under the propellant gas pressure applied to the case bottom and at the same time its movement is delayed by the gases pressing against the gas piston. When the projectile clears the barrel, the gas chamber and barrel gas pressure falls to a value at which the recoil force exceeds the force of the delaying gas, and so the bolt/slide opens [6, 7]. Fig. 3. Gas piston DBO: 1 – slide; 2 – gas port; 3a, 3b – start and end of the recoil spring; 4 – gas chamber; 5 – gas piston; 6 – barrel (fig. based on [8]) One of the most popular gas piston DBO pistols is the 9 mm HK P7. Similar solutions were used in other 9 mm pistols: the Chinese Norinco Model 77B, the South African ADP Mk II, the Czech Kevin ZP98, the Bulgarian Arsenal P-M02, and the German Walther CCP. The 9 mm Laugo Arms Alien made in 2019 has a slightly different design by which the gas chamber with the piston is over the barrel [9]. A much less popular solution is the gas chamber DBO first used in the German 7.92 mm Volkssturmgewehr VG 1-5 carbine and modified later for the 9 mm Steyr GB pistol designed in 1974 (Fig. 4). A part of the propellant gas escapes through the gas ports in the barrel and flows to the gas chamber formed by the cylinder. The gas ports were located too far from the chamber and too closed to the muzzle which made the delayed blowback operation rather ineffective, and the slide was relatively heavy [10].