International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 543-548 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu

STUDY OF GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS IN MUDICHUR AREA

1S.Rajesh , 2M.Aswathi Assistant Professor 1,2 ,Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, . [email protected]

Abstract : Spatial distribution of ground water quality 1.1 Confined Aquifer in the mudichur is presented .A total of 25 samples were collected during the month of such as p H, • Confined Aquifers are aquifers that are separated Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Total Dissolved solids, from atmospheric pressures by impermeable zones Fluoride, Ammonia, Nitrites, Phosphate. or confining layers. The analyzed parameters were compared with WHO • Confined aquifer groundwater flow generally and BIS standards. The spatial distribution for all the perpendicular to contour of potentiometric surface. analyzed parameters was mapped based on the inverse • Confined aquifers commonly under hydrostatic Distribution weighed method (IDW) using the open– pressure in response to rock compaction and pore source software, Quantum GIS .The spatial distribution fluid pressures of the ground water quality in the study area .The classification of groundwater based on Hardness indicates that 80% of samples in the study area are very hard. Therefore, the groundwater in the study area is not suitable for drinking purpose

1 1. Introduction

Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formation. It is formed due to rainwater and surface water which infiltrate into the initially unauthorized zone and then percolates until it reaches the saturated zone. According to suvarna tickleetal.(2012), Groundwater resources are dynamic in nature . These are affected by factors such as drinking agricultural, recreational and industrial activities (WHO 2006). Hense ,monitoring and conversing this important Figure 1. Confined Aquifer In Aquiclude resource is essential. The knowledge of the occurrence, replenishment and recovery of portable groundwater 2. Objectives assumes[1-4] . The variation in the water parameters over space The following objectives to achieve the aim of the and time has a correlation to the land use dynamics and study are such as this involves many factors. Tripathy and jothimani 1 .To analyze the physio-chemical parameters of (2000) concluded that the rise in human population ground water in the study area. exploits more of natural resources and this is met 2. To find the yield of the agricultural well on through the growth of industries chemicals mudichur area. ,urbanization, deforestation and intensive agricultural practices[5-7].

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2.1 Study Of Area General survey. Analysis is to be carried out for the following parameters namely pH, Alkalainity, Total hardness, The study area chosen for this study is Mudhichur Chloride, Fluriode, Ammonia, Nitrate, phosphate, Iron and for the collected samples to compare with the irrigation ۥ in . The lies between latitude 12 o18N .[E longitudes covering a total catchment area of 4 water standards[13ۥ o06 80 km 2. The area is located south part of Chennai near the The Laboratory procedure for analysis of the above tambaram town which is shown in figure[8-10] . listed parameters is detailed in section 4.2.1 to 4.2.8. pH:- 2.2 Climatic Condition The test for pH decides the acidic or alkaline nature of Water. The pH values were determined by The mudhichur lies in the tropical climate. It has a hot using pH meter summer and a mild winter, agro-climatically, the area falls under the group of semi-arid region. The climate 3.3 Alkalinity of mudhichur is influenced by the monsoon winds as in other part of . The monsoon season is Using the 10Ml measuring cylinder,measure 20ml of mainly responsible for most of the rain over the water sample (2*10mL) and pour it in to the clean mudhichur, with the northeast monsoon accounting for titration cup. Add 5drops of “A1” liquid. the water the maximum amount of rainfall[11-12]. turns bluish green .using the 1mL syringe provided in the kit ,add “A2” liquid (starting from the 40 th division 2.3 Soil Type ). At the end point the colour of water changes into orange/yellow. Record the number of divisions of The agricultural production is mostly dependent on the “A2” added to reach the end point. soil characteristics. The two types of soil generally Calculation: Alkalinity mg/L = No.of divisions available in the command area are Black soil and Red of “A2” added*10 sandy soil. 3.4 Total Hardness 2.4 Cropping Pattern In Ayacut Area 20mL sample was taken in an Erlenmeyer flask. To Based on the survey conducted among the farmers of this, 2mL ammonium acetate buffer solution and drop mudhichur area, it is inferred that the paddy, black Eriochrome Black-T indicator was added and titrated gram, groundnut are cultivated in the study area. against 0.01N EDTA solution. The end point was given by change of colour from wine red to steel blue. 3. Methodology Total hardness was calculated by the following equation.Total hardness as (mg/L) = (A x B) x1000/mL sample Where A is titration for sample in 3.1 General mL and B is titration for blank in mL[14-17]

The methodology for studying groundwater quality is 3.5 Chloride presented in figure 4.1. The study consists of location of sampling points, groundwater at identified sampling 20 ml of sample was taken in a flask. To this 2 ml points, analysis of samples for irrigation suitability as potassium chromate indicator solution was added and per the standard methods. titrated against standardized AgNo 3 solution. The end point was given by the appearance of a red brown 3.2 Analysis Of Groundwater tinge. A blank titration was done using 20 ml. Distilled water in the place of the sample. Chloride Water samples covering groundwater have been was calculated by the following equation. collected from identified sources. Tank water samples Chloride, mg/L = ((A-B) x N x 35450)/ mL of are collected from three locations namely the inlet, sample Where,A is titration for the sample in ml, sluices, and surplus weir of the tank. The well B is titration for the blank in mL and is normality locations were identified with respect to distance and of AgNo 3. Azimuth (angle) using Global Positing System (GPS)

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3.6 Nitrites COLOR chart provided and record the nitrite value[18- 21]. Using the measuring cylinder,take 10ml of water sample in the 10ml glass bottle. Add 2drops of “N2” 3.7 Phosphate and 2 drops of “N3” liquids. Gently shake the bottle. If there is no nitrite, the color will not change if nitrite is Using the measuring cylinder, take 10ml of water present, the color of water eill change into pink. sample in the 10ml of glass bottle. Add 5 drops of “p1” Compare the “pink” color with the nitrite (NO2) liquid. Gently shake the bottle. Then add 1 drop of “P2” liquid. Again gently shake. If there is no phosphate, the color will not change. If the phosphate is present , the color of water will change into blue. Compare the “BLUE” color with the “PHOSPHATE CHART” provided and record the phosphate value. 5

Tablew 1. Groundwater Quality (February-March 2017)

Parameters Irrigation Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Standards

Ph 7 7.5 7.8 6.5 - 8.5

Alkalinity 400 450 500 600 mg/l

Hardness 650 480 550 600mg/l

Chloride 360 235 240 1000mg/l

Fluoride 1 0.75 0.60 1.5mg/l

Ammonia 1 1 1 0.5mg/l

Nitrite 0.2 0.8 0.5 0-10

Phosphate 0.5 1 0.5 0-2

TDS 1692 1212 1338 2000mg/l

3.8 Observation Wells Adjacent existing wells may be used or observation wells may be constructed for the sole A minimum of two observation wells meeting the purpose of obtaining drawdown measurements during the following criteria should be used: 1. Observation wells yield test. If the high capacity well terminates in the should be completed in the same aquifer and screened at bedrock, the observation wells should terminate in the or near the depth of the high capacity well. same bedrock formation at approximately the same depth and have a similar interval of open bedrock borehole.

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Observation wells should be located at distances 4.1 Source Of Yield In Mudichur Area from the production well one to five times the thickness of the aquifer and at right angles to each other. Locate the Irumbuliyur Lake is situated amidst a residential area; its observation wells at different distances from the catchment is Tambaram town and its adjoining areas. The production well. 4. Avoid using observation wells that lake is more than 50 acres in area, and it once irrigated are subject to being pumped during the yield test. more than 70 acres of paddy. Agricultural activities Pumping of the observation wells during the yield test stopped since 1990, when land prices escalated due to its will hinder data interpretation. proximity to the National Highway and Tambaram town. A portion of irrigated land has already been converted 3.9 Location Information into residential apartments; the remainder is being held by realtors. Thus in the absence of agricultural activities, Accurate measurements of the distances between the high there was no need to let water from the sluice, so they capacity well and observation wells and the location of went on to become disused until they eventually the wells in relation to property boundaries should be disappeared. obtained. Well locations (high capacity well and observation wells) can be determined by using a global 5. Conclusion positioning system. The locations should be reported as a latitude and longitude in degrees-minutes-seconds or in  Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for degrees to an accuracy of 0.00001 of a degree. water quality parameters such as physical quantities, chemical quantities(pH, alkalinity, total hardness, 3.10 Static Water Level (Swl) Measurements chloride, fluoride, ammonia, nitrites, phosphate, T.D.S.  A total of 5 samples were collected from the study Measure SWLs in the high capacity well and observation area during the month of february 2017. wells before the yield test begins. The SWL  Experimental results show that the groundwater has measurements should be accurate to within one inch (or alkaline, with pH varying from 7.5 to 8.5 within 1/10th of a foot). Measure the distance from the  The classification of groundwater based on hardness top-of-casing to the SWL in the well. The height of the indicates that 50% of samples in the study area are casing above ground surface should be recorded in order very hard which is not suitable for drinking purpose. to calculate a SWL elevation. Before beginning the  The classification of groundwater based on hardness pumping phase of the yield test, SWL measurements indicates that 50% of samples in the study area are should be taken at a minimum of one reading. very hard which is not suitable for drinking purpose.  The spatial distribution of quality of groundwater is 4. Pumping Rate presented in the study area.  The factor analysis was also found out and the first During the pumping phase, the high capacity well should factor showed ammonia and nitrate to be high. The be equipped to discharge at or above the desired final third factor shows high values of p H. well production rate. The pumping rate should be  The WQI the samples were calculated, and showed constant over the course of the yield test. Periodically 20% of the samples had WQI above 50-340 range measure the pumping rate (using a flow meter) to ensure which is poor water quality and also unfit for a constant rate throughout the test. Water from the high drinking. capacity well should be discarded in a manner that will  The present database of the groundwater quality not impact water levels in the aquifer or the outcome of indicates that most of the wells show high elevations the yield test. This is especially important if the high of contamination levels,which can be due to leaching capacity well is in a result of other shallow unconfined of domestic waste from sewage lines or septic tanks. aquifer. Be sure there are provisions to control or precisely know the timing and amount of ground water withdrawals from the aquifer as ahigh capacity wells in the vicinity that are producing from the same aquifer.

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