THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR THEORY IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOTBALL AND LINGUISTICS SaadiaMahmood-ul-Hassan, M. FarhanTabassum, Jamshaid Ahmad and Shahzaman Khan ABSTRACT: This article is an attempt to study the use and implication of war-inspired terminologies in the football commentary which is live. There was found a noteworthy conceptual transfer between these two areas, it represented the reasonableness and sustainability of the chief metaphor. Moreover, it was claimed that such metaphorical illustrations connect with a form of escalating terminologies; to portray a war like scenario. Football commentators use such words to intensify the pace of match coverage. Argentina and Brazil are known as arch rivals and their contest is always expected competitive. While Germany and Argentina are world's best teams, have mesmerizing influence on the minds of people. It was a comparative study which exposed the variation of intensity level in the commentary which was equally indefatigable in the knock out stage matches. Though it was predicted that 2nd match of arch rivals would have been more enthusiastic, yet the amount of metaphors and war- inspired terminologies was more in the 1st semi-final. The analysis delineated the difference of such words; 1st semi-final has more poetic, passionate and action verbs as compare to the other two matches. Cognitive Metaphor Theory can be extended to study the other sports equally. Keyword: Football, commentary, Metaphor, conceptual metaphor Theory, War scenario.

Introduction art-rendering and bewitching it Football has been the most lik- compels the spectators' to stick up- ed and popular game at national on their seats the whole Ninety international level. It is not only pl- Minutes. So far as the characteris- ayed worldwide but also acknowl- tics of a good football player are co- edged for its exuberant features as ncerned, one should have particu- agility, pace, speed, dramatic situ- lar and indispensible talent and ations, thrilling and sensational qualities as endurance and fortitu- moment throughout the game. It de, persistence, perseverance, the makes spectators' expectations re- urge and spirit of winning, resolut- ach the zenith point every mom- ion, self-control and the most imp- ent. This game is exceptionally he- ortant element is sportiveness. A 67 The Shield-(ISSN-1991-8410)-Vol. 12, 2017 football player achieves the ability and sometimes with great enthusi- and skills of the game by learning asm. The commentators of this excit- as how he can control his mind and ing game play with the words to excite body efficiently. In other words it and instigate the emotions of people is called one's own body techni- who are watching the game on their que. This method has been used to television set. A war like scenario is change the action, which is happe- created to intensify the impact of the ning on the pitch into something game. Football lovers are emotionally simpler. It makes the comprehen- attached with the rise and fall of their sion easier and increases the in- respected teams and it is a game of a terest of audience in the physical great stature as how commentators contest which is taking place in the are painting the image. The players ground. It is also addressing custo- are considered warriors who are pla- mers and consumers at the impro- ying to uplift their flag. It is player like ved elementary and emotional a battle the ground becomes a battle- level. field and spectators are making noise As far as the terminology 'associ- to encourage their teams. ation football' is concerned it is comm- This study deals with the knock only recognized as not only 'football' out stage matches, fervor and exci- but also identified as 'Soccer'. It is one tement level can be analyzed with of the most popular games in the wo- the help of words, full of grandeur rld due to its dynamic pace and resil- and zeal., which are particularly ience. As far as the etymology of the metaphorical in their sense and word football is concerned; it is gen- meaning as how commentators erally referred as the action of kicking use such terminologies to intensify a ball with foot. Another description the level of knock out stage match. of this word is that football is origi- It is a comparative study, such wo- nally designated a diversity in sports rds will be studied to show that in feudal Europe, it is usually played commentators use such war like by foot. Mob football is the primary –terminologies to make the atmos- kind of football which was played in phere more sublime and gran- . The new guidelines of seve- diose. ral footballs were framed during the middle or in the end of late 19th centu- Literature review ry. The influence and effect of the Bri- A great modern competition tish Kingdom permitted these guide- lines of football to flourish. The arenas George Orwell (1945) argues in as are assembled by shearing people; his essay entitled The Sporting who are watching television carefully Spirit which was published in 1945

68 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process that: Sport is frankly a mimic warfare use of numerous kinds of dramatic and those spectators seriously and sym-bolic language with the believe – at any rate for short periods – entirety and clear-cut metaphori- that running, jumping and kicking a cal expression to simple register, ball are tests of national virtue. allusions and general hostile Furthermore, he has claimed that: behavior in the game of football. The setting can be said to be deve- “Serious sport has nothing to do loped in a wide and extensive war with fair play. It is bound up with domain which rests decisively on boastfulness, jealousy, disregard, Champagne's (2004) observation, hatred, of all rules and sadistic ple- based on Lakoff (1991) that: asure in witnessing violence. In other words, it is a war minus the “Soccer is very similar to a war; it is shooting”. a competitive sport where there is usually a clear conqueror and a It was printed at the end of 2nd loser, tactical thinking, readiness, World War; many countries were team work, viewer behavior, spl- still in the condition of turmoil and endor of winning and humiliation confronting the current world- of loss”. wide aggression, killings, conflicts and annihilation. It seems to pro- The Argentina and Brazil vide the base of an obvious parallel rivalry is known as an extremely between two conceptual areas in competitive sports rivalry which is our minds as war and football. not only existed among the natio- While this parallel has been an int- nal sides of football of the two nat- eresting ramification in many div- ions, but also in the particular circ- erse cultural contexts and discip- les of fans. The games which are lines. It has a conspicuous effect, played between these two teams when it deals with football, where are full of rivalry including the fri- both linguistic expression and con- endly matches also; they are often ceptualization mostly take a milit- conspicuous by distinguished and arist turn (Seddon, 2004). Most pa- at times disputable events. This rticularly pundits, journalists and rivalry is also entitled the "Battle of commentators; tend to portray the the South Americans." According to actions around the football pitch in FIFA, the element of rivalry is the terms of an informal war area, wh- “essence of football rivalry” ESPN FC ich is made more elevated by the has graded their rivalries 1st which resemblance between the two con- has been found between two nati- ceptual domains. There is a great onal sides, playing football.

69 The Shield-(ISSN-1991-8410)-Vol. 12, 2017 Argentina and Brazil matches are Routers show that the energy notable for the flair and the game- level of Argentinian nation throu- smanship of the two squads. Both gh the lyrics which asks the hosts Argentina and Brazil are normally that how they adored as being ranked among the top ten national “bossed around” in their own house teams. Brazil displays not so well and ended with the ultimate figh- in world titles; Brazilians have 10 ting words that Maradona is supe- against 9 Intercontinental Cups / rior than Pele. The officials and FIFA Club World Cup. Brazil & athletes have their views that their Argentina: A rivalry like no other. fans should enjoy the spirit of Oly- Over the periods, footballing enco- mpics and take their soccer rivalry unters between Argentina and Br- down a notch for other sports alo- azil have been exhibited a match- ng with the game. Luiz Lima, who less rivalry in South America. Bra- is Brazil's secretary, said it after a zilian and Argentina have tried to meeting that Olympics is more th- deep down the rivalry in Rio accor- an a sporting competition and in ding to Routers. Brazilian and Arg- the Olympic Village athletes from entine officials had been working more than 200 nations are living to lessen the aggressiveness and together peacefully, he said that: ferocious enmity between the two nations that has headed them to “It is very important that we, at confined incidences of loud booing this time, don't bring this thrilling and fisticuffs. Brazil and Argent- competition from the soccer world ina have been severe soccer rivals - that has happening during the a long-lasting sporting dispute, it World Cup into the Olympics”. has always hit fevered the pitch Brazilian and Argentine del- when Brazil had hosted the 2014 egations had been unable to find World Cup. While Argentina fini- out any tangible solutions to shed it to the final match, Brazil extinguish the fire of the fan collided in a spectacular 7-1 loss to rivalry. Germany and the Argentina fans took sensational pleasure in So far as the spectators of both Brazil's defeat. the countries are concerned, Arg- entineans legally invaded in Brazil “During the tournament the hun- during world cup, while Brazilian dreds of thousands of Argentines people were continuously confro- who flooded Brazil fastened out a nting plenty of economic, social song entitled “Brazil, tell me how it and political issues to deal with as feels.” a result of the tournament, and

70 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process their South Americans opponents when three consecutive World were just happy to visit Brazil to Cup finals remained tied after 90 celebrate their team and football minutes. The final striking thing culture in Brazil. The Argentina that has happened first the time is and Brazil rivalry usually goes be- that, a World Cup in the Americas yond the football pitch. The main had not been won by a team from reason for this burning issue has the Americas. Besides, the final been the quest for political and cul- match was being played between tural supremacy in South America. two one of the best teams and the Argentineans are very positive goal had arrived in the 112 minutes and never give up easily. It is very long times and it was so exhaus- impressive how they can win a ga- ting night. The excitement level of me even if they have a much infer- spectators who are present in the ior team. This ideology does apply ground are full of energy, they are for their suporters as well. Argenti- singing and lifting their intensity nean suporters never turn their level throughout the game. While back on their teams. There is no the lovers of football who are wat- matter of winning and losing, dra- ching it at home through TV are wing far behind in the score, they boosted by the enthusiasm of com- are in cheerful mood forever. Arg- mentator's language and paraling- entineans has been the loudest and uistic features (the Guardian, most loyal supporters in the world. 2018). As supporters, they are far better than the Brazilians. Brazilians eas- The knockout stage of FIFA ily turn their back on their teams. world cup 2014 Germany had beaten Argen- The knockout stage was the se- tina to win World Cup final. The cond and concluding phase of the result has manifested it is not only contest, followed by the group st- Germany's fourth World Cup title age. It had started on 28 June with and but also their first World cha- the round of 16 and finished on 13 mpionship as a unified nation. The success shows that these three suc- July with the fin-al match of the cessive World Cups have been tournament, was held at Estádio won by teams from the same con- do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro. The tinent, and the following have best two teams from each group been won by Spain and in which were 16 in total, advanced to 2006 and 2010 respectively and it the knockout stage to play in the happened first time in the World single elimination tournament. A Cup history. It was first occasion third-place match is played betw-

71 The Shield-(ISSN-1991-8410)-Vol. 12, 2017 een the two losing sites of the semi- known as a spoken account of ev- finals. World Cup came to its clo- ents which are actually taking ser as it reached the semi-final des- place (Crystal, 1969). More appro- tination and four of the major nat- *priate term is a sport casting wh- ions of international football ready ich is used and adapted in this particular context by Ferguson to fight the battle, as Netherlands, (1983). He has described that spo- Argentina, Germany and Brazil co- rts casting is an oral reporting of an ntested the semi-finals. Although on-going activity of sports, which these teams are considered as the is related with color commentary top side at this World Cup, Nether- (150). It is a dynamic and requisite lands are the only side of the four fragment of the genre. A modern not to have won the title of World television and radio sport Cup before, but they are acknowle- broadcasting is the presentation of dged as one of the highly decorat- whole team and it involves numerous individuals. The play- ed footballing nations. Meanwhile by-play announcements retain the Argentina had touched the heights audience glued with TV and they as it was being expected before the take thorough interest in the hap- tournament. Netherlands did not penings of the game. The color co- played as good in the knockout mmentator is mainly a color caster; matches as they were playing in he not only provides exciting back- the group matches. Brazil and Ger- ground information about the pla- many had reached in the semi- yers but also tells about the on- finals with a winning record in the going play in the game. Further- more, Championship games or co-ntest; Germany's victory mani- other important matches might fested major margin of success in have two or more color commenta- the FIFA World Cup semi-final. tors. While a color commentator The game showed that Germany must have encyclopedic knowle- overtook Brazil as the highest sco- dge of the game. Most of them are ring team in the history of World former athletes or coaches and pla- Cup tournament and became the yers who have an in-depth knowl- first team ever to reach in the eight edge and understanding of the ga- World Cup Finals. me and the players when they are covering. By having a previous ex- What is commentary in general? perience of playing or coaching the Color commentary game adds a color to commenda- The word Commentary is tory and it enables them to point

72 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process out specific det-ails about the ac- tten and spoken as formal English tion to help the audience and to ap- but it is also generally used as info- preciate the athleticism and stra- rmal language in commentary by tegy involved in the game (Work. the commentators (Saadia & Taba- chron.com, 2018). Every commen- ssum, 2014). Its tone is very vibrant tator has a distinctive style of capi- and can be serious or humorous. talising some specific words wh- This language is for different occa- ich becomes his or her distinctive sions and not inferior to the formal style of speaking as we know styl- language. eisa literary discourse which is full of linguistic alignment. It includes Register Identification the use of linguistics and paraling- uistic (Saadia, Shahar & Tabassm, It is about picking up a register 2015). which keeps the momentum (Hav- illand, 1979). It is nearly impossi- Sports casters ble to express in just one register, which we speak is indeed a choice Sports casting is called a dialog of register. Moreover, to recognize -on-stage and a monologue that is register is a tougher duty because intended to the unknown and un- its concept is very pliable. Fergu- seen heterogeneous audience (Fer- son says that (1983) the variation of guson, 1983). Hesupplies complete language structure in this parti- information about what is happe- cular case which is based on social ning in or on the pitch. It must have context, secondly, it is an occasion such reporting which coordinates to use any variation based on with the real actions that are taking dialect. place in real time and while foot- ball is comparatively a sport which Radio and Video is not only fast but also not so easy often. Moreover, there are some The television and radio trans- moments in the game that lack ac- mission usually share all the iden- tion which inevitably need descr- tified aspects of register which ha- iption and the sportscaster, mainly ve been discovered previously. A on the radio where there is very lit- sportscaster is providing his audi- tle silence, he has to keep up the ence info about a specific extraling- momentum of his speech, he of- uistic action; he is elevating it with ten uses quite extensive narrative the use of color commentary. Reg- stretches of the ongoing situation ardless of the medium of transmi- (Chovanec, 2009). It is used in wri- ssion, the terminology and phrase-

73 The Shield-(ISSN-1991-8410)-Vol. 12, 2017 logy is the same. The key differe- enthusiasm. An unexpected cha- nce in the radio and television co- nge of action displays a unique mmentary is concealed in its kind. change in intonation as well. The The linguistic productions depend inferquent stressing is often used on the actions on the pitch, which and the segmentation of speech is a is why the structure deviates too distinctive thing. Radio sportscas- much. Moreover the main differe- ters usually try to avoid silence as nce is to comment the events. The much as they can by taking a pause main motive for this is of the sha- to take a breath or at a loss with red extra linguistic circumstances their speech Radek (2014). of a TV sports-caster and his audie- nce. The sports-casters of Radio are Football commentaries: 'a game appreciated to refabricate the hap- of two halves'? penings they are observing in their own words, it is a transmission of There are some questions wh- a prompt image which is occur- ich can be raised on the use of in- ring. (Vierkant, 2008). tense language and jargons which may cause the reason of increasing Paralinguistic or Paralanguage animosity and fierceness among the spectators. The language of co- Paralinguistic are the features mmentators is not known for its of spoken communication mainly sophistication and refinement but that do not include words. These its main motif to cope up with the may add importance or shades of speed of the game. For instance, meaning to what people say. There we should be worried about the Language, which is adopted by the are found some definitions which most famous and well known foot- confine it to verbal communication ball commentators on renowned that is not words (Teaching Eng- broadcasting channels. A large nu- lish | British Council | BBC, 2018). mber of communities around the globe are attentively listening the The paralinguistic features per- football commentaries including form main role in the recognition all types of classes, gender, indiv- of the game and it is the most reli- iduals, or age. Football is a prevail- able register marker. It conveys the ing and dominant sport world- emotion and also produces spont- wide; it is adored and worshipped aneous speech. Pitch volume and by die hard foot-ball fans or if the tempo is changed by the comme- game football is such an influential ntators with the level of their sport then the language should set

74 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process an example to football fans. Inde- particular register and are associa- ed, it should set an outstanding ted with time announcing and goal model to other countries. It is wi- scoring. Lakoff & Johnson, (1980) dely known that the football com- have pointed out the difference be- mentators are recognized because tween metaphor and metonymy. of their unique style and use of According to them metaphor is an clichés. Sometimes many people understanding of expecting one get irritated and annoyed by the kind of thing in terms of another clichés used by commentators. Ce- thing (5) while metonymy deals rtainly, some are very exaspera- with as on entity stands for another ting, for example “On paper…” (36), there is found a logical conne- one of the most familiar and heard ction in metonymy while meta- cliché. It was used frequently by phor is based on likeness. Mr. Andy Gray while people fou- nd it very biased. Football is about Cognitive parallel between mili- what happens on the pitch, not on tary action and football 'paper'. There seems no contribu- tion in trying to make the game Linguistic scholars have done a more exciting because that it is the lot in identifying the remarkable first and foremost duty of a foot- cognitive alliance between football ball commentator (T. J. Blake# Au- and the military action in recent thor, 2018). times. It is often deliberated in re- lation of conceptual unification The use of metonymy and met- and blending. Fauconnier& Tur- aphors ner (2002).Lakoff (1991), Kuiper & Allan (1996) and Beard (1998) have Metaphors and metonymy are marked that the resemblances wh- prevalent in a language. Accord- ich is found in the structure betw- ing to Cognitive linguistics the ma- een dissimilar sports and war, instream human concepts are non- while Chapanga (2004), Seddon literal which are based on meta- (2004) and Vierkant (2008) have phor (Kosecki, 2014). The language handled explicitly with football as of football is not an exception and a they all have outlined and drawn large share of football expressions the relations that are made bet- are based on metaphors or meton- ween actions in the two conceptual ymy. These expressions are mostly areas, particularly the metapho- functioning as the markers of regi- rical kind. These following quo-tes ster. Levin (2008) has analyzed provide pertinent idea: many frequent phrases which are Kuiper and Allan, (1996) have

75 The Shield-(ISSN-1991-8410)-Vol. 12, 2017 said that “the vocabulary of sport Ÿ Evans to become first casualty of is often full of military metaphors. City The metaphors tend to draw on an Ÿ Former captain interesting and limited set of dom- named in England squad ains”. (Chapanga, 2004) has delin- Ÿ Liverpool beat Arsenal after titanic eated that there is “an irrefutable battle theme of war in soccer. The sport is Ÿ Wenger awaits United's heavy a physical contest making it almost artillery inevitable for allusions to war, me- Ÿ José Mourinho warns derby refe- taphors of battle and strategy by ree of Manchester City's 'tactical professionals Commentators”. fouls’ Vierkant (2008) pointed out that Ÿ England subplots bring intrigue to “Metaphor seems to be an inevit- Chelsea's clash with Manchester able issue when talking about City football. Language, football is full Ÿ Antonio Conte concedes title after of metaphors like “attack”, “shot”, Chelsea's bubble burst by West “defense”, “midfield”, “enemy” or Ham “battle”. “Lakoff, (1991) is of the Ÿ José Mourinho's harry and hurry view that “it has long been noted battle plan could unstitch Manch- that war is considered a competi- ester City tive game like chess, or as a sport, Ÿ Antonio Conte admits Chelsea are like boxing or football”. out of title race after defeat at West These quotes proved that football Ham is not only the game which is tended Ÿ Chelsea come unstuck as Marko to be depicted in relation of warfare, Arnautovic secures West Ham's but it also connects football and war, it first victory under DavidMoyes shows the marks of having and “un- Ÿ Bad blood adds spice as Sam Allar- avoidable” and “undeniable”. To pr- dyce and Jürgen Klopp prepare to ove this inherent principle, let's have a meet again look on the typical and brief examples Ÿ Harry Kane strikes twice as Tott- from newspapers of Britain. The Gua- enham brush aside hapless Stoke rdian is a renowned British daily new- City spaper, it is known from 1821 until Ÿ Leicester crash the party to consign 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. The Newcastle to defeat in five-goal Independent is an online newspaper thriller on anniversary weekend of Britain, which was established in Ÿ Netherlands vs. Argentina World 1986 as a self-governing national mor- Cup 2014: Argentina players to ning newspaper published in wear black armbands in honour of London. Alfredo Di Stefano

76 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process The game of football is like a battle The contemporary theory of which has an excellent combination of metaphor cognitive and motor skills with the ac- tive participants as captains and with The central principle of the orga- their teammates, who are trying hard nization and structuring of a language to win the conquest from each other reflects the structuring of cognition. by thrashing and using weapons as Metaphors are not limited to be used full artilleries to bring some particular in examples of creative speaking and consequences as fatalities. The news- writing as poetry. Instead of it, they paper examples show that how they are used in everyday language, and create a mountain of a mole and con- this is probably the case for most of vert a small tip of an iceberg when it is them not for every human languages. perceived in aggressive terms, and the Metaphors are not only a linguistic readers instantly sense the under the phenomenon but also systemized as cover war scenario in which brilliant how concepts are arranged and cons- football imageries and explanations tructed in our minds. We “describe” are fabricated. Significantly it is a mat- and “understand them” one thing is in ter of fact that it seems hard to visual- terms of another by transferring the ize such football commentary without knowledge about one concept which using war inspired terminology of the is the 'source concept to another called kind which has been mentioned ear- the 'target concept'. A big portion of lier. Such expressions have become an language is usually metaphoric as, it indispensable verbal instrument in advocates that conceptual knowledge the profession of a commentator. of humans is primarily metaphoric.

The present study and cognitive The embodiment of argument metaphor theory (CMT) Lakoff's initial career was under The present study revolves round the charm of the revolutionary ideas the conceptual Metaphor Theory and of Noam Chomsky like many lingui- to prove these points three matches sts of his generation in North Amer- are being compared that which one ica. Though, a rift had released those has the more passionate and power- who followed it in the 1970s, which ful language of commentators. As it have been denoted by Chomsky, as has already been discussed that Brazil the Transformational Generative and Argentinian nations have deep Grammar (TGG) a Standard Theory roots of rivalry not only in the ground and those who backed it even more but these roots have spread not only radically. It is a method which is kno- in sports but also in geographical le- wn as generative semantics. vels. The commentators have every

77 The Shield-(ISSN-1991-8410)-Vol. 12, 2017 reason to create an atmosphere of wa- BBC boast a commentary team full rfare and animosity. The final match of skill and experience as the fami- though had the powerful capacity and liar tones of Guy Mowbray, Steve importance yet it was like a match that Wilson, Jonathan Pearce, Simon was being played between two oppo- Brotherton and Steve Bower are set nents, fighting to be the ruler and to to spearhead their team. The war get the crown of football world for like terminologies has been coun- next five years it us an undisputed ted by listening to the commen- rank. Argentina and Germany are two tary, a list of action words and ter- most anticipated countries who have minologies have been given a great fan following all over the below. world. The focus of the study is to identify and assemble sufficient exa- Figure-1 mples of war-like lexicon as possible. Word counts in final, 1st semi- final and 2nd semi-final Statistical analysis and discu- ssion

This study is concerned with the thought of an extensive war domain, with its somewhat fuzzy and uncertain boundaries instead of a firm inventory of metaphoric expression. though it can be called a typical study in which live oral commentary has been studied but it has been diverted by comparing the dissimilarities between these two matches that which one is mo- re closer to this theory while first match was between two arch rivals and the other had the grandeur of a final contest to get the victory at any cost that is why it entered into the extra time and a golden goal was a decider and it eventually finished the match on the victory, where the German invaders first time won on Americans soil. The

78 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process

Table-1 Metaphorical and war-like terminologies in Final: Germany v/s Argentina

Words Words Words Words Words Words Collision Take over threaten victory threaten Terrible Danger Shake off shot Revenge Power breakers Injury Head of two Flags strong Set back Battle Cut short states Dangerous intriguing bulldozed Safe Defending Target Burst his line control strike Set back target Three shots Anger challenge finish shoot Injury Disaster Penalties precise rules the batch of win for the Find the Defensively attempt to world brilliant reunified target finish again German talent Germany Still had lost Beaten New batch Win Give up chance Burn away Beaten Stumble Attempt

Table-2 Metaphorical and war-like terminologies in 1st Semi-final: Germany v/s Brazil

Words Words Words Words Words Words Hopes in Rivals Defensive Competitive Injury Football crime tatter Awful Break you Push out Lost Conceded Life sentence position down Hit Possession Kick Challenges Broken up Argentina camp Weak American Defended Stumble Lose the final Proper contest defence arrogance Second Filling their Massive Break Might get worst Won attempt boots achievement Numb Counter Red Totally flat Overload Mourning defence Losing Threatening Collapse Great contest Ruin valiant humiliated Strikes again Glory Terrible mess What a save Flesh Vanquish Initiated the Heroes Beaten Green Opposition Punished flag ambience Counter Humping Worst day Victories Tight contest ttacking going out

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Table-3 Metaphorical and war-like terminologies in 2nd Semi-final: Netherlands vs. Argentina

Words Words Words Words Words Words Pushed Explosive Control Shot Two nations Eventual opponents back Shoot outs Tactical Protect Counter Step back Demolished Winning Champion Havelock Defensive Hit it Penalty shoot outs eyes ship Challenge Break Rivals Attack Little gun Penalties Crowned Smashed Saved Tears Losing eyes Fiercest rivals Hit Recovery Injuries Defended Master stroke Best blow Target Lose Powerful Captains

Figure-2 Bar chart of final, 1st semifinal and 2nd semifinal

80 An Analytic Study of Coaching Evaluation Process So far as the theoretical framework is Conclusion concerned, the starting point of this The knock out stage is the most study starts from the conceptual met- passionate and competitive stage of aphors which have been presented by FIFA world cup. The analysis shows that the use of metaphorical and war Lakoff & Johnson (1980) that “ARGU- st MENT IS WAR”, subsequently this like terminologies is more in the 1 se- idea was refined in Lakoff (1991) to mifinal because it was being played “COMPETITION IS WAR” which on the soil of Brazil which is not only have been quoted above. This metap- the opponent side of Germany but al- hor is apt and suitable to further und- so the Host country of that event. Both erstand the context of football esp- are world's best football nations. Bra- ecially in context of football match, as zil and Argentina are arch rivals since war between arch rivals and fierce an age that is why Brazilian suppor- opponents, it will also be reasonable ters were in the favor of Germany's to employ “FOOTBALL IS WAR” as victory against Argentina in the final after Brazils defeat by Germany in the the target conceptual metaphor, WAR nd which is working as the source dom- 2 semifinal. The ratio of metaphorical ain and FOOTBALL as the target do- words is higher in the 1st semifinal main (Nordin, 2008). The inspiration than the 2nd semifinal and final conte- to take this metaphor is understand- st of the world cup. The commenta- ably that the established linking betw- tors has used much war like and met- een war and football is because of wi- aphoric terms because of the shameful de conceptual resemblance and com- defeat of Brazil against Germany, the bination and between the two domai- final match is of great importance but ns which have been discussed above. the ratio of words has not been as mu- Though, this study has analyzed the ch as it was expected before the study. war like words and metaphors in the Football match looks more intense football matches yet it can also be us- when the war like atmosphere is crea- ed in other competitive sports as cri- ted by the commentators; it is conside- cket, hockey, and rugby and in the red an exquisite war between nations club matches of popular Football clu- instead of a match to get a title. bs as Real Madrid and Barcelona. Fur- Acknowledgement thermore, it was assumed that second The authors wish to thank the semifinal would have been pregnant faculty and staff of The University with such words. But the usage of wo- of Lahore for their participation rds may also changes with the voca- and support of this work. bulary of commentators whether he Disclosure statement likes to use such terms or just explains No potential conflict of interest it in sports like scenario instead of war. was reported by the authors.

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The Guardian. (2018). Football news, match reports and fixtures | The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ football [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

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