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Mathematical Analysis, Second Edition

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Mathematical Analysis, Second Edition PREFACE A glance at the table of contents will reveal that this textbooktreats topics in analysis at the "Advanced Calculus" level. The aim has beento provide a develop- ment of the subject which is honest, rigorous, up to date, and, at thesame time, not too pedantic.The book provides a transition from elementary calculusto advanced courses in real and complex function theory, and it introducesthe reader to some of the abstract thinking that pervades modern analysis. The second edition differs from the first inmany respects. Point set topology is developed in the setting of general metricspaces as well as in Euclidean n-space, and two new chapters have been addedon Lebesgue integration. The material on line integrals, vector analysis, and surface integrals has beendeleted. The order of some chapters has been rearranged, many sections have been completely rewritten, and several new exercises have been added. The development of Lebesgue integration follows the Riesz-Nagyapproach which focuses directly on functions and their integrals and doesnot depend on measure theory.The treatment here is simplified, spread out, and somewhat rearranged for presentation at the undergraduate level. The first edition has been used in mathematicscourses at a variety of levels, from first-year undergraduate to first-year graduate, bothas a text and as supple- mentary reference.The second edition preserves this flexibility.For example, Chapters 1 through 5, 12, and 13 providea course in differential calculus of func- tions of one or more variables. Chapters 6 through 11, 14, and15 provide a course in integration theory. Many other combinationsare possible; individual instructors can choose topics to suit their needs by consulting the diagram on the nextpage, which displays the logical interdependence of the chapters. I would like to express my gratitude to themany people who have taken the trouble to write me about the first edition.Their comments and suggestions influenced the preparation of the second edition.Special thanks are due Dr. Charalambos Aliprantis who carefully read the entire manuscriptand made numerous helpful suggestions.He also provided some of the new exercises. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my debt to the undergraduatestudents of Caltech whose enthusiasm for mathematics provided the original incentivefor this work. Pasadena T.M.A. September 1973 LOGICAL INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE CHAPTERS 1 THE REAL AND COM- PLEX NUMBER SYSTEMS 2 SOME BASIC NOTIONS OF SET THEORY 3 ELEMENTS OF POINT SET TOPOLOGY I 4 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY I 5 DERIVATIVES I 6 FUNCTIONS OF BOUNDED VARIATION AND REC- TIFIABLE CURVES 8 12 INFINITE SERIES AND MULTIVARIABLE DIF- INFINITE PRODUCTS FERENTIAL CALCULUS 13 7 IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS THE RIEMANN- AND EXTREMUM STIELTJES INTEGRAL PROBLEMS 9 14 SEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE RIEMANN FUNCTIONS INTEGRALS 10 THE LEBESGUE INTEGRAL I 11 FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER INTEGRALS 16 15 CAUCHY'S THEOREM AND MULTIPLE LEBESGUE THE RESIDUE CALCULUS INTEGRALS CONTENTS Chapter 1The Real and Complex Number Systems 1.1Introduction. 1 1.2The field axioms. 1 1.3The order axioms . 2 1.4Geometric representation of real numbers . 3 1.5Intervals . 3 1.6Integers . 4 1.7The unique factorization theorem for integers . 4 1.8Rational numbers . 6 1.9Irrational numbers . 7 1.10Upper bounds, maximum element, least upper bound (supremum). 8 1.11The completeness axiom . 9 1.12 Some properties of the supremum . 9 1.13Properties of the integers deduced from the completeness axiom. 10 1.14 The Archimedean property of the real-number system. 10 1.15Rational numbers with finite decimal representation . 11 1.16Finite decimal approximations to real numbers. 11 1.17Infinite decimal representation of real numbers. 12 1.18Absolute values and the triangle inequality . 12 1.19The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality . 13 1.20Plus and minus infinity and the extended real number system R* 14 1.21Complex numbers . 15 1.22Geometric representation of complex numbers . 17 1.23The imaginary unit. 18 1.24Absolute value of a complex number. 18 1.25Impossibility of ordering the complex numbers. 19 1.26Complex exponentials . 19 1.27Further properties. of complex exponentials. 20 1.28The argument of a complex number . 20 1.29Integral powers and roots of complex numbers. 21 1.30Complex logarithms . 22 1.31Complex powers . 23 1.32Complex sines and cosines. ... 24 1.33Infinity and the extended complex plane C*. 24 Exercises. 25 vi Contents Chapter 2 Some Basic Notions of Set Theory 2.1Introduction. 32 2.2Notations . 32 2.3Ordered pairs . 33 2.4Cartesian product of two sets. 33 2.5Relations and functions . 34 2.6Further terminology concerning functions . 35 2.7One-to-one functions and inverses . 36 2.8Composite functions . 37 2.9Sequences . 37 2.10Similar (equinumerous) sets . 38 2.11Finite and infinite sets . 38 2.12Countable and uncountable sets . 39 2.13Uncountability of the real-number system . 39 2.14Set algebra . 40 2.15Countable collections of countable sets . 42 Exercises . 43 Chapter 3Elements of Point Set Topology 3.1Introduction. 47 3.2Euclidean space R". 47 3.3Open balls and open sets in R" . 49 3.4 The structure of open sets in R1 . 50 3.5Closed sets . 52 3.6Adherent points.Accumulation points. 52 3.7Closed sets and adherent points . 53 3.8The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem . 54 3.9The Cantor intersection theorem. 56 3.10 The LindelSf covering theorem . 56 3.11The Heine-Borel covering theorem . 58 3.12Compactness in R". 59 3.13Metric spaces . 60 3.14Point set topology in metric spaces . 61 3.15Compact subsets of a metric space . 63 3.16Boundary of a set . 64 Exercises. 65 Chapter 4 Limits and Continuity 4.1Introduction. 70 4.2Convergent sequences in a metric space . 70 4.3Cauchy sequences . 72 4.4Complete metric spaces . 74 4.5Limit of a function. 74 4.6Limits of complex-valued functions . 76 Contents vii 4.7Limits of vector-valued functions. 77 4.8Continuous functions . 78 4.9Continuity of composite functions. 79 4.10Continuous complex-valued and vector-valued functions . 80 4.11Examples of continuous functions . 80 4.12Continuity and inverse images of open or closed sets . 81 4.13Functions continuous on compact sets . 82 4.14Topological mappings (homeomorphisms) . 84 4.15Bolzano's theorem . 84 . 4.16Connectedness . 86 4.17Components of a metric space. 87 4.18Arcwise connectedness. 88 4.19Uniform continuity. 90 4.20Uniform continuity and compact sets . 91 4.21Fixed-point theorem for contractions . 92 4.22Discontinuities of real-valued functions . 92 4.23Monotonic functions . 94 Exercises. 95 Chapter 5Derivatives 5.1Introduction. 104 5.2Definition of derivative. 104 5.3Derivatives and continuity. 105 5.4Algebra of derivatives . 106 5.5The chain rule . 106 5.6One-sided derivatives and infinite derivatives . 107 5.7Functions with nonzero derivative . 108 5.8Zero derivatives and local extrema . 109 5.9Rolle's theorem. 110 5.10 The Mean-Value Theorem for derivatives . 110 5.11Intermediate-value theorem for derivatives . 111 5.12Taylor's formula with remainder . 113 5.13Derivatives of vector-valued functions . 114 5.14Partial derivatives . 115 5.15Differentiation of functions of a complex variable. 116 5.16 The Cauchy-Riemann equations. 118 Exercises. 121 Chapter 6 Functions of Bounded Variation and Rectifiable Curves 6.1 Introduction. 127 6.2Properties of monotonic functions . 127 6.3Functions of bounded variation . 128 6.4Total variation . 129 6.5Additive property of total variation . 130 viii Contents 6.6Total variation on [a, x] as a function of x . 131 6.7Functions of bounded variation expressed as the difference of increasing functions. 132 6.8Continuous functions of bounded variation. 132 6.9Curves and paths . 133 6.10Rectifiable paths and arc length . 134 6.11Additive and continuity properties of arc length. 135 6.12Equivalence of paths.Change of parameter . 136 Exercises. 137 Chapter 7 The Riemann-Stieltjes Integral 7.1Introduction . 140 7.2Notation. 141 7.3The definition of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral. 141 7.4Linear properties . 142 7.5Integration by parts. .. 144 7.6Change of variable in a Riemann-Stieltjes integral. 144 7.7Reduction to a Riemann integral. 145 7.8Step functions as integrators . 147 7.9Reduction of a Riemann-Stieltjes integral to a finite sum. 148 7.10Euler's summation formula . 149 7.11Monotonically increasing integrators.Upper and lower integrals. 150 7.12Additive and linearity properties of upper and lower integrals 153 7.13Riemann's condition . 153 7.14Comparison theorems . 155 7.15Integrators of bounded variation. 156 7.16Sufficient conditions for existence of Riemann-Stieltjes integrals 159 7.17Necessary conditions for existence of Riemann-Stieltjes integrals. 160 7.18Mean Value Theorems for Riemann-Stieltjes integrals. 160 7.19 The integral as a function of the interval. 161 7.20Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus . 162 7.21Change of variable in a Riemann integral . 163 7.22Second Mean-Value Theorem for Riemann integrals . 165 7.23Riemann-Stieltjes integrals depending on a parameter. 166 7.24Differentiation under the integral sign . 167 7.25Interchanging the order of integration . 167 7.26Lebesgue's criterion for existence of Riemann integrals . 169 7.27Complex-valued Riemann-Stieltjes integrals. 173 Exercises. 174 Chapter 8Infinite Series and Infinite Products 8.1 Introduction. 183 8.2Convergent and divergent sequences of complex numbers. 183 8.3Limit superior and limit inferior of a real-valued sequence . 184 8.4Monotonic sequences of real numbers . 185 8.5Infinite series. 185 Contents ix 8.6Inserting and removing parentheses . 187 8.7Alternating series . 188 8.8Absolute and conditional convergence . 189 8.9Real and imaginary parts of a complex series . 189 8.10Tests for convergence of series with positive terms. 190 8.11The geometric series . 190 8.12The integral test. 191 8.13The big oh and little oh notation. 192 8.14The ratio test and the root test . 193 8.15Dirichlet's test and Abel's test. 193 8.16Partial sums of the geometric series Y. z" on the unit circle Iz1= 1 . 195 8.17Rearrangements of series . 196 8.18Riemann's theorem on conditionally convergent series.
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