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Versão Corrigida Versão Corrigida Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Antropologia Social O cuidado perigoso: tramas de afeto e risco na Serra Leoa (A epidemia do ebola contada pelas mulheres, vivas e mortas) Denise Pimenta (Versão Corrigida) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social do Departamento de Antropologia Social da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de doutora em Antropologia Social. Orientador: Prof. Dr. John Cowart Dawsey São Paulo, 2019 O cuidado perigoso: tramas de afeto e risco na Serra Leoa (A epidemia do ebola contada pelas mulheres, vivas e mortas) (Versão Corrigida) Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Pimenta, Denise P644c O cuidado perigoso: tramas de afeto e risco na Serra Leoa (A epidemia do ebola contada por mulheres, vivas e mortas) / Denise Pimenta ; orientador John Cowart Dawsey. - São Paulo, 2019. 351 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Antropologia. Área de concentração: Antropologia Social. 1. Serra Leoa (África do Oeste). 2. Guerra Civil. 3. Epidemia do ebola (2013-2016). 4. Mulheres. 5. "Cuidado Perigoso". I. Cowart Dawsey, John, orient. II. Título. UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE F FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS ENTREGA DO EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO DA DISSERTAÇÃO/TESE Termo de Ciência e Concordância do (a) orientador (a) Nom e do (a) aluno (a) : Denise Moraes Pim enta Data da defesa: 15/ 03/ 2019 Nom e do Prof. (a) orientador (a) : John Cowart Daw sey Nos termos da legislação vigente, declaro ESTAR CI ENTE do conteúdo deste EXEMPLAR CORRI GIDO elaborado em atenção às sugestões dos membros da comissão Julgadora na sessão de defesa do trabalho, manifestando-me plenam ente favorável ao seu encaminhamento e publicação no Portal Digital de Teses da USP. São Paulo, 10/05/2019 ___________________________________________________ (Assinatura do (a) orientador (a) Para Aisha, Laura, Doris e Jeneba. Mulheres com quem tudo aprendi, a quem tudo devo. Para meu grande amigo Mohamed (in memoriam). Pela memória dos dias. Hoje um pensamento me assaltou. Quando imagino a vida nas comunidades da Serra Leoa, não vejo homens. Talvez porque nas poucas fotos que você me mandou, quase não aparecem homens. Nas poucas histórias que você me contou, quase não aparecem homens. (...) E, quando me imagino na Serra Leoa, me vejo entre mulheres. (Conversas na casa materna - Brasil) Resumo Durante os anos de 2013 a 2016, a África do Oeste, mais precisamente a região do Mano River Union – Libéria, Serra Leoa e Guiné-Conacri – viveu sob uma das piores epidemias do vírus do ebola ocorridas desde 1976, ano do primeiro relato do vírus no antigo Zaire (atual Congo). Entendendo a epidemia como locus privilegiado para a compressão das estruturas de uma sociedade, podendo descortinar conflitos políticos e desigualdades sociais e econômicas, dediquei-me à feitura de uma etnografia na Serra Leoa, durante 9 meses, momento em que morei em Freetown, a capital do país, e também em comunidades rurais. Na medida em que a epidemia neste país matou mais mulheres do que homens, busquei entender o porquê deste fato. Para tanto, segui as histórias de três mulheres mortas por conta do vírus: Jinnah Amana da comunidade de Komende-Luyama, Isha Tullah de Devil Hole e Fatmata de John Thorpe. A partir de um intenso trabalho de campo, concluí que a maior mortandade de mulheres serra- leonenses estava diretamente relacionada ao trabalho do cuidado dispendido a seus familiares e amigos. Deste modo, a epidemia do ebola na Serra Leoa era generificada, colocando mulheres em risco por conta da pesada responsabilização destas perante a trama de parentesco e afetos. Diante disso, cunhei o termo “cuidado perigoso” como uma categoria boa para pensar as relações de gênero por detrás da epidemia do ebola na Serra Leoa. Portanto, esta pesquisa segue as narrativas reveladoras de mulheres, vivas e mortas, a respeito do ebola na Serra Leoa. Narrativas estas que apontaram para a impossibilidade de se entender a epidemia do Ebola – ou qualquer outro fenômeno social da Serra Leoa - sem se acessar as memórias da guerra civil vivida no país durante os anos de 1991 a 2002. Palavras-chave: África do Oeste, Serra Leoa, guerra civil, epidemia do ebola, mulheres, “cuidado perigoso”. Abstract From 2013 to 2016, the West Africa, more precisely the Mano River Union region – Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea-Conakry – went through one of the worst Ebola virus epidemics since 1976, the year when the virus was first reported in Zaire (now, Congo). Understanding the epidemic as a privileged locus to understand the structures of a society, revealing political conflicts and social and economic inequalities, I dedicated myself to do ethnography in Sierra Leone for 9 months, when I lived in Freetown, the capital of the country, but also in rural communities. As the epidemic in this country killed more women than men, I sought to understand why this was occurred. In this way, I followed the stories of three women killed by the virus: Jinnah Amana from Komende-Luyama community, Isha Tullah from Devil Hole and Fatmata from John Thorpe. From an intensive fieldwork, I concluded that the large number of female death in Sierra Leonean was directly related to the work of the care expended on their relatives and friends. Thus, the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone was gendered, placing women at risk because of their heavy accountability to the network of kinship and affections. Faced with this, I coined the term "dangerous care" as a good category to think about the gender relations behind the ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. Therefore, this research follows the revealing narratives of women, alive and dead, regarding the ebola in Sierra Leone. These narratives pointed to the impossibility of understanding the Ebola epidemic - or any other social phenomena in Sierra Leone - without accessing the memories of the civil war in the country during the years 1991 to 2002. Keywords: West Africa, Sierra Leone, Civil War, Ebola epidemic, women, “dangerous care”. Agradecimentos Não consigo dormir. Tenho uma mulher atravessada entre minhas pálpebras. Se pudesse, diria a ela que fosse embora; mas tenho uma mulher atravessada em minha garganta. A noite/1 – Eduardo Galeno, 2005 Foi um privilégio ter caminhado durante todo o processo da feitura desta etnografia ao lado de mulheres africanas e não africanas, vivas e mortas. Agradeço, primeiramente, à Jinnah Amara, Isha Tullah e Fatmata pela generosidade ao permitirem que eu contasse um pequena parte de suas histórias, garantindo que o mundo dos espíritos não se revoltasse diante de qualquer falha que eu viesse a cometer. Obrigada por permitirem que os céus não desabassem sobre minha cabeça, protegendo-me a partir do “acaso”, que me levou aos bons encontros com seus familiares, amigas, vizinhas e também desafetos. Busquei, verdadeiramente, respeitá- las e lhes conferir algum tipo de alma, presença e dignidade. Agradeço às comunidades de Komende-Luyama, Devil Hole e John Thorpe por terem me acolhido com generosidade, permitindo que eu pudesse adentrar suas tramas de afetos. Agradeço especialmente, em Komende, às mulheres e meninas que me deixaram partilhar de seus cotidianos, transformando-me em uma mulher corajosa. Nunca permitiram que eu me abalasse diante de qualquer obstáculo: “Take courage, Mariama! Take courage!”. À Doris, devo mais da metade desta tese e agradeço sua paciência e amor. Agradeço também à Benita, Jenneh, Mamie e à Mamie Queen de Komende, mulher essencial para alimentar desejos de pesquisas futuras. Às meninas - Doris Vandi, Jama, Jamie e Musu - pela bondade de entenderem meu passo lento no aprendizado das coisas, devo a luta permanente por um mundo menos hostil às mulheres. Aos chefes de Komende, agradeço a permissão para entrar na comunidade e poder desfrutar da oportunidade única de viver entre os mende, um povo tão forte. Além disso, não poderia deixar de agradecer a dádiva recebida, meu “nome africano” que me abriu portas, portões e corações: “Mariama”. Agradeço a todos sobreviventes do ebola de Komende-Luyama, guardo um carinho especial pelas mulheres, principalmente por Binta Bah e Messie Momoh. Ao amigo Mustapha Mambu, agradeço a boa amizade sem a qual esta pesquisa não teria tomado forma e cor. Mustapha, sem dúvida, deu esqueleto a esta tese. Em Devil Hole, agradeço à Jeneba Shyllon e a Popay, que me deixaram entrar em suas casa e vidas, tomando-me por filha. À Isata, agradeço o direcionamento, à ajuda para andar entre as gentes e as comunidades. À Aunty Amin, Mama Fish, Haja, Hajariatu e Saidu agradeço todo o empenho em tornar minha pesquisa possível. Em John Thorpe, agradeço às amigas e vizinhas de Fatmata e ao chefe da comunidade pela disponibilidade e paciência. Em Freetown, agradeço à família Ibrahim por me acolher e dar todas as condições para o meu bem-viver e também por me instigarem intelectualmente. Muito obrigado a Ibrahim Abdullah, Yasmine Bilkes e Jamil Ibrahim. No meio da minha trajetória de doutoramento perdemos o sobrinho da família, Mohamed, quem tudo me ensinou sobre como viver em Freetown. Não há palavras para exprimir minha gratidão e minhas saudades. Agradeço também à Aunty Adama Sande, Mariama Penyike e Sahr. Além disso, agradeço à minha grande amiga Aminata Koroma por enfrentar as margens comigo. Agradeço também aos amigos Abdulai Starwave, Sinava Lamin, Victoria Wells, Alhaji Seku Bangura e Abdul Koroma. Agradeço às meninas e mulheres serra-leonenses por todo cuidado, sempre protegendo-me dos perigos desta vida tão arriscada para nós mulheres.
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