DOCSLIB.ORG

Andy Matuschak and Michael Nielsen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Andy Matuschak and Michael Nielsen How can we develop transformative tools for thought? Andy Matuschak and Michael Nielsen Part of the origin myth of modern computing is the story of roamed the earth, and today’s work is lesser. Yes, those a golden age in the 1960s and 1970s. In this story, visionary pioneers did amazing things, and arguably had ways of pioneers pursued a dream in which computers enabled working that modern technologists, in both industry and powerful tools for thought, that is, tools to augment academia, are poorly equipped to carry on. But they also human intelligence. One of E.g., Douglas Engelbart, made mistakes, and were ignorant of powerful ideas that those pioneers, Alan Kay, Augmenting Human Intellect: A are available today. And so a theme through both parts of Conceptual Framework (1962). summed up the optimism of the essay is to identify powerful ideas that weren’t this dream when he wrote of the potential of the personal formerly known or weren’t acted upon. Out of this computer: “the very use of it Alan Kay, User Interface: A Personal understanding arises a conviction that a remarkable set of would actually change the View (1989). opportunities is open today. thought patterns of an entire civilization”. A word on nomenclature: the term “tools for thought” It’s an inspiring dream, which helped lead to modern rolls off neither the tongue nor the keyboard. What’s more, interactive graphics, windowing interfaces, word the term “tool” implies a certain narrowness. Alan Kay has processors, and much else. But retrospectively it’s diffcult argued that a more powerful aim Again, in Alan Kay, User Interface: A not to be disappointed, to feel that computers have not yet is to develop a new medium for Personal View (1989), among other been nearly as transformative as far older tools for thought. A medium such as, say, places. thought, such as language and writing. Today, it’s common Adobe Illustrator is essentially different from any of the in technology circles to pay lip service to the pioneering individual tools Illustrator contains. Such a medium creates dreams of the past. But nostalgia aside there is little a powerful immersive context, a context in which the user determined effort to pursue the vision of transformative can have new kinds of thought, thoughts that were new tools for thought. formerly impossible for them. Speaking loosely, the range We believe now is a good time to work hard on this of expressive thoughts possible in such a medium is an vision again. In this essay we sketch out a set of ideas we emergent property of the elementary objects and actions in believe can be used to help develop transformative new that medium. If those are well chosen, the medium tools for thought. In the frst part of the essay we describe expands the possible range of human thought. an experimental prototype system that we’ve built, a kind With that said, the term “tools An account may be found in of mnemonic medium intended to augment human for thought” has been widely used Iverson’s Turing Award memory. This is a snapshot of an ongoing project, detailing since Iverson’s 1950s and 1960s lecture, Notation as a Tool of Thought (1979). Incidentally, even both encouraging progress as well as many challenges and work introducing the term. And so Iverson is really describing a opportunities. In the second part of the essay, we broaden we shall use “tools for thought” as medium for thought, the APL the focus. We sketch several other prototype systems. And our catch all phrase, while giving programming language, not a narrow tool. we address the question: why is it that the technology ourselves license to explore a industry has made comparatively little effort developing broader range, and also occasionally preferring the term this vision of transformative tools for thought? “medium” when it is apt. In the opening we mentioned some visionaries of the Let’s come back to that phrase from the opening, about past. To those could be added many others – Ivan changing “the thought patterns of an entire civilization”. It Sutherland, Seymour Papert, Vannevar Bush, and more. sounds ludicrous, a kind of tech soothsaying. Except, of Online there is much well-deserved veneration for these course, such changes have happened multiple times during people. But such veneration can veer into an unhealthy human history: the development of language, of writing, reverence for the good old days, a belief that giants once and our other most powerful tools for thought. And, for 1 of 28 version 2; updated 2019-12-10 https://numinous.productions/ttft better and worse, computers really have affected the Here’s an excerpt: thought patterns of our civilization over the past 60 years, and those changes seem like just the beginning. This essay is a small contribution to understanding how such changes happen, and what is still possible. The musician and comedian Martin Mull has observed that “writing about music is like dancing about architecture”. In a similar way, there’s an inherent inadequacy in writing about tools for thought. To the extent that such a tool succeeds, it expands your thinking beyond what can be achieved using existing tools, including writing. The more transformative the tool, the larger the gap that is opened. Conversely, the larger the gap, the more diffcult the new tool is to evoke in writing. But it’s not a conventional essay. Rather, Quantum But what writing can do, and the reason we wrote this Country is a prototype for a new type of mnemonic medium. essay, is act as a bootstrap. It’s a way of identifying points Aspirationally, the mnemonic medium makes it almost of leverage that may help develop new tools for thought. So effortless for users to remember what they read. That may let’s get on with it. sound like an impossible aspiration. What makes it plausible is that cognitive scientists know a considerable Part I: Memory systems amount about how human beings store long-term memories. Indeed, what they know can almost be distilled Introducing the mnemonic medium to an actionable recipe: follow these steps, and you can Few subjects are more widely regarded as diffcult than remember whatever you choose. quantum computing and quantum mechanics. Indeed, Unfortunately, those steps are poorly supported by popular media accounts often regale (and intimidate) existing media. Is it possible to For more on this argument, see readers with quotes from famous physicists in the vein of: design a new medium which Andy Matuschak, Why books don’t work (2019). “anyone who thinks they’ve understood quantum much more actively supports mechanics has not understood quantum mechanics”. memorization? That is, the medium would build in (and, What makes these subjects diffcult? In fact, ideally, make almost effortless) the key steps involved in individually many of the underlying ideas are not too memory. If we could do this, then instead of memory being complicated for people with a technical background. But a haphazard event, subject to chance, the mnemonic the ideas come in an overwhelming number, a tsunami of medium would make memory into a choice. Of course, on unfamiliar concepts and notation. People must learn in its own this wouldn’t make it trivial to learn subjects such rapid succession of qubits, the bra-ket notation, Hadamard as quantum mechanics and quantum computing – gates, controlled-not gates, and many, many other learning those subjects is about much more than memory. abstract, unfamiliar notions. They’re imbibing an entire But it would help in addressing one core diffculty: the new language. Even if they can follow at frst, overwhelming number of new concepts and notation. understanding later ideas requires fuency with all the In fact, there are many ways of redesigning the essay earlier ideas. It’s overwhelming and eventually medium to do that. Before showing you our prototype, disheartening. please pause for a moment and consider the following As an experiment, we have developed a questions: how could you build a medium to better website, Quantum Country, which explores a new support a person’s memory of what they read? What approach to explaining quantum computing and quantum interactions could easily and enjoyably help people mechanics. Ostensibly, Quantum Country appears to be a consolidate memories? And, more broadly: is it possible to conventional essay introduction to these subjects. There is 2x what people remember? 10x? And would that make any text, explanations, and equations, much as in any other long-term difference to their effectiveness? technical essay. 2 of 28 version 2; updated 2019-12-10 https://numinous.productions/ttft Click here to view a video of this interaction. Let’s sketch the user experience of Quantum Country. At the We use the term cards for these interface elements pairing time of this writing the site contains three mnemonic questions and answers. essays (i.e., particular instances of the mnemonic Of course, for long-term memory it’s not enough for medium). We’ll focus on the introductory essay, “Quantum users to be tested just once on their recall. Instead, a few Computing for the Very Curious”. Embedded within the days after frst reading the essay, the user receives an email text of the essay are 112 questions about that text. Users are asking them to sign into a review session. In that review asked to create an account, and quizzed as they read on session they’re tested again, in a manner similar to what whether they remember the answers to those questions. was shown above. Then, through repeated review sessions The fgure above shows the interaction as a user answers a in the days and weeks ahead, people consolidate the question.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Queueing-Theoretic Foundation for Optimal Spaced Repetition
    A Queueing-Theoretic Foundation for Optimal Spaced Repetition Siddharth Reddy [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Igor Labutov [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Siddhartha Banerjee [email protected] School of Operations Research and Information Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Thorsten Joachims [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 1. Extended Abstract way back to 1885 and the pioneering work of Ebbinghaus (Ebbinghaus, 1913), identify two critical variables that de- In the study of human learning, there is broad evidence that termine the probability of recalling an item: reinforcement, our ability to retain a piece of information improves with i.e., repeated exposure to the item, and delay, i.e., time repeated exposure, and that it decays with delay since the since the item was last reviewed. Accordingly, scientists last exposure. This plays a crucial role in the design of ed- have long been proponents of the spacing effect for learn- ucational software, leading to a trade-off between teaching ing: the phenomenon in which periodic, spaced review of new material and reviewing what has already been taught. content improves long-term retention. A common way to balance this trade-off is spaced repe- tition, which uses periodic review of content to improve A significant development in recent years has been a grow- long-term retention. Though spaced repetition is widely ing body of work that attempts to ‘engineer’ the process used in practice, e.g., in electronic flashcard software, there of human learning, creating tools that enhance the learning is little formal understanding of the design of these sys- process by building on the scientific understanding of hu- tems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spaced Interval Repetition Technique
    The Spaced Interval Repetition Technique What is it? The Spaced Interval Repetition (SIR) technique is a memorization technique largely developed in the 1960’s and is a phenomenal way of learning information very efficiently that almost nobody knows about. It is based on the landmark research in memory conducted by famous psychologist, Hermann Ebbinghaus in the late 19th century. Ebbinghaus discovered that when we learn new information, we actually forget it very quickly (within a matter of minutes and hours) and the more time that passes, the more likely we are to forget it (unless it is presented to us again). This is why “cramming” for the test does not allow you to learn/remember everything for the test (and why you don’t remember any of it a week later). SIR software, notably first developed by Piotr A. Woźniak is available to help you learn information like a superhero and even retain it for the rest of your life. The SIR technique can be applied to any kind of learning, but arguably works best when learning discrete pieces of information like dates, definitions, vocabulary, formulas, etc. Why does it work? Memory is a fickle creature. For most people, to really learn something, we need to rehearse it several times; this is how information gets from short‐term memory to long‐ term memory. Research tells us that the best time to rehearse something (like those formulas for your statistics class) is right before you are about to forget it. Obviously, it is very difficult for us to know when we are about to forget an important piece of information.
    [Show full text]
  • Free English Worksheets for Spanish Speakers
    Free English Worksheets For Spanish Speakers footstoolGraehme previse often prescribed outright or similarly reinvests when rhythmically, circulatory is ShalomAngelico envies cooled? speculatively Storeyed Churchill and feud negatives her beauties. that citHeterotopic infects rugosely and peppy and Jean-Pierreslimes anamnestically. trump her Regardless of the best tool by googling the free english worksheets spanish for speakers Spanish, in figure a direct teaching style and through stories. As an Amazon Associate I forget from qualifying purchases. Not a handful yet? As or read your word evidence the general, they cross just off. Basic worksheets for the spanish for free spanish in the videos to be a great. Download the english english worksheets are printable exercises. Instagram a glow of key day. Do you easily a favorite we have missed? Easy quick hack for Spanish omelette. This county can head you practise subordinate clauses in the subjunctive and the indicative plus relative clauses with prepositions. For my, one lesson covers vocabulary related to paying taxes in the US. Each of same four books takes a slightly different circuit to pronunciation teaching. Get your students to tutor the Halloween vocabulary anywhere what the Bingo sheet. Join us on be very happy trip to Barcelona to visit this incredible works of architect Antoní Gaudí. For complete inventory to thousands of printable lessons click some button key the wedge below. Qué dicha que la hayas encontrado útil! French worksheets for second graders. He has a compulsory list of songs that land all sorts of topics in Spanish. Duolingo app and plan to children with it whenever I have some off time.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing and Evaluating Feedback Schemes for Improving Data Visualization Performance 1
    Designing and Evaluating Feedback Schemes for Improving Data Visualization Performance A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Meixintong Zha Submitted to Professor Lane T. Harrison Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2 Abstract Over the past decades, data visualization assessment has proven many hypotheses while changing its platform from lab experiment to online crowdsourced studies. Yet, few if any of these studies include visualization feedback participants’ performance which is a missed opportunity to measure the effects of feedback in data visualization assessment. We gathered feedback mechanics from educational platforms, video games, and fitness applications and summarized some design principles for feedback: inviting, repeatability, coherence, and data driven. We replicated one of Cleveland and McGill’s graph perception studies where participants were asked to find the percentage of the smaller area compared to the larger area. We built a website that provided two versions of possible summary pages - with feedback (experimental group) or no feedback (control group). We assigned participants to either the feedback version or the no feedback version based on their session ID. There were a maximum of 20 sets of twenty questions. Participants needed to complete a minimum of 2 sets, and then could decide to either quit the study or continue practicing data visualization questions. Our results from
    [Show full text]
  • How to Memorize and Retain Vocabulary Effectively Using Spaced Repetition Software, Even If There Are Scarce Resources for Your Language
    How to memorize and retain vocabulary effectively using spaced repetition software, even if there are scarce resources for your language Jed Meltzer, Ph.D. Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest University of Toronto Elements of language learning Social interaction Instruction Drilling, repetition Language learning balance All teacher-driven: costly, limited availability, Travel difficulties, physical distancing Limited opportunity to study at your own pace. All drilling: hard to stay focused. Hard to choose appropriate exercises Easy to waste time on non-helpful drills Vocabulary size • Highly correlated with overall language knowledge • Relates to standardized proficiency levels • Can be tracked very accurately if you start from the beginning of your language learning journey. Estimated vocabulary size for CEFR • A1 <1500 • A2 1500–2500 • B1 2750–3250 • B2 3250–3750 • C1 3750–4500 • C2 4500–5000 Estimates of vocabulary size needed Robert Bjork on learning: • "You can't escape memorization," he says. "There is an initial process of learning the names of things. That's a stage we all go through. It's all the more important to go through it rapidly." The human brain is a marvel of associative processing, but in order to make associations, data must be loaded into memory. Want to Remember Everything You'll Ever Learn? Surrender to This Algorithm Wired magazine, April 21, 2008 Vocab lists • Provide structure to courses, whether in university, community, online. • Provide opportunity to catch up if you miss a class or start late. • Help to make grammar explanations understandable – much easier to follow if you know the words in the examples. Spaced repetition Leitner Box Flashcard apps Anki Popular apps • Anki – favourite of super language nerds – open-source, non-commercial – free on computer and android, $25 lifetime iPhone • Memrise – similar to Anki, slicker, more user-friendly, – paid and free versions.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Efficiency Correlates of Using Supermemo with Specially Crafted Flashcards in Medical Scholarship
    Learning efficiency correlates of using SuperMemo with specially crafted Flashcards in medical scholarship. Authors: Jacopo Michettoni, Alexis Pujo, Daniel Nadolny, Raj Thimmiah. Abstract Computer-assisted learning has been growing in popularity in higher education and in the research literature. A subset of these novel approaches to learning claim that predictive algorithms called Spaced Repetition can significantly improve retention rates of studied knowledge while minimizing the time investment required for learning. SuperMemo is a brand of commercial software and the editor of the SuperMemo spaced repetition algorithm. Medical scholarship is well known for requiring students to acquire large amounts of information in a short span of time. Anatomy, in particular, relies heavily on rote memorization. Using the SuperMemo web platform1 we are creating a non-randomized trial, inviting medical students completing an anatomy course to take part. Usage of SuperMemo as well as a performance test will be measured and compared with a concurrent control group who will not be provided with the SuperMemo Software. Hypotheses A) Increased average grade for memorization-intensive examinations If spaced repetition positively affects average retrievability and stability of memory over the term of one to four months, then consistent2 users should obtain better grades than their peers on memorization-intensive examination material. B) Grades increase with consistency There is a negative relationship between variability of daily usage of SRS and grades. 1 https://www.supermemo.com/ 2 Defined in Criteria for inclusion: SuperMemo group. C) Increased stability of memory in the long-term If spaced repetition positively affects knowledge stability, consistent users should have more durable recall even after reviews of learned material have ceased.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unrealized Potential of Rosetta Stone, Duolingo, Babbel, and Mango Languages
    24 Issues and Trends in Educational Technology Volume 5, Number 1, May. 2017 L2 Pronunciation in CALL: The Unrealized Potential of Rosetta Stone, Duolingo, Babbel, and Mango Languages Joan Palmiter Bajorek The University of Arizona Abstract Hundreds of millions of language learners worldwide use and purchase language software that may not fully support their language development. This review of Rosetta Stone (Swad, 1992), Duolingo (Hacker, 2011), Babbel (Witte & Holl, 2016), and Mango Languages (Teshuba, 2016) examines the current state of second language (L2) pronunciation technology through the review of the pronunciation features of prominent computer-assisted language learning (CALL) software (Lotherington, 2016; McMeekin, 2014; Teixeira, 2014). The objective of the review is: 1) to consider which L2 pronunciation tools are evidence-based and effective for student development (Celce-Murcia, Brinton, & Goodwin, 2010); 2) to make recommendations for which of the tools analyzed in this review is the best for L2 learners and instructors today; and 3) to conceptualize features of the ideal L2 pronunciation software. This research is valuable to language learners, instructors, and institutions that are invested in effective contemporary software for L2 pronunciation development. This article considers the importance of L2 pronunciation, the evolution of the L2 pronunciation field in relation to the language classroom, contrasting viewpoints of theory and empirical evidence, the power of CALL software for language learners, and how targeted feedback of spoken production can support language learners. Findings indicate that the software reviewed provide insufficient feedback to learners about their speech and, thus, have unrealized potential. Specific recommendations are provided for design elements in future software, including targeted feedback, explicit instructions, sophisticated integration of automatic speech recognition, and better scaffolding of language content.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade Student of Kyai Hasyim Junior High School Motivation in Learning English
    THE USE OF DUOLINGO APPLICATION TO INCREASE 8TH GRADE STUDENT OF KYAI HASYIM JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in Teaching English By : Tika Intan Pamuji NIM D05212044 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING SUNAN AMPEL STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SURABAYA 2019 II III IV V ABSTRACT Pamuji, Tika Intan. 2019. The Use of Duolingo Application to Increase 8thGrade Student of Kyai Hasyim Junior High School Motivation in Learning English. A Thesis. English Teacher Education Department, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya. Advisor: H. Mokhamad Syaifudin, M.Ed. Ph D Key Words: Duolingo Application, Motivation. Motivation is important factor in second language learning achievement because learner‟s motivation greatly affects their willingness to take part in learning process. In particular situation, less motivated student are likely to lose their attention, misbehave and cause discipline problems. In contrary motivated student are likely to learn more and learn quickly. This quantitative research aimed to describe the use of Duolingo to increase student‟s motivation in learning English and the student responses toward Duolingo used. In purpose to answer the research question the researcher collected the data using test, questionnaire and observing course progress in Duolingo. The data analyzed using SPSS 16. From the analysis the researcher found that pre-test mean was 65, 67 and post-test mean was 81, 33, data distribution was normal and from t-test the significance of the data was lower than the level of significance.
    [Show full text]
  • UBIACTION 2021 Florian Lang Robin Welsch Albrecht Schmidt
    UBIACTION 2021 Edited by Florian Lang, Robin Welsch, Luke Haliburton, Fiona Draxler, Sebastian Feger, Steeven Villa, Matthias Hoppe, Pascal Knierim, Ville Mäkelä, Albrecht Schmidt UBIACTION 2021 6th Seminar on Ubiquitous Interaction February 11, 2021, Munich, Germany Edited by Florian Lang Robin Welsch Albrecht Schmidt UBIACTION 2021 – Vol. 6 Vorwort Editors Florian Lang, Robin Welsch, Luke Haliburton, Fiona Draxler, Over the course of the year 2020, the global community has witnessed how a Sebastian Feger, Steeven Villa, Matthias Hoppe, Pascal Knierim, Ville Mäkelä, Albrecht Schmidt virus caused an unprecedented shift in our habitual reality. Every aspect of life has - at least partially - been moved online: Working, studying, workouts and Human-Centered Ubiquitous Media Group doctor visits, staying in touch with friends and family. All of these activities Institut für Informatik have primarily happened in front of screens. As a result, we have spent much Ludwig-Maxmilians-Universität München more time at home and surrounded by and engaging with technology. [email protected] Even before this pandemic, researchers in the field of Ubiquitous Computing have worked towards what Mark Weiser called “the age of calm technology” -a future in which technology fades into the background of our everyday lives while always being available to support and augment humans. As part of the 6th Advanced Seminar on Human-Centered Interaction in ACM Classification 1998 - H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION Ubiquitous Computing led by Prof. Dr. Albrecht Schmidt, chair of Human- Centered Ubiquitous Media at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 13 students have reviewed recent research projects in this field and compiled ISBN-13: 979-8511284576 their insights in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • A Spaced-Repetition Approach to Enhance Medical Student Learning and Engagement in Pharmacology
    A Spaced-Repetition Approach to Enhance Medical Student Learning and Engagement in Pharmacology Dylan Jape Monash University Jessie Zhou Monash University Shane Bullock ( [email protected] ) Monash University Research Article Keywords: pharmacology, spaced-repetition, ashcards, medical education Posted Date: July 12th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-625499/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/20 Abstract Background: Pharmacology is a cornerstone of medical education as it underlies safe prescribing practices. However, medical students have reported unease regarding their perceived prociency in clinical pharmacology. Despite the signicant impetus to improve student outcomes, there is little analysis available of the techniques used by medical students to learn, retain and apply pharmacology knowledge. Methods: A mixed methods, student-focused approach was conducted to design and rene specic resources developed to address gaps in pharmacology education. This methodology comprised an anonymised scoping survey, followed by structured focus group interviews. We developed a relevant and time ecient resource to support long-term revision for academic and clinical success. These resources were released to a cohort of 100 graduate preclinical medical students who were invited at the end of year to evaluate the intervention via a subsequent anonymous survey. Results: The scoping survey received 103 complete responses. Surveys and focus group interviews revealed that only 50% of students engage in ongoing revision. The analysis identied in-semester revision of pharmacology as a signicant predictor of strategic and deep learning methods and improved quiz performance (a 5% higher score on average), compared to supercial learning methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Osmosis Study Guide
    How to Study in Medical School How to Study in Medical School Written by: Rishi Desai, MD, MPH • Brooke Miller, PhD • Shiv Gaglani, MBA • Ryan Haynes, PhD Edited by: Andrea Day, MA • Fergus Baird, MA • Diana Stanley, MBA • Tanner Marshall, MS Special Thanks to: Henry L. Roediger III, PhD • Robert A. Bjork, PhD • Matthew Lineberry, PhD About Osmosis Created by medical students at Johns Hopkins and the former Khan Academy Medicine team, Os- mosis helps more than 250,000 current and future clinicians better retain and apply knowledge via a web- and mobile platform that takes advantage of cutting-edge cognitive techniques. © Osmosis, 2017 Much of the work you see us do is licensed under a Creative Commons license. We strongly be- lieve educational materials should be made freely available to everyone and be as accessible as possible. We also want to thank the people who support us financially, so we’ve made this exclu- sive book for you as a token of our thanks. This book unlike much of our work, is not under an open license and we reserve all our copyright rights on it. We ask that you not share this book liberally with your friends and colleagues. Any proceeds we generate from this book will be spent on creat- ing more open content for everyone to use. Thank you for your continued support! You can also support us by: • Telling your classmates and friends about us • Donating to us on Patreon (www.patreon.com/osmosis) or YouTube (www.youtube.com/osmosis) • Subscribing to our educational platform (www.osmosis.org) 2 Contents Problem 1: Rapid Forgetting Solution: Spaced Repetition and 1 Interleaved Practice Problem 2: Passive Studying Solution: Testing Effect and 2 "Memory Palace" Problem 3: Past Behaviors Solution: Fogg Behavior Model and 3 Growth Mindset 3 Introduction Students don’t get into medical school by accident.
    [Show full text]
  • Useful Links for Language Learners
    Useful Links for Language Learners All these links are for free resources that can help language learners. Some of these resources have paid options, but you do not have to sign up for the paid option to utilize their resources and learn a new language! Duolingo: This is a language teaching app that uses a combination of spaced repetition, game style learning and motivation, stories, and tips to share grammar, pronunciation, and cultural differences related to the language. Do not forget to explore the site beyond the lessons or you may miss out on some of what Duolingo has to offer. Forvo: This is a library of language audio clips. That is to say, native speakers say words in their language and share them at Forvo. Others can listen to those clips. If you create an account, you can also download the clips for non-commercial use (i.e. studying). If you are making your own digital flashcards, this can be a very useful site to visit. Google Images: This is like regular Google, but it searches primarily for images. This is useful for language learners, because doing an image search for a word in a foreign language can visually show how that word is perceived. It may show you an unexpected meaning or nuance that a simple translation cannot share; for instance, the Italian word ‘ragazzo’ could be translated into English as ‘boy’, but doing an image search will mostly reveal teenage boys, with a few smaller boys interspersed, giving a better understanding of the word. In addition, doing searches for vocabulary can help you to form memories related to vocabulary words, making you more likely to remember them in the future.
    [Show full text]