Linux Programming [R15a0527] Lecture Notes
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Sample Docx File Downloadable Right Here
Sample docx file downloadable right here. This is the most likely source of the files for this repo and will provide you with a basic understanding of how git works using Linux's Linux repository repository. On our server side of the system, we can use git-reload, that is, we need only the root directory of every binary and it will be displayed. So just install git with a basic command from the "packages" field and make a new directory to run git:reload on. Open the newly created copy and make a new git backup of the file, in the name of the original copy. Run git pull to generate an updated version to build this code into one file of every binary you wish to get a git version to build into. (See also the article). Now just get the latest release and place the git remote in that directory you just downloaded. The remote is now going to show up in one directory (from your local machine or other work you will never even have to write, you could change a few values on the build machine later). After the build gets started you will be able to start that next step with: $ cd git-reload then start from the root directory. Note to developers: If you forget to go over the manual, if they can't figure out the new command and there's only one change that looks like we need to add it to the repo right after, this will likely screw you out. -
Also Includes Slides and Contents From
The Compilation Toolchain Cross-Compilation for Embedded Systems Prof. Andrea Marongiu ([email protected]) Toolchain The toolchain is a set of development tools used in association with source code or binaries generated from the source code • Enables development in a programming language (e.g., C/C++) • It is used for a lot of operations such as a) Compilation b) Preparing Libraries Most common toolchain is the c) Reading a binary file (or part of it) GNU toolchain which is part of d) Debugging the GNU project • Normally it contains a) Compiler : Generate object files from source code files b) Linker: Link object files together to build a binary file c) Library Archiver: To group a set of object files into a library file d) Debugger: To debug the binary file while running e) And other tools The GNU Toolchain GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) The GNU toolchain has played a vital role in the development of the Linux kernel, BSD, and software for embedded systems. The GNU project produced a set of programming tools. Parts of the toolchain we will use are: -gcc: (GNU Compiler Collection): suite of compilers for many programming languages -binutils: Suite of tools including linker (ld), assembler (gas) -gdb: Code debugging tool -libc: Subset of standard C library (assuming a C compiler). -bash: free Unix shell (Bourne-again shell). Default shell on GNU/Linux systems and Mac OSX. Also ported to Microsoft Windows. -make: automation tool for compilation and build Program development tools The process of converting source code to an executable binary image requires several steps, each with its own tool. -
Riscv-Software-Stack-Tutorial-Hpca2015
Software Tools Bootcamp RISC-V ISA Tutorial — HPCA-21 08 February 2015 Albert Ou UC Berkeley [email protected] Preliminaries To follow along, download these slides at http://riscv.org/tutorial-hpca2015.html 2 Preliminaries . Shell commands are prefixed by a “$” prompt. Due to time constraints, we will not be building everything from source in real-time. - Binaries have been prepared for you in the VM image. - Detailed build steps are documented here for completeness but are not necessary if using the VM. Interactive portions of this tutorial are denoted with: $ echo 'Hello world' . Also as a reminder, these slides are marked with an icon in the upper-right corner: 3 Software Stack . Many possible combinations (and growing) . But here we will focus on the most common workflows for RISC-V software development 4 Agenda 1. riscv-tools infrastructure 2. First Steps 3. Spike + Proxy Kernel 4. QEMU + Linux 5. Advanced Cross-Compiling 6. Yocto/OpenEmbedded 5 riscv-tools — Overview “Meta-repository” with Git submodules for every stable component of the RISC-V software toolchain Submodule Contents riscv-fesvr RISC-V Frontend Server riscv-isa-sim Functional ISA simulator (“Spike”) riscv-qemu Higher-performance ISA simulator riscv-gnu-toolchain binutils, gcc, newlib, glibc, Linux UAPI headers riscv-llvm LLVM, riscv-clang submodule riscv-pk RISC-V Proxy Kernel (riscv-linux) Linux/RISC-V kernel port riscv-tests ISA assembly tests, benchmark suite All listed submodules are hosted under the riscv GitHub organization: https://github.com/riscv 6 riscv-tools — Installation . Build riscv-gnu-toolchain (riscv*-*-elf / newlib target), riscv-fesvr, riscv-isa-sim, and riscv-pk: (pre-installed in VM) $ git clone https://github.com/riscv/riscv-tools $ cd riscv-tools $ git submodule update --init --recursive $ export RISCV=<installation path> $ export PATH=${PATH}:${RISCV}/bin $ ./build.sh . -
Operating Systems and Applications for Embedded Systems >>> Toolchains
>>> Operating Systems And Applications For Embedded Systems >>> Toolchains Name: Mariusz Naumowicz Date: 31 sierpnia 2018 [~]$ _ [1/19] >>> Plan 1. Toolchain Toolchain Main component of GNU toolchain C library Finding a toolchain 2. crosstool-NG crosstool-NG Installing Anatomy of a toolchain Information about cross-compiler Configruation Most interesting features Sysroot Other tools POSIX functions AP [~]$ _ [2/19] >>> Toolchain A toolchain is the set of tools that compiles source code into executables that can run on your target device, and includes a compiler, a linker, and run-time libraries. [1. Toolchain]$ _ [3/19] >>> Main component of GNU toolchain * Binutils: A set of binary utilities including the assembler, and the linker, ld. It is available at http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/. * GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): These are the compilers for C and other languages which, depending on the version of GCC, include C++, Objective-C, Objective-C++, Java, Fortran, Ada, and Go. They all use a common back-end which produces assembler code which is fed to the GNU assembler. It is available at http://gcc.gnu.org/. * C library: A standardized API based on the POSIX specification which is the principle interface to the operating system kernel from applications. There are several C libraries to consider, see the following section. [1. Toolchain]$ _ [4/19] >>> C library * glibc: Available at http://www.gnu.org/software/libc. It is the standard GNU C library. It is big and, until recently, not very configurable, but it is the most complete implementation of the POSIX API. * eglibc: Available at http://www.eglibc.org/home. -
Use Perl Regular Expressions in SAS® Shuguang Zhang, WRDS, Philadelphia, PA
NESUG 2007 Programming Beyond the Basics Use Perl Regular Expressions in SAS® Shuguang Zhang, WRDS, Philadelphia, PA ABSTRACT Regular Expression (Regexp) enhance search and replace operations on text. In SAS®, the INDEX, SCAN and SUBSTR functions along with concatenation (||) can be used for simple search and replace operations on static text. These functions lack flexibility and make searching dynamic text difficult, and involve more function calls. Regexp combines most, if not all, of these steps into one expression. This makes code less error prone, easier to maintain, clearer, and can improve performance. This paper will discuss three ways to use Perl Regular Expression in SAS: 1. Use SAS PRX functions; 2. Use Perl Regular Expression with filename statement through a PIPE such as ‘Filename fileref PIPE 'Perl programm'; 3. Use an X command such as ‘X Perl_program’; Three typical uses of regular expressions will also be discussed and example(s) will be presented for each: 1. Test for a pattern of characters within a string; 2. Replace text; 3. Extract a substring. INTRODUCTION Perl is short for “Practical Extraction and Report Language". Larry Wall Created Perl in mid-1980s when he was trying to produce some reports from a Usenet-Nes-like hierarchy of files. Perl tries to fill the gap between low-level programming and high-level programming and it is easy, nearly unlimited, and fast. A regular expression, often called a pattern in Perl, is a template that either matches or does not match a given string. That is, there are an infinite number of possible text strings. -
A First Course to Openfoam
Basic Shell Scripting Slides from Wei Feinstein HPC User Services LSU HPC & LON [email protected] September 2018 Outline • Introduction to Linux Shell • Shell Scripting Basics • Variables/Special Characters • Arithmetic Operations • Arrays • Beyond Basic Shell Scripting – Flow Control – Functions • Advanced Text Processing Commands (grep, sed, awk) Basic Shell Scripting 2 Linux System Architecture Basic Shell Scripting 3 Linux Shell What is a Shell ▪ An application running on top of the kernel and provides a command line interface to the system ▪ Process user’s commands, gather input from user and execute programs ▪ Types of shell with varied features o sh o csh o ksh o bash o tcsh Basic Shell Scripting 4 Shell Comparison Software sh csh ksh bash tcsh Programming language y y y y y Shell variables y y y y y Command alias n y y y y Command history n y y y y Filename autocompletion n y* y* y y Command line editing n n y* y y Job control n y y y y *: not by default http://www.cis.rit.edu/class/simg211/unixintro/Shell.html Basic Shell Scripting 5 What can you do with a shell? ▪ Check the current shell ▪ echo $SHELL ▪ List available shells on the system ▪ cat /etc/shells ▪ Change to another shell ▪ csh ▪ Date ▪ date ▪ wget: get online files ▪ wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-7.1.0/gcc-7.1.0.tar.gz ▪ Compile and run applications ▪ gcc hello.c –o hello ▪ ./hello ▪ What we need to learn today? o Automation of an entire script of commands! o Use the shell script to run jobs – Write job scripts Basic Shell Scripting 6 Shell Scripting ▪ Script: a program written for a software environment to automate execution of tasks ▪ A series of shell commands put together in a file ▪ When the script is executed, those commands will be executed one line at a time automatically ▪ Shell script is interpreted, not compiled. -
A.5.1. Linux Programming and the GNU Toolchain
Making the Transition to Linux A Guide to the Linux Command Line Interface for Students Joshua Glatt Making the Transition to Linux: A Guide to the Linux Command Line Interface for Students Joshua Glatt Copyright © 2008 Joshua Glatt Revision History Revision 1.31 14 Sept 2008 jg Various small but useful changes, preparing to revise section on vi Revision 1.30 10 Sept 2008 jg Revised further reading and suggestions, other revisions Revision 1.20 27 Aug 2008 jg Revised first chapter, other revisions Revision 1.10 20 Aug 2008 jg First major revision Revision 1.00 11 Aug 2008 jg First official release (w00t) Revision 0.95 06 Aug 2008 jg Second beta release Revision 0.90 01 Aug 2008 jg First beta release License This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License [http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/]. Legal Notice This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but it is provided “as is” without express or implied warranty of any kind; without even the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Although the author makes every effort to make this document as complete and as accurate as possible, the author assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, nor does the author assume any liability whatsoever for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained in this document. The author provides links to external websites for informational purposes only and is not responsible for the content of those websites. -
Shell Scripting, Scripting Examples
Last Time… on the website Lecture 6 Shell Scripting What is a shell? • The user interface to the operating system • Functionality: – Execute other programs – Manage files – Manage processes • Full programming language • A program like any other – This is why there are so many shells Shell History • There are many choices for shells • Shell features evolved as UNIX grew Most Commonly Used Shells – /bin/csh C shell – /bin/tcsh Enhanced C Shell – /bin/sh The Bourne Shell / POSIX shell – /bin/ksh Korn shell – /bin/bash Korn shell clone, from GNU Ways to use the shell • Interactively – When you log in, you interactively use the shell • Scripting – A set of shell commands that constitute an executable program Review: UNIX Programs • Means of input: – Program arguments [control information] – Environment variables [state information] – Standard input [data] • Means of output: – Return status code [control information] – Standard out [data] – Standard error [error messages] Shell Scripts • A shell script is a regular text file that contains shell or UNIX commands – Before running it, it must have execute permission: • chmod +x filename • A script can be invoked as: – ksh name [ arg … ] – ksh < name [ args … ] – name [ arg …] Shell Scripts • When a script is run, the kernel determines which shell it is written for by examining the first line of the script – If 1st line starts with #!pathname-of-shell, then it invokes pathname and sends the script as an argument to be interpreted – If #! is not specified, the current shell assumes it is a script in its own language • leads to problems Simple Example #!/bin/sh echo Hello World Scripting vs. -
Unix (And Linux)
AWK....................................................................................................................................4 BC .....................................................................................................................................11 CHGRP .............................................................................................................................16 CHMOD.............................................................................................................................19 CHOWN ............................................................................................................................26 CP .....................................................................................................................................29 CRON................................................................................................................................34 CSH...................................................................................................................................36 CUT...................................................................................................................................71 DATE ................................................................................................................................75 DF .....................................................................................................................................79 DIFF ..................................................................................................................................84 -
Chapter 10 SHELL Substitution and I/O Operations
Chapter 10 SHELL Substitution and I/O Operations 10.1 Command Substitution Command substitution is the mechanism by which the shell performs a given set of commands and then substitutes their output in the place of the commands. Syntax: The command substitution is performed when a command is given as: `command` When performing command substitution make sure that you are using the backquote, not the single quote character. Example: Command substitution is generally used to assign the output of a command to a variable. Each of the following examples demonstrate command substitution: #!/bin/bash DATE=`date` echo "Date is $DATE" USERS=`who | wc -l` echo "Logged in user are $USERS" UP=`date ; uptime` echo "Uptime is $UP" This will produce following result: Date is Thu Jul 2 03:59:57 MST 2009 Logged in user are 1 Uptime is Thu Jul 2 03:59:57 MST 2009 03:59:57 up 20 days, 14:03, 1 user, load avg: 0.13, 0.07, 0.15 10.2 Shell Input/Output Redirections Most Unix system commands take input from your terminal and send the resulting output back to your terminal. A command normally reads its input from a place called standard input, which happens to be your terminal by default. Similarly, a command normally writes its output to standard output, which is also your terminal by default. Output Redirection: The output from a command normally intended for standard output can be easily diverted to a file instead. This capability is known as output redirection: If the notation > file is appended to any command that normally writes its output to standard output, the output of that command will be written to file instead of your terminal: Check following who command which would redirect complete output of the command in users file. -
Bash Guide for Beginners
Bash Guide for Beginners Machtelt Garrels Garrels BVBA <tille wants no spam _at_ garrels dot be> Version 1.11 Last updated 20081227 Edition Bash Guide for Beginners Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 1. Why this guide?...................................................................................................................................1 2. Who should read this book?.................................................................................................................1 3. New versions, translations and availability.........................................................................................2 4. Revision History..................................................................................................................................2 5. Contributions.......................................................................................................................................3 6. Feedback..............................................................................................................................................3 7. Copyright information.........................................................................................................................3 8. What do you need?...............................................................................................................................4 9. Conventions used in this -
Introduction to Perl
Introduction to Perl Science and Technology Support Group High Performance Computing Ohio Supercomputer Center 1224 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212-1163 Introduction to Perl • Setting the Stage • Functions • Data Types • Exercises 3 • Operators • File and Directory Manipulation • Exercises 1 • External Processes • Control Structures • References • Basic I/O • Exercises 4 • Exercises 2 • Some Other Topics of Interest • Regular Expressions • For Further Information 2 Introduction to Perl Setting the Stage • What is Perl? • How to get Perl • Basic Concepts 3 Introduction to Perl What is Perl? • Practical Extraction and Report Language –Or: Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister • Created by Larry Wall • A compiled/interpreted programming language • Combines popular features of the shell, sed, awk and C • Useful for manipulating files, text and processes – Also for sysadmins and CGI • Latest official version is 5.005 – Perl 4.036 still in widespread use –Use perl -v to see the version • Perl is portable •Perlis free! 4 Introduction to Perl How to Get Perl • Perl’s most natural “habitat” is UNIX • Has been ported to most other systems as well – MS Windows, Macintosh, VMS, OS/2, Amiga… • Available for free under the GNU Public License – Basically says you can only distribute binaries of Perl if you also make the source code available, including the source to any modifications you may have made • Can download source code (C) and compile yourself (unlikely to be necessary) • Pre-compiled binaries also available for most systems • Support available