Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament

Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament Chicago Open 2006 History Doubles, July 28, 2006 Questions by Chris Frankel

Tossups, Round 5

1. The first recorded mention of this land appears in the Nilmat-Puran, though it is in the tome The River of Kings that the poet Kalhana tells of its first known king, Gonanda I. In the early 1400’s, it was subjected to violent purges under the rule of the Muslim ruler Sikandar, and in 1820 it became part of a dual kingdom of the Dogra people. When it was released from British colonial rule, controversy emerged as it was invaded in violation of the Standstill Agreement and ceded in the Instrument of Accession by Hari Singh at the end of 1947. A line of control around this territory was produced by the Simla Agreement, which attempted to resolve the 1971 war between the two nations claiming it. Linked with Jammu, this is, FTP, which mountainous Central Asian region, the subject of territorial disputes between India and Pakistan? ANSWER: Kashmir (accept “Kashmir and Jammu,” but not “Jammu” alone)

2. The main highlights of the second’s rule was breaking a Roman hold on the papacy by appointing Peter of Pavia as John XIV and being defeated at Calbaria by the Saracens. His successor, the third bearer of this name, was advised by Adalbert of Prague and called on to suppress John Crescentius’ appointment of an anti-pope to Gregory V, which resulted in his bestowing the papacy on Gerbert of Aurillac as Sylvester II. The fourth and final one was the only Welf to become emperor, but was defeated at the Battle of Bouvines, after which Frederick II restored the Hohenstaufen Dynasty. The first holder of this name was the son of Henry the Fowler and founded an eponymous Saxon Dynasty. FTP, give this first name of the man who stomped the Magyars at Lechfeld in 955 to become the first true Holy Roman Emperor. ANSWER: Otto

3. This book’s ninth chapter explains the significance of the motion of dust clouds and applies an ominous weight to bird migrations and animal stampedes. Its eleventh chapter uses such adjectives as “dispersive,” “facile,” and “contentious” to categorize the “Nine Situations” of its title. Using analogies involving musical notes, tastes, and primary colors, its author demonstrates the wide range of possible actions based on a limited set of simple techniques, and emphasizes the number five, which also comprises the number of ways to use fire and the different types of spies. Jean-Joseph Amiot is credited with popularizing this work, which features chapters entitled “Terrain” and “Attack by Strategem,” among a European audience. FTP, identify this treatise on military tactics written by Sun-Tzu. ANSWER: The Art of War or Ping Fa

4. His rule was marred by a series of disputes with Theophilus Eaton over the trial and extradition of smugglers. The St. Catherine made its landing during his rule, and after writing to his superiors to ask that he be allowed to expel the Jews, he instead was ordered to allow them to settle. He was also plagued by poor Indian relations, as shown by the outbreak of the Peach Tree War and conflicts near the village of Esopus, which he renamed Wildwyck. His military career ended in a raid on the island of St. Martin that cost him a limb, this man was appointed to replace William Kieft and spent his last years on his farm, the Bouwerie, after being forced to surrender his capital to Richard Nicolls. FTP, identify this peg- legged Dutchman who served as the last governor of New Netherland. ANSWER: Peter Stuyvesant

5. Its second leader was nicknamed Coda, and its founder likely got his nickname from a mistranslation of a description of his castle walls, leading him to be called the “White-Handed.” One of its later leaders, nicknamed “Ironhead,” helped Philip II of Spain defeat France at St. Quentin, and was a signer of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. During World War II, this house briefly held the crown of Croatia under Tomislav II and from 1871-1873 had a brief stint as the royal house of Spain under Amadeus I. However, it gained its first kingship through the Treaty of Utrecht, in which Spain initially ceded Sicily, and shortly after ceded Sardinia in exchange for Sicily, to this house under Victor Amadeus II. FTP, identify this house, whose Victor Emmanuel II became the first ruler of a united Italy, and whose Prince Eugene was a prominent military leader. ANSWER: House of Savoy

6. The minutes of one of its last national conventions questioned support for George Julian, while a state convention of that year nominated J. Preston Mann for lieutenant governor and William Smith for governor. Its last presidential ticket featured S.M. Bell and William Goodell, and William Jay and the brothers Lewis and Arthur Tappan were among those who organized its founding convention at Warsaw. Francis LeMoyne was replaced by Thomas Earle as this party’s first vice-presidential candidate, and it had candidate trouble two elections later when Gerrit Smith had to fill in for unwilling presidential nominee John Hale. Once having nominated Frederick Douglass for Secretary of State of New York, this party screwed Henry Clay by swinging New York, and thus the presidency, to James K. Polk in its best election showing. FTP, identify this abolitionist third party that nominated James Birney for president in 1844. ANSWER: Liberty Party

7. The aftermath of this conflict saw the passage of the Heritable Jurisdictions Act and the Act of Proscription, which instituted a series of forced land “clearances” and forbade traditional dress and the use of weaponry. Meanwhile, its instigator went on to marry Louise of Stolberg after earlier assuming the identity of a maidservant named Betty Burke in order to escape punishment. Beginning with the landing of the “seven men of Moidart” at Eriskay, this rebellion featured the leadership of Lord George Murray, and saw an early victory over John Cope at Prestonpans, but stalled after its occupation at Derby and was put down in a rout by the Duke of Cumberland. FTP, identify this rebellion that ended at Culloden Moor and saw Bonnie Prince Charlie try to gain control of England, often referred to by the year in which it took place. ANSWER: Rebellion of 1745 (accept “Jacobite Rebellion” or any mention of Bonnie Prince Charlie a.k.a. Charles Edward Stuart a.k.a. The Young Pretender before his name appears in the question; don’t accept any answer referring to other Jacobite rebellions, such as James the Old Pretenders’ one in 1715)

8. Two of the structures at this site have been colloquially named after Giovanni Belzoni and James Bruce, and John Gardner Wilkinson created a numbering system to classify its landmarks. Chosen as a place that “nobody [would see] or hear [of]” by a court official named Ineni, it was used until the famine marked by the Year of the Hyenas caused widespread bandit activity that forced it to be replaced by Deir el-Bahri. To date, 63 structures have been unearthed at this site, whose counterpart at Biban al-Harim was created to honor women of the era. Though the preceding Eighteenth Dynasty established it, Siptah, Merneptah, and Seti I are three of the Nineteenth Dynasty rulers memorialized at, FTP, what site near Luxor, a valley that contains the tombs of numerous ancient Egyptian pharaohs, including that of Tutankhamen? ANSWER: Valley of the Kings

9. He lamented his nation’s dismal human rights record in Crucifixion of Liberty, and offered a firsthand account of its rise in The Catastrophe. Editing a newspaper entitled Days kept him preoccupied during his time in Paris, where he ended up taking residence after his supporters’ defeat at Pulkova. He came to prominence for his role in exposing the spy Roman Malinovsky and later pushed agendas of universal suffrage and increased freedom of speech after being named Minister of Justice. Also becoming Minister of War, he ascended to power after the resignation of Georgy Lvov and fended off a coup attempt by Lavr Kornilov before being himself toppled in the October Revolution. FTP, identify this man, who in 1917, had a brief role as leader of Russia’s provisional government. ANSWER: Alexander Kerensky

10. They came to power after a teenage leader’s victory at Sharur over Alvand Beig, although they had their roots in a religious order that was formed in the 1200’s at Ardebil. Another key early victory for them was at Merv, where they defeated Shaybani and the Uzbeks and then moved their capital. Alcohol addiction plagued many of their rulers, such as both of its drunken rulers named Suleiman, and their ruler who oversaw the building of the palace of Chehel Sotoon. One of their leaders feuded with Bayezid II, leading to their defeat at Calidiran by Selim the Grim. Entering its downfall after Shah Husayn was defeated by invading Afghans, this Sufi-turned-Shiite dynasty was succeeded by the Zand dynasty of Shiraz and had its capitals at Tabriz and Isfahan. FTP, identify this Persian dynasty that was established by Ismail and ruled from the 16th to 18th centuries. ANSWER: Safavids

11. Atilius Titianus and Cornelius Priscianus were the only two men found guilty of conspiring against this ruler, who sent troops to protect Olbiopolis from the Tauroscythians and bloodlessly saved Armenia from invasion by writing a single threatening letter to Vologeses III. He faced a Moorish uprising in Mauritania and sent Lollius Urbicus to put down continuing unrest in Britain. Upon becoming emperor, this husband of Faustina tirelessly lobbied the Senate to deify his predecessor, who had named him as his imperial successor. This ruler also celebrated Rome’s 900th anniversary and became the namesake of a Scottish wall. The fourth of the Good Emperors, this is, FTP, which predecessor of Marcus Aurelius, whose cognomen reflected his perceived virtuous character? ANSWER: Antonius Pius or Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionus Arrius Antoninus (I have no idea how the latter answer should be properly underlined)

12. This man took the name his father was baptized under at Lapwai and spent the last years of his life in Colville after being transferred there from Fort Levenworth. His brother, Ollokot, helped command his military forces in battles such as Whitebird Canyon, which opened his war against the Americans, and Big Hole, in which he saw his wife killed and enemy commander John Gibbon wounded. His forces encumbered by the accompanying women and children, he, along with Looking Glass, was finally defeated at Bear Paw Mountain, and Lieutenant Charles E.S. Wood recorded the celebrated oration he delivered upon his surrender to Oliver Otis Howard and Nelson Miles. FTP, name this embattled chief, who, after failing to lead his Nez Perce tribe to Canada, declared, “I will fight no more.” ANSWER: Chief Joseph or Hin-Mah-Too-Yah-Lat-Kekt

13. Among the missionaries it has killed are Irene McCormack, an Australian nun, the Italian Alessandro Negroni, and Michal Tomaszek and Zbigniew Strzalowski, a pair of Polish priests; the last three of whom were murdered in the same month in the Ancash region. In addition to a series of massacres of peasant villagers in the Apurimact region, its highest profile attacks were the murder of a women’s rights advocate and deputy mayor named Maria Elena Moyano, and a deadly car bombing at Tarata Street. Spawned from the University of Huamanga, where its founder taught philosophy, it is still sporadically active, despite the 1992 capture of that founder, Abimael Guzman, in a raid ordered by Alberto Fujimori. FTP, identify this guerilla terrorist group that officially calls itself the Communist Party of Peru. ANSWER: Sendero Luminoso or Shining Path (accept “Communist Party of Peru” or “PCP” on an early buzz)

14. Although his reign saw the passage of the act De Heretico Comburendo, the only major executions that he oversaw under the act were those of John Badby and William Sawrey. One of the rebellions he faced brought about his order for the execution of Thomas Mawbray and Richard Scrope, though his most significant opposition originated from his ruling in favor of Lord Grey of Ruthin in a land dispute, and was centered out of the captured Harlech Castle. This ruler also had the future James I of Scotland captured and imprisoned, but he was preoccupied with the aforementioned rebellion, which featured the battles of Homildon Hill and Shrewsbury and saw Edmund Mortimer and Henry “Hotspur” Percy join the Welsh alliance against him. FTP, name this enemy of Owen Glendower and son of John of Gaunt, who started the house of Lancaster by usurping the throne from Richard II. ANSWER: Henry IV or Henry Bolingbroke

15. It was the first battle experienced by Frank Upham, who gathered preliminary intelligence for it by posing as a civilian in Hong Kong. Supplies were continuously restocked by the Nanshan and Zafiro, which were left unarmed despite orders back home from John Long. The fighting took place around Sangley Point and commenced with the enemy’s abandonment of its flagship, the Queen Christina. The enemy’s planned attack to follow up this battle, the Camara Expedition, never materialized, and the Americans only suffered nine wounded in this victory over Patricio Montojo, which began with a memorable command issued to Charles Gridley. FTP, identify this naval victory of George Dewey that effectively decided the Spanish-American War. ANSWER: Battle of Manila Bay

16. Simon de Covino’s De Judicio Solis posited that this event resulted from a planetary feud between Jupiter and Saturn, and Geoffrey of Meaux wrote another treatise on its astrological origins. Gabriele de Mussi introduced the erroneous theory that its occurrence was linked to the military tactics of troops defending the siege of Caffa. Bonne of Luxembourg, Leonor of Portugal, and Queen Joan II of Navarre were among its royal casualties, though Alfonso XI was the only ruling monarch to die as a direct result of it. Its economic consequences were protectionist measures which inspired such insurrections as the Ciompi revolt, while a major religious reaction was the rise of movements of flagellants. FTP, identify this 14th Century plague epidemic that wiped out one fourth of Europe’s population. ANSWER: Black Death (accept equivalent responses like “black plague,” “bubonic plague,” etc. as long as there is no blatantly wrong information given)

18. One was organized to confirm the cancellation of a planned marriage involving Claude of Brittany, and resulted in her father being called “the Father of the People,” while one twenty two years earlier had temporarily thwarted the royal ambitions of the latter to be named regent over Anne of Beaujeu. The penultimate one failed to resolve controversy over a tax called the “paulette,” and the final one would only occur 175 years later. The one of 1484 introduced a system for the election of delegates, which did not exist when the first one was called to provide advice regarding the crown’s dispute with Boniface VIII. 1614 and 1789 also saw notable gatherings of, FTP, what legislative assembly in which the different social classes of France convened? ANSWER: Estates General or States General

19. The campaigns of Wang Geon and his decisive victory at Seonsan ended the second period of this name in one country, which began during the troubled reign of Queen Jinseong of Silla. The Kaya League formed during the earlier period of this name, which was chronicled by Kim Pusik in the Samguk Sagi, and saw the Silla struggle with the Paekche in the southern peninsula before allying with the Chinese to conquer Goguryeo in the north and temporarily end this period. This era in another nation was first chronicled by Chen Shou, an official in the short-lived Jin Dynasty that emerged after its end. FTP, give this name for a set of early and late periods in Korean history and a Chinese period that saw the rise of the Wei, Shu, and Wu, and was the background for a famous “Romance.” ANSWER: Three Kingdoms Period

20. A bipartisan team of Owen Roberts and Atlee Pomerene was appointed as special counsel to examine this affair. The investigation began after future governor Leslie Miller reported suspicious dealings and a Senate probe into its occurrence was introduced by John Kendrick. That investigation was chaired by Thomas Walsh. Perceived ties to this controversy was a factor in Harry Daugherty’s forced resignation of his Attorney General post, and testimony from Mahlon T. Everhart helped convict its central figure, whom the president of the Monmouth company, Harry Sinclair, bribed in exchange for access to land overseen by Edwin Denby. FTP, identify this Harding administration scandal in which Albert Fall allowed private oil drilling at a Wyoming naval reserve. ANSWER: Teapot Dome Scandal Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament Chicago Open 2006 History Doubles, July 28, 2006 Questions by Chris Frankel

Bonuses, Round 5

1. Answer the following about a colleague of Friedrich Nietzsche, FTPE. [10] His first major work was The Age of Constantine the Great, though this art and cultural historian also authored Judgments on History and Historians and The Greeks and Greek Civilization. ANSWER: Jakob Burckhardt [10] Jakob Burckhardt’s magnum opus was this work, which attributed a movement towards individualism and the desire to revive classical antiquity to the cultural awakening that brought the titular nation out of the Dark Ages. ANSWER: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy or Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien [10] Burckhardt’s conception of the Renaissance was built around the work of this historian, who coined the term “Renaissance” and spent over three decades writing his massive History of France. ANSWER: Jules Michelet

2. Name these muckraking works, FTPE. [10] McClure’s magazine serialized this 1904 Ida Tarbell expose. Since Wikipedia didn’t exist then, John D. Rockefeller couldn’t get his flunkies to edit out unfavorable information like College Bowl does today. ANSWER: The History of the Standard Oil Company [10] The British-born muckraker John Spargo attacked the coal mining and textile industries in this expose of the widespread use of child labor. ANSWER: The Bitter Cry of the Children [10] The Battle with the Slum was the sequel to this 1890 book, which illustrated the horrible living conditions of poor immigrants in tenement houses in New York’s Lower East Side. ANSWER: How the Other Half Lives

3. Identify these figures connected to Edward VIII and his controversial abdication, FTPE. [10] Edward VII gave up his throne so he could marry this twice-divorced American woman. ANSWER: Bessie Wallis Warfield Simpson (accept either of the underlined names; both are not needed) [10] This three term Conservative Prime Minister, whose final term fell between those of Ramsey MacDonald and Neville Chamberlain, effectively forced Edward to abdicate by refusing to support the planned marriage to Wallis Simpson. ANSWER: Stanley Baldwin [10] One anecdote tells how this Nazi foreign affairs minister engaged in an affair with Wallis Simpson and sent her seventeen carnations a day to represent the number of times he nailed her. ANSWER: Joachim von Ribbentrop

4. Not surprisingly, Sparta found itself at war a lot. Name these parties who contributed to that fact, FTPE. [10] Southwest of Sparta and bordered by the Ionian Sea, this kingdom contained the city of Pylos. It was conquered in the 7th Century B.C. and its population made into helots, though Aristomenes would later attempt to lead it in a revolt against Sparta. ANSWER: Messenia or Messenians [10] The second incarnation of this confederation had its leader, Aratus, call for Macedonian help in fighting against Sparta and the Aetolian League. ANSWER: Achaean League [10] A dispute over control of Epidamnus caused a conflict between Corinth and this colony, and the ensuing alliance entanglements helped lead Athens and Sparta into the Peloponnesian War. ANSWER: Corcyra

5. Answer the following about an epic disaster that wasn’t East Coast Summer Open 2006, FTPE. [10] Charles Davy authored an eyewitness account of this 1755 disaster, which killed tens of thousands and caused both a prolonged fire and a tsunami that hit the mouth of the Tagus River. ANSWER: Great Lisbon Earthquake [10] This minister of Joseph I headed the rebuilding efforts after the Lisbon Earthquake, and his success allowed him to become Portugal’s de facto ruler. His clashes with Jesuits led to his eventual downfall. ANSWER: Sebastiao de Carvalho e Mello or Marquis of Pombal [10] The tsunami that followed the Lisbon Earthquake also damaged this Spanish port city, the site of the Cortes that drafted Spain’s 1812 constitution and the target of a naval attack by Sir Francis Drake. ANSWER: Cadiz

6. This island was once a colony governed by Edward Eyre. FTPE: [10] Identify this island, where Eyre brutally put down the Morant Bay Rebellion led by Paul Bogle. When it finally gained independence in 1962, Alexander Bustamante became its first prime minister. ANSWER: Jamaica [10] Throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries, colonists in Jamaica fought numerous wars against these bands of escaped slaves. Quao and Nanny were two notable leaders of this group, whose name derived from the Spanish word for “wild.” ANSWER: Maroons [10] Jamaica was the birthplace of this black nationalist, who founded the United Negro Improvement Association and the Black Star Line and was deported back there after serving a prison term for mail fraud. ANSWER: Marcus Garvey

7. J’Accuse anyone who zero’s this bonus of being horrible at quiz bowl, like Leo Wolpert. FTPE: [10] “J’Accuse” was addressed to this president of the Third Republic, who was succeeded by Emile Loubet. Urban legend holds he died from a stroke while either screwing or getting head from his mistress. ANSWER: Felix Faure [10] The letter was published on the front page of the January 13, 1898 edition of this brightly named newspaper run by Georges Clemenceau. ANSWER: :L’Aurore (I suppose you could accept “The Dawn”) [10] The Dreyfus Affair helped inspire this man to found the Zionist movement and publish his 1896 treatise, The Jewish State. ANSWER: Theodore Herzl

8. Mills were pretty important in the antebellum U.S. FTPE: [10] This British immigrant borrowed from Richard Arkwright’s designs and joined Moses Brown in building America’s first water-powered mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. ANSWER: Samuel Slater [10] After losing his job at the Lowell Mills in the Panic of 1837, Elias Howe invented the first modern version of this device, beating Walter Hunt to get it patented. Allen Wilson would later revise it further, starting one of many legal battles Howe fought over the development of this device. ANSWER: sewing machine [10] This mill in Coloma, California became a household name when James Marshall discovered gold here in 1848. ANSWER: Sutter’s Mill

9. War of the Roses battles, FTPE. [10] Lord Fauconburg and his archers fired into the hapless Lancastrian line, initiating this snowy 1461 battle that became the bloodiest fought on English soil. Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou fled to Scotland after the Yorkists claimed victory here. ANSWER: Battle of Towton [10] Owen and Jasper Tudor raised a Welsh force for the Lancastrians, but were defeated by the future Edward IV. Edward’s vision of three suns in the sky inspired him during this 1461 encounter. ANSWER: Battle of Mortimer’s Cross [10] The first of them opened the war and saw the death of the Duke of Somerset and the capture of Henry VI. In the second one, the Lancastrians under Margaret bounced back from their recent loss at Mortimer’s Cross and recaptured Henry VI. ANSWER: Battles of St. Albans

10. Answer the following about a funny-looking douche, who also happened to rule Russia. FTPE: [10] Son of Catherine the Great, this little guy enacted peasant reforms, established a law of male succession to the throne, and sent an army on a failed invasion of British India. He was hilariously murdered by some drunk soldiers in 1801. ANSWER: Paul I [10] Paul was succeeded by this son, who forged a brief alliance with Napoleon in the Treaty of Tilsit. ANSWER: Alexander I [10] After offering this group asylum when Napoleon seized their home territory, Paul was named Grand Master of this knightly order, whose lands were returned in the Treaty of Amiens. ANSWER: Knights Hospitallers or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes or Order of St. John of Jerusalem (accept any reasonable answer that says that they’re knights from Malta or Rhodes, or have some shit to do with Hospitals or St. John)

11. Answer this bonus on everyone’s favorite 1980’s scandal. FTPE: [10] The Iran-Contra Scandal stemmed from Reagan’s desire to support the rebels who were fighting this Cuban-backed leftist ruling party that had taken control of Nicaragua in 1979. ANSWER: Sandinistas or Sandinista National Liberation Front or Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional [10] This man headed the National Security Council from 1983-1985, and was blamed for formulating the plan to sell weapons to Iran. He later made a failed suicide attempt involving an assload of Valium. ANSWER: Robert McFarlane [10] Edmund Muskie and Brent Scowcroft were members of this three man body appointed by Reagan to investigate the Iran-Contra Scandal. The third member, its namesake, was later rejected when George Bush tried to appoint him Secretary of Defense. ANSWER: Tower Commission

12, Answer the following about a land once ruled by the Shaybanids, FTPE. [10] Islam Karimov was the first president of this present day nation, whose territory was carved up from the Khorezm and Bukhara People’s Republics and later augmented by the former Kara-Kalpak Autonomous SSR when it was set up in its prior incarnation as a Soviet Socialist Republic. ANSWER: Uzbekistan [10] This historic city, which served as Tamurlane’s capital, is located in central Uzbekistan, where it is now the capital of an eponymous province. ANSWER: Samarkand [10] Uzbekistan is located in this region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers, also known as Transoxiana. The wife of Alexander the Great, Roxana, hailed from this region, and Alexander incorporated it into the satrapy of Bactria. ANSWER: Sogdiana

13. Henry VII was the creator of this judicial body. FTPE: [10] Name this court, which, during its 1487-1641 existence, developed a reputation as a front for kings to try political enemies. It was named after the ceiling pattern of its room in Westminster. ANSWER: Star Chamber [10] Perhaps the most controversial case tried under the Star Chamber centered on this author of the Histriomastix, who, along with Henry Burton and John Bastwick, was sentenced to have his ears cut off and the letters “S.L.,” for “seditious libeler” branded on his cheeks. ANSWER: William Prynne [10] This Arminian Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I was fond of using the Star Chamber against his critics, such as the aforementioned William Prynne. ANSWER: William Laud

14. They posed the last obstacle of the Reconquista. FTPE: [10] After the Almohads were crushed in the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, this Moorish dynasty founded by Muhammed I al-Ghalib was the last major Muslim dynasty in Spain. ANSWER: Nasrids [10] The crowning achievement of Nasrid Dynasty was the construction of this palace complex in Granada, which features the Hall of the Ambassadors and the Court of Lions. ANSWER: The Alhambra [10] Nicknamed “El Chico,” this Nasrid ruler was forced to surrender Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, thus ending the dynasty. ANSWER: Boabdil or Muhammed XI

15. Answer the following about the Seven Weeks’ War, FTPE. [10] The war was fought over this territory, which today is a German province bordering the North Sea and Baltic Sea, as well as Denmark. ANSWER: Schleswig-Holstein [10] Helmuth von Moltke won the war for the Prussians with a victory over Ludwig von Benedek in this July 1866 battle fought in Bohemia. ANSWER: Battle of Koniggratz or Battle of Sadowa [10] This guy helped out the Prussian cause, by defeating the Austrians at Bezzecca in that same month. He was ordered to stop this Alpine campaign right after, on the basis that Prussia and Austria both refused to allow his country to gain control of Trentino. ANSWER: Giuseppe Garibaldi

16. This term was popularized by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. FTPE: [10] Identify this term, used in the title of a 1973 Schlesinger book about Richard Nixon’s regime, and often applied to Andrew Jackson, Franklin Roosevelt, and other U.S. regimes characterized by an assertive use of executive power. ANSWER: imperial presidency or imperial president [10] An actively involved role by the White House Chief of Staff is cited as one characteristic of modern imperial presidencies. This future member of the Reagan cabinet briefly filled that position for Nixon after H.R. Haldeman resigned as a result of Watergate. ANSWER: Alexander Haig [10] Before Schlesinger was denouncing imperial presidents, he was busy fawning over his former employer, John Kennedy, in this saccharine 1965 account of the assassinated leader’s presidency. ANSWER: A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House

17. So you’ve seen a million bonuses on Chinese rebellions. Here’s one on Japanese rebellions. FTPE: [10] Saigo Takimori led this rival clan of the Choshu in an 1877 rebellion based out of Kyushu and targeting the Meiji government he had earlier helped establish. It was put down at the Battle of Shiroyama. ANSWER: Satsuma [10] In the 1651 Keian Uprising, Yui Shosetsu gathered an army of these master-less mercenary samurai and attempted to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate. ANSWER: ronin [10] Matsukara Shigeharu was the initial target of this 1637 rebellion of Christian converts under Amakusa Shiro. After the Tokugawa regime put it down with the siege of Hara, it expelled foreign missionaries and closed itself off to the west. ANSWER: Shimabara Rebellion

18. Reforms attributed to the Roman kings, FTPE. [10] The legendary Numa Pompilius is credited with organizing the Roman religious calendar and founding numerous religious orders, including this one comprised of six women assigned to guard the fire of the hearth. Elagabalus caused a scandal by deflowering one named Aquilia Severa. ANSWER: Vestal Virgins [10] An early set of defensive walls surrounding Rome was named for and likely completed by this king, who also had a temple built in honor of Diana on Aventine Hill. ANSWER: Servius Tullus [10] The Cloaca Maxima and Circus Maximus were built during the reign of this king, who also introduced the ceremony of the Triumph. ANSWER: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus or Tarquin the Elder (prompt on “Tarquinius” or “Tarquin”) 19. In its early days, America had some shaky relations with Spain. FTPE: [10] This never-ratified treaty proposed that Spain engage in trade with American seaports on the east coast in exchange for granting Spain full rights over the Mississippi River. ANSWER: Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (don’t accept “Jay’s Treaty”) [10] A general under Anthony Wayne, this eventual governor of the Louisiana Territory and head of the U.S. army took bribes from the Spanish to promote their interests. He later plotted with Aaron Burr to form a breakaway nation in the west, but eventually backed out and exposed that conspiracy. ANSWER: James Wilkinson [10] One of the strongest opponents to the planned Jay-Gardoqui Treaty was this man, who went with Robert Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase and was James Madison’ second Secretary of State. ANSWER: James Monroe

20. Answer the following about a crusade, FTPE. [10] In this crusade, the forces of Leopold VI of Austria and Andrew II of Hungary met that of John of Brienne in Jerusalem and began a successful campaign in Egypt. A continued push towards Cairo failed, and they were crushed at the Battle of al-Mansura. ANSWER: Fifth Crusade [10] The high point of the Fifth Crusade was the capture of this Egyptian city, a Mediterranean port on the Nile delta. Louis IX of France would later retake it during the Seventh Crusade. ANSWER: Damietta [10] Pope Honorius III prevented this grandson of Barbarossa from joining the Fifth Crusade out of fear he would become too powerful. He led the Sixth Crusade and gained Jerusalem through a treaty, but Pope Gregory IX didn’t seem to give a shit since he was excommunicated at that point. ANSWER: Frederick II Hohenstaufen