Chapter 8 Anglo American colonization of Texas

Section 1 Interest in Texas Grows Among Anglo Americans

Americans Move West

After the United States gained its freedom from Great Britain in 1783, Anglo Americans {people whose ancestors moved from one of the many European countries to the United States, sharing a language and culture} began searching for new areas in the west to settle… Spanish authorities wanted to stop the U. S. government from claiming land west of the Mississippi …Anglos already lived in these areas … including Texas Anglo settlers came for personal gain or adventure…actions affected the policies of Spain and the United States…

1 Spain Controls Immigration

***Allowed Anglo Americans to settle in Missouri on generous land grants if they agreed to two important conditions  Settlers must pledge their loyalty to the Spanish government  Become Catholic …wanted to populate the area to extend Spanish rule …hoped new settlers would prevent other Anglo Americans from entering the country illegally

George Morgan

 first empresario [agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony] to recruit settlers from the United States and be responsible to Spanish authorities

 founded New Madrid in 1789 on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Mississippi

 served as an example for later empresarios

Philip Nolan in Texas

Filibusters {adventurer who engages in private rebellion activity in a foreign country} Philip Nolan – led men to Texas to Capture wild horses…sold them to the U.S. for a profit …Spanish became suspicious when he visited General James Wilkinson (thought they were plotting to take Texas from Spain) …warned not to return to Spanish lands …returned 1800…met a Spanish patrol near Waco…Nolan killed…men taken to a Mexican prison…

2 Neutral Ground Agreement 1800 – Spain lost control of its northern territory when Napoléon reclaimed the region for France… sold land to United States in 1803 {Louisiana Purchase}

Dispute over border…compromise [mutual agreement in which each side gives up something it wants in order to reach a settlement] create a neutral {not belonging to one side or another} zone between the Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine River

…stopped boder clashes between military patrols …created a shelter for outlaws …eventually the U.S. Army entered the area and arrested lawbreakers Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition Augustus Magee resigned from the U.S. Army…joined Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara [follower of Father Hidalgo]

 Organized the Republic of the North

 Army made up of Tejanos

 Proclaimed Texas independent of Spain in Nacogdoches in 1812

3 …Expedition moved to the presidio at La Bahía…attacked Governor Manuel Salcedo’s forces…Magee died…succeeded by Samuel Kemper and later Henry Perry …Filibusters defeated Salcedo 1813 and occupied San Antonio… Gutiérrez was replaced by José Álvarez de Toledo …Expedition finally defeated by General Joaquín de Arrredondo near the Medina River …killed most of the filibusters and many residents of San Antonio who had conducted business with them. ***Encouraged others to try to free Texas and Mexico from Spanish rule…

Revolutionaries and Pirates in Texas Francisco Xavier Mina and Henry Perry

 Organized a band or revolutionaries on Galveston Island

 French pirate, Louis Michel Aury led unsuccessful attack on Spain along the Mexican coast

Pirate Jean Lafitte…set up operation in Galveston…claimed he was helping Mexico gain it’s independence {real goal was taking Spanish treasure}…U.S. Navy drove him from the coast when he began raiding U.S. ships

4 The Adams-Onís Treaty  1819  Spain ceded {to surrender by treaty or agreement} Florida to the United States  Sabine River is boundary between Spanish Texas and Louisiana {U.S. would not press claims west of the boundary}

The Long Expedition 1819…Dr. James Long led a group to Nacogdoches…declared Texas independent from Spain… o Established posts on the Brazos and Trinity Rivers o Traveled to Galveston to ask for Lafitte’s help (refused)… o Returned to Natchez to raise troops for a second expedition to La Bahía…captured…killed o LAST MAJOR FILIBUSTER IN TEXAS o Wife, Jane Long, stayed at Point Bolivar with children and her slave Kian Later…became one of the most prominent Women in Texas history…

5 ***Activities of the filibusters encouraged many Americans to move to Texas…

6