7.1 Criteria for Registering Historic Parks and Gardens 2

PART SEVEN – APPENDICES

7.1 CRITERIA FOR REGISTERING HISTORIC PARKS AND GARDENS 2 7.1.1 ENGLAND 2 7.1.2 SCOTLAND 4 7.1.3 WALES 6 7.1.4 NORTHERN IRELAND 7 7.2 NATIONAL GRID REFERENCES 9 7.3 PARKS & GARDENS UK STYLE GUIDE 10 7.3.1 BASIC RULES 10 7.3.2 USE SIMPLE PUNCTUATION 11 7.3.3 ‘A’ OR ‘AN’ 11 7.3.4 AVOID ABBREVIATIONS 11 7.3.5 CAPITAL LETTERS 11 7.3.6 DATES 12 7.3.7 HYPHENS 12 7.3.8 MEASUREMENTS 13 7.3.9 MONEY 13 7.3.10 NAMES AND TITLES OF PEOPLE 13 7.3.11 NAMES OF PLANTS 14 7.3.12 NUMBERS 14 7.3.13 PUBLISHED WORKS 15 7.3.14 QUOTATIONS 15 7.3.15 SENTENCES 15 7.3.16 SPELLING 15 7.3.17 TENSES 15 7.4 CREATING BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS 17 7.4.1 BOOKS 17 7.4.2 CHAPTERS AND ARTICLES IN BOOKS 22 7.4.3 ARTICLES IN JOURNALS 23 7.4.4 ARTICLES IN NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES 24 7.4.5 ARTICLES FROM A REFERENCE BOOK WITH THE AUTHOR STATED 24 7.4.6 UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATIONS 24 7.4.7 ARCHIVAL MATERIALS, MANUSCRIPTS AND EARLY PRINTED BOOKS 25 7.4.8 ELECTRONIC RESOURCES 25 7.4.9 FILMS, VIDEOS, TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMMES 28 7.4.10 OTHER SOURCES 28 7.5 SAMPLE RESEARCH AND RECORDING FORMS 31 7.6 HISTORICAL MEASUREMENTS 48

Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 2

7.1 CRITERIA FOR REGISTERING HISTORIC PARKS AND GARDENS

Each of the national heritage agencies for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland categorises historic designed landscapes deemed to be of national significance. The level of protection, and the mechanisms for this are different in each case. The different regimes are summarised below, based on information from each agency’s web site.

7.1.1 England

English Heritage compiles the Register of Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England. It currently includes some 1,600 designed landscapes of many different types.

As with buildings, parks and gardens are graded I, II* and II. Grade I is the highest grade, and a relatively exclusive one.

The Register can be consulted at the National Monuments Record Centre in Swindon, which can also provide copies of individual register entries on request.

Assessment

Of the many parks and gardens throughout England which are of historic value, a small number are considered to be sufficiently important to be included on the national Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.

The decision to register a park or garden is based on an assessment by English Heritage as to whether it can be said to be of ‘special historic interest’.

The majority of sites registered are, or started life as, the grounds of private houses, but public parks and cemeteries form important categories too. Even two pumping stations and hospital landscapes are included, because they have skilfully planned surroundings that reflect the landscaping fashions of their day.

As well as being of particular historic interest, registered sites might also be of note for other reasons such as their amenity value, or for nature conservation. Although these factors are not relevant when assessing the site for the Register, they need to be given consideration to ensure the sensitive management of the site in the future.

The specific assessment criteria are based on the assumption that the older the surviving features of a site are, the more rare that type of site is likely to be, although other factors are considered.

The kinds of sites that are likely to be of sufficient historic interest for inclusion on the Register are:

 Those with a main phase of development before 1750where at least a proportion of the layout is still evident, even perhaps only as an earthwork.  Sites laid out mainly between 1750 and 1820, where enough of the landscaping survives to reflect the original design.  Places with a main phase of development between 1820 and 1880 which is of importance and survives intact or relatively intact.  Those with a main phase of development between 1880 and 1939 where this is of high importance and survives intact.  Sites which were laid out after the Second World War, but more than 30 years ago, where the work is of exceptional importance.  Places which were influential in the development of taste, whether through reputation or references in literature.  Sites which are early or representative examples of a particular style of layout, or a type of site, or the work of a designer (amateur or professional) of national importance.  Sites that are associated with significant persons or historical events.  Sites where a group of sites have a strong value when taken together.

These criteria are not mutually exclusive categories and more than one of them may be relevant in the assessment of any particular site.

Protection

Although being included on the Register does not in itself bring additional statutory controls over a park or garden, local authorities are required by central government to provide for the protection of the historic environment in their policies and their allocation of resources.

Planners must take registration into consideration when making decisions (Planning Policy Guidance Note 15, 2.24, September 1994). Where an application for development would affect a registered park or garden, local planning authorities must take into account the historic interest of the site when deciding whether or not to grant permission.

To ensure that local planning authorities have the appropriate professional advice when considering such applications, they must consult English Heritage where the application affects a Grade I or II* registered site. The Garden History Society is consulted on all applications affecting registered sites, regardless of the grade of the site.

Local authorities are also charged with protecting registered parks and gardens when preparing development plans for their area (Planning Policy Guidance Note 15, 1.6; 2.1). As a result, most Local Plans now contain policies to help safeguard the historic parks and gardens which lie within the

area covered. These usually stress in particular those sites included in the national Register, and the best plans also cover parks and gardens of more local interest.

7.1.2 Scotland

The Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes is compiled and maintained by Historic Scotland. It can be consulted online at www.historic- scotland.gov.uk. It is a growing and evolving record of nationally important gardens and designed landscapes across Scotland.

It is estimated that there are more than 3,000 gardens and designed landscapes in Scotland of varying size, character, value and condition. More than 1,000 sites have been considered so far, and approximately 385 sites are currently included on the Inventory.

Assessment

Scotland has created a value system to enable sites to be assessed and compared. Gardens and designed landscapes are assessed on each of the following common values:

 Work of Art.  Historical.  Horticultural, arboricultural and silvicultural.  Architectural.  Scenic.  Nature conservation.  Archaeological.

Sites are awarded a merit category in each of the above areas: Outstanding, High, Some, Little or None. Judgements are based on the condition of the garden and designed landscape as it is seen today. The value system is a means of comparing landscapes of similar scale, age and character.

Once a garden has been assessed against these criteria, a decision is made on its inclusion in the Inventory. There are no hard-and-fast rules for what constitutes national significance, and each garden is considered on its own merits.

Comparatively small plantsman’s gardens, for example, may only score very highly in the horticultural value category and represent little value in the others, but the rare plant collections in these gardens makes them nationally important and worthy of protection.

They are considered to be as significant as much larger and grander designed landscapes, which may score very highly in almost every category.

Historic Scotland’s Chief Inspector makes the final decision on the inclusion of a garden on the Inventory. Where the the merits of a site are not clear-cut, external experts are asked for their opinion.

‘Lost gardens’

Many landscapes that were once valuable have been lost - the design destroyed or degraded to such an extent that it can no longer be clearly identified. These landscapes may have a richly documented history but are not included in the Inventory because they cannot be protected in any practical way.

There are also many sites where certain features have been lost or degraded - for example, walled gardens taken out of flower, vegetable and fruit production, or follies that have fallen down and their remains removed. However, the overall design of some of these sites may still be intact and easily recognisable, making them highly valuable and worthy of inclusion.

Garden structure

The dynamic nature of gardens and designed landscapes can make evaluation challenging. Although a garden or landscape may be most widely known for its colourful borders or plant collections, these are actually the most short-lived part of the landscape and it is the longer-term structures of a garden which must be considered.

The long-term structure of a designed landscape consists of the built structures, landform and trees with a lifespan of 100 years or more. The medium-term structure consists of shorter-lived trees (20-100 years) and shrubs, and the short-term structure is made up of the herbaceous plants and bulbs with a lifespan of between one and 20 years.

Protection

Although not a statutory designation, and therefore very different from either scheduling or listing, Inventory status is a material consideration in the Scottish planning system.

The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Scotland) Order 1992, amended 2007, requires planning authorities to consult Scottish Ministers, through Historic Scotland, on development proposals affecting Inventory sites.

However, planning authorities may choose to grant consent despite objection from Historic Scotland, or refuse consent despite no objection. In cases where a planning authority is disposed to grant consent in the face of objection, Scottish Ministers cannot call in the case for their own determination unless

Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 6 the setting of a Scheduled Monument or a Category A-listed building is also an issue.

7.1.3 Wales

Parks and gardens thought to be of national importance are included on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

The Register was compiled in order to aid the informed conservation of historic parks and gardens by owners, local planning authorities, developers, statutory bodies and all concerned with them.

It is non-statutory and has been issued in six volumes, covering former county council areas and unitary authorities. It was completed in 2002 but is not a closed list, and sites can be added (or subtracted) at any time.

There are currently 372 sites on the Register. As with buildings these are graded I, II* and II.

Assessment

In choosing sites for the Register Cadw takes many factors into account:

 The date of the site.  Its state of preservation.  Whether it is a good example of its type.  Whether it is the work of known designers.  Whether it is associated with persons of not.  Whether it is unusual or rare in any way.

Sites on the Register do not have to be open to the public, and in fact most are not. However, an increasing number do open and the Welsh Historic Gardens Trust publishes a comprehensive booklet on them, the Guide to the Historic Parks and Gardens of Wales.

Parks and gardens on the Register range in age from medieval to late 20th- century. Many have features from different styles and periods. There is no exact cut-off date for gardens included on the Register, and there are sites where significant historical developments have been added as late as the 1960s, 1970s and 1990s.

Protection

The Register does not affect existing planning and listed building controls, but statutory consultation on planning applications involving parks and gardens on the Register is in the process of being introduced in Wales. All applications will be referred to the Garden History Society and those concerning sites

Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 7 graded I and II* will also be referred to Cadw. In the meantime a similar, but voluntary, system of consultation is in place.

Cadw helps to protect historic parks and gardens through advice to local planning authorities on planning applications affecting registered sites. The aim is to prevent damage to significant features, such as historic layout, structure, built features and planting. The authority does not simply try to preserve everything as it is. In fact, in many cases development is both benign and beneficial. However, it is important that insensitive development should not harm the historic and visual character of historic parks and gardens and consultation on planning applications can help to prevent this.

7.1.4 Northern Ireland

Information on parks, gardens and demesnes of special historic interest in Northern Ireland is currently being prepared by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (the Department) for inclusion in a register. This will highlight the contribution which these planned landscapes make to the appearance of their modern surroundings and their significance as a source of information about the past. The register will also seek to encourage owners to value, manage and maintain these sites.

Assessment

The character and appearance of Northern Ireland’s modern landscape owes much to landscape enhancements carried out since the 17th century. Many of the hedgerow trees or tree stands which are seen in the countryside today were planned and planted as part of land management measures.

This has resulted in a rich legacy of gardens, parks and demesnes of archaeological, historical and botanical interest.

Demesnes with their distinct boundary features also make a valuable contribution to the quality and character of the local landscape, whether or not the original house survives. Additionally, parks, gardens and demesnes that are open to the general public provide an important informal recreational resource.

The Department considers it important, therefore, that these valuable features of the built heritage are protected from development which could harm their historic character.

In Northern Ireland, none of the criteria used are considered as mutually exclusive categories. For sites to be included in the Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest, they would be expected to score well against the following criteria:

 Integrity of the site’s design.

 The historic interest and importance of the site, including age and associations.  The horticultural/arboricultural interest and importance of the site.  The nature conservation/scientific interest of the site.  The aesthetic and scenic quality and importance of the site.  The site’s contribution to local landscape character.  The surviving condition of the site today.  The high recreational or educational potential of the site.

Protection

While no additional statutory controls will follow on from inclusion of a site in the register, the effect of proposed development on a park, garden or demesne or its setting included in the register will be considered in planning and/or listed building consent applications and appeals.

The Department will not normally permit development which would lead to the loss of, or cause harm to, the character, principal components or setting of parks, gardens and demesnes of special historic interest. Where planning permission is granted this will normally be conditional on the recording of any features of interest that will be lost before development commences.

In assessing proposals for development in or adjacent to parks, gardens and demesnes of special historic interest, particular attention will be paid to the impact of the proposal on:

 The archaeological, historical or botanical interest of the site.  The site’s original design concept, overall quality and setting.  Trees and woodland and the site’s contribution to local landscape character.  Any buildings or features of character within the site including boundary walls, pathways, garden terraces or water features.  Planned historic views of or from the site or buildings within it.

In assessing proposals which would affect those parks, gardens and demesnes which retain only some elements of their original form - for example, those supplementary sites identified as an appendix to the proposed register - the Department will consider the need to retain distinctive elements of such sites as features within the changing landscape.

Where a decision is taken to permit development which would result in the loss of any distinctive features of parks, gardens and demesnes, the Department will normally require developers to carry out recording, working to a brief prepared by the Department, so that knowledge of this part of landscape heritage is not entirely lost.

7.2 NATIONAL GRID REFERENCES

The Ordnance Survey has established a grid for the whole of Great Britain. At the highest level there are a number of 100km by 100km squares, each of which has been assigned a two-letter prefix.

Each Landranger Map has an information section on the right-hand margin which shows the two-letter prefix for the area covered by that map. In a few cases the map will cross the boundary of two or more of these large grid squares. In these instances you should select the appropriate prefix by referring to the information in the margin.

The Landranger Maps have a grid printed on them in faint blue lines dividing the map into 1km squares. Horizontal readings across the grid from left to right (east to west) are known as 'eastings', and vertical readings from bottom to top (south to north) as 'northings'. Try to locate places to an accuracy of 100 metres, which will give a six-digit grid reference:

 First, quote 'eastings' by locating the vertical grid line to the left of your main point of reference.  Read the large figures which label this line (shown in both the top and the bottom margins - or sometimes on the line itself) as two digits. Make sure that you include any leading zeroes. For example: 09 or 57.  Estimate the tenths to the right of the grid line to the point of reference, as 0 to 9.  Add the estimated tenths to the two digits from the grid line, to give a three-digit number. For example: 09 plus 0 tenths will give 090, 57 plus 9 tenths will give 579.  Next, quote 'northings' by locating the first horizontal line below the point of reference.  Read the large figures which label this line (shown in either the left or right margin - or sometimes on the line itself) as two digits. Make sure that you include any leading zeroes. For example: 04 or 82.  Estimate the tenths above the grid line to the point of reference, as 0 to 9.  Add the estimated tenths to the two numbers from the grid line, to give a three-digit number. For example: 04 plus 0 tenths will give 040, 82 plus 9 tenths will give 829.  Finally, write down the full grid reference with the two-letter prefix followed by the two numbers together, 'eastings' first then 'northings'. For example: TU 090 829.

For more information, see www.finds.org.uk/documents/NGR.pdf .

Note: For Northern Ireland there is a different grid lettering system, using only one prefix letter, not two. Please use the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Discoverer Maps, which are at the same scale of 1:50,000 and work out the numbers for the grid reference in the same way. Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 10

7.3 PARKS & GARDENS UK STYLE GUIDE

Writing for the web is not the same as writing for print. It is slower and less comfortable to read from a computer screen, so readers tend to scan web pages.

On the other hand, people with sight difficulties or lower literacy skills tend to read word-for-word.

You can help both types of reader to find the facts they want as quickly and easily as possible by following the guidelines below.

Use a ‘top-down’ approach to structuring your text, particularly in longer passages. Most readers scan the first two paragraphs and glance down the rest of the page to look for the information they want.

So put the most important facts in your first two paragraphs and lead on to greater detail.

The Parks & Garden UK web site is designed to appeal to a wide range of people, of different ages, backgrounds and educational levels. As a general rule, aim to write so that the average 11-year-old can understand your text.

7.3.1 Basic rules

 Use everyday language and terms (plain English).  Be concise.  Prefer short, precise words to long or vague ones.  Write in the active voice as much as possible. For example: ‘Humphry Repton designed the garden’ rather than ‘The garden was designed by Humphry Repton’.  Write in full sentences, particularly in the description fields.  Stick to one idea per paragraph, and keep them short (to around 50 words).  Use words or phrases which everyone understands.  Avoid jargon or slang.  Use English rather than Latin terms. For example: ‘Stephen Switzer laid out the garden around 1732’ not ‘circa 1732’.  Do not use abbreviations. For instance, use ‘15th century’, not ‘15thc’.  Use the same words and terms consistently (see Part Five - Thesaurus for further information).

7.3.2 Use simple punctuation

 Use commas as necessary to make the sense clear: ‘The garden, which was overgrown, had a neglected air’ is not the same as ‘The garden which was overgrown had a neglected air’ (one of several gardens).  Try to avoid semi-colons. Break text into separate sentences instead.  Use a colon without a hyphen to introduce an example or a list.  Use hyphens where words need to be connected to make sense. For example ‘a little used watering can’ is not the same as a ‘little-used watering can’.

7.3.3 ‘A’ or ‘an’

 Use ‘a’ for words beginning with consonant sounds, and ‘an’ for those beginning with vowel sounds. This is regardless of whether the initial letter of the word itself is a vowel or a consonant. For example: ‘a heritage project’, ‘an heir to the estate’, ‘an unusual place’, ‘ a usual spelling’.  The words ‘historic’, ‘historian’ and ‘hotel’ are sometimes pronounced without the ‘h’ in speech, but in text they should be written with an ‘a’ (‘A historic moment’, ‘a hotel room’).

7.3.4 Avoid abbreviations

Spell out all words in full, except for:

 Commonly abbreviated titles such as ‘Dr’ or ‘Mrs’ (these do not need a full stop).  Organisational titles. Spell these out in full the first time they are used, with the abbreviation in brackets. For example: Parks & Gardens UK (P&GUK). Use the abbreviation after that.  Well-known acronyms. These may be used without spelling out the titles of the organisation in full. For instance: the BBC.  People’s initials, either where their Christian name is unknown, or the use of initials is part of their professional name (W.H. Auden, T.S. Eliot, J.K. Rowling). Full stops should be used after initials.  Abbreviations such as ‘am’ and ‘pm’ can be used for opening times, and do not need full stops.

7.3.5 Capital letters

Capital letters ‘interrupt’ the eye of the reader and make it more difficult to read text on-screen. Use capitals as sparingly as possible:

 At the beginning of a sentence and the start of full quotations.  For roman numerals that are part of a title, such as ‘Henry VIII’.  For proper nouns, people’s names and titles, institutions, art historical movements, distinct geographical areas, historical periods and events. For

example: Henry VIII, Parliament, the Arts and Crafts movement, the Lake District, the Middle Ages, the Industrial Revolution.  For adjectives derived from proper names, such as Palladian architecture or Doric column. But not where the original connection has been lost. For instance: roman numeral, french windows.  Generic labels and those not derived from proper names should be in lower case: baroque, rococo, medieval, modernist, north-east England, Scottish kings and queens.  However, use a capital for a specific style where use of the lower case in the particular context might cause confusion with a more general adjective. For example: ‘Picturesque’ or ‘Romantic’.

7.3.6 Dates

 Refer to periods by date rather than style (for see Part Five – Thesaurus 5.1 Period). For instance, say ‘a mid-19th-century garden’, rather than ‘a Victorian garden’.  Dates should be written as 16 February 1872, with no commas.  Do not use apostrophes for plural numbers: 1880s not 1880’s.  Use ‘ the 1960s and 1970s’, not ‘the 60s and 70s’ or ‘the sixties and seventies’.  Write ‘the garden was laid out from 1842 to 1843’ or ‘between 1842 and 1848’, not ‘from 1842-43’ or ‘between 1842-48’.  Use hyphens for ranges of dates in parentheses (curved brackets), and use the shortest possible form: 1761-2, 1853-64, 1899-1902. For example: Lancelot Brown (1716-83); William Kent (1685-1748).  In titles and subtitles, pairs of dates should be given in full: 1761-1762, 1853-1864.  Say ‘dates from’ or ‘dates back to’, rather than ‘dates to’. For example: ‘The garden layout dates from the 16th century’, not ‘The garden layout dates to the 16th century’.  Write ‘15th century’, not ‘15th century’, ‘fifteenth century’ or ‘15thc’.  Hyphenate centuries when using the phrase adjectivally: ‘The 15th-century arch was discovered in the 19th century’.  Hyphenate when using a prefix. For example: mid-17th century, pre- Roman.

7.3.7 Hyphens

 Hyphens are used to connect words that need to be read together to make sense.  Word combinations that are in frequent use and easily recognisable do not generally need hyphens (email, online, landowner, roundabout, battlefield, redesigned).  However, a hyphen should be used where the word would be difficult to read or unfamiliar without one (on-screen, ill-advised, re-approved), or where the lack of a hyphen changes the meaning of a phrase ‘Three-year- old trees’ are not the same as ‘three year-old trees’).

 Adjectival word compounds that appear before a noun often need to be hyphenated to make sense and show that they should be read together (a well-tended garden, a fast-growing species).  The exception to this is adverbs that end in –ly, which are not hyphenated to a following adjective or participle. For instance: ‘early Renaissance architecture’, ‘frequently used paths’.  Some words, such as ‘late’ do not always need a hyphen as part of an adjectival word compound, although others, such as ‘well’, usually do. For example: ‘The house is a well-preserved example of late 17th-century architecture’.  A prefix always needs a hyphen where it is not part of a single word (pre- Roman, mid-19th century, anti-establishment, post-war. Prevent, midsummer, posthumous).  Where two or more similar hyphenated terms are combined, the hyphen should be left in after the first word, followed by a space (pre- and post-war architecture).  For centuries before and after nouns, please use the following constructions:  The castle was built in the 19th century. It is a 19th-century castle.  The castle was built in the mid-19th century. It is a mid-19th-century castle.  The castle was built in the early 19th century. It is an early 19th-century castle.  The castle was built in the late 19th century. It is a late 19th-century castle.

7.3.8 Measurements

 Where modern measurements are given, use metric units first, with imperial measurements in brackets if necessary.  Where historical measurements are referred to, give the original measurement first followed by the modern equivalent in brackets: ‘In 1745 the duke purchased 54 acres (21.84 hectares) of land’.

7.3.9 Money

 Use the shortest available decimal amount for numbers of up to six figures: £501,275, £105, £24.50, £24, 75p.  Use numerical digits followed by a word for numbers above six figures: £2 million, £3.5 million.  Amounts in pre-decimal currency should appear as £8 3s 6d, 7s 3d or 8½d.

7.3.10 Names and titles of people

 Use a person’s full name the first time they are mentioned. Their surname can be used after that. For example: ‘William Kent laid out the garden at

Chiswick from 1725 onwards. Kent’s design included temples, columns and rustic houses’.  Use people’s initials only where their Christian name is unknown, or the use of initials is part of their professional name (T.S. Eliot, J.K. Rowling). Full stops should be used after initials.  Ordinal numbers that form part of official titles should be written as digits: ‘The 1st Duke of Marlborough laid out the garden, to which the 4th Duke made several alterations’.

7.3.11 Names of plants

 Follow standard horticultural nomenclature: Genus (italics) + species (italics) + cultivar (plain, in single quotation marks) or variety (italics, no quotation marks). For example: Hosta fortunei ‘Marginata Alba’, Hosta undulata var. albomarginata  Use lower case text for general plant names. For instance: The Clematis montana was getting overgrown, but the wisteria was looking lovely.  Check the spelling of plant names at www.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/plantfinder.asp

Note: Italics can be used only in the Long Description and Long History fields of the database. Use roman type where necessary.

7.3.12 Numbers

 In text, spell out single-digit numbers as words, and numbers of more than one digit in figures. For instance: ‘There is one statue close to the house and 15 more in the landscape beyond’, or ‘The garden covers five hectares of the 100-hectare estate’, but ‘The garden covers 5.5 hectares of the 100-hectare estate’.  Spell out fractions: three-quarters, two-thirds.  Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence: ‘Forty-two years before…’.  Use hyphens for spelt-out numbers up to ninety-nine and for fractions (two-thirds, three-quarters) but not for approximates: half a dozen, half a mile.  Use numerical digits followed by a word for numbers above six figures: 5 million, 16 billion.  Use commas to separate numbers of more than three digits: 500; 5,000; 53,000.  In map scales, separate figures of more than three digits by a space: 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:10 560.  Use roman numerals for the titles of kings and queens, and listings grades only. For instance, use Henry VIII, Grade I and Grade II. But World War 2 or the Second World War.  Number-based adjectives, such as ‘first’, ‘second’, ‘third’ should normally be spelt out in text, except where they appear in aristocratic titles. For

example: ‘The 4th Earl of Southampton was the first person to lay out a London square’.

7.3.13 Published works

 Titles of published books, newspapers, magazines, long poems, plays, films and works of art mentioned in the text should be in italics.  The titles of chapters, articles, short poems and radio and television programmes should be in plain type in single quotation marks.

Note: Italics can be used only in the Long Description and Long History fields of the database. Use roman type where necessary.

7.3.14 Quotations

 Use single marks for quotations within the main text.  Longer quotations should be displayed separately from the main text, indented and without quotation marks.  Use a double mark for a quotation within a quotation that has single marks.  Stick to the original spelling and punctuation of the text you are quoting.

7.3.15 Sentences

 Keep most of your sentences short and simple (an average length of not more than 15 to 20 words).  Write in complete sentences, particularly in the Short and Long Description fields.

7.3.16 Spelling

 Use British English spellings (centre, colour, traveller, licence, dialogue).  Where words can end in either –se or –ze, the –se ending should be used (organise, analyse).  Words spelt with double vowels should not be spelt with just an ‘e’ (archaeology). The one exception to this is ‘medieval’.

7.3.17 Tenses

 Choose an appropriate tense for the nature of the description.  Descriptions should be in the past tense where they describe what has happened. For example: ‘A rose garden was laid out in 1856, following the 5th Duke’s return from Italy’.  Descriptions should be in the present tense when they describe what is currently there. For example: ‘There is a rose garden, laid out by the 5th Duke in 1856, which remains unaltered’.  You may need to use both past and present tenses when describing both what has happened in the past and the situation in the present. For

example: ‘The design of the rose garden laid out by the 5th Duke in 1856 remains unaltered. In 1976 the original rose species were restored, and today the garden holds 40 different varieties’.  Single fields and chronologies should be in the past tense, where the text is a statement of fact linked to specific dates. For example: ‘1856: The rose garden was laid out’.

7.4 CREATING BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS

In citing references, the Parks and Gardens Data Partnership recommends the standards of the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA). For more detailed information, these are available at www.mhra.org.uk.

A bibliography is alphabetically arranged by the name of the author or editor of a book or article. The author/editor’s surname should appear first, separated from her/his first name by a comma. In the case of books by more than one author/editor, only the name of the first author/editor need appear in this manner.

The following examples are offered as a guide:

7.4.1 Books

(For further details and examples please refer to the MHRA Style Guide: 10.2.2.)

A book by one author:

To cite a book by a single author record the author's surname, her/his first name, followed by the title of book in italics and (place of publication: publisher, year of publication) in parentheses.

 The name of the author should be written as it appears on the title page. It should not be reduced to initials.  The title of the book should be separated from the name of the author by a comma and be written in italics. It should appear as written on the title page. However, very long titles may be abbreviated.  Titles in English should have the initial letter of their first word, and all other principal words, capitalised.  A colon should be used to separate any subtitles, and a semi colon followed by ‘or,’ should be employed to separate any alternative titles, regardless of whether this is used on the title page by the author.  Titles of works within titles should be contained in quotation marks.  The place of publication, publisher and year of publication should appear after the title and be enclosed in parentheses.  The place of publication and publisher should be separated by a colon and the publisher and year of publication separated by a comma.

Examples:

Cadw, Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales (Cardiff: Cadw, 1999).

Coats, Alice M., Flowers and Their Histories (London: Hulton Press, 1956).

Colvin, Howard, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600- 1840, 3rd edn (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995).

Conway, Hazel, People’s Parks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

Hearn, Karen, Nathaniel Bacon: Artist, Gentleman, and Gardener (London: Tate Publishing, 2005).

Hyams, Edward, Irish Gardens (New York: Macmillan, 1967).

Tait, A. A., The Landscape Garden in Scotland, 1735-1835 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1980).

Williamson, Tom, The Archaeology of the Landscape Park: Garden Design in Norfolk, England, c. 1680-1840. British Archaeological Reports, 268 (Oxford: Archeopress, 1988).

 If the place of publication is obscure, or may easily be confused with another of the same name, include additional information for clarification. Abbreviated American state names, for instance, should be added if there is a danger of confusing a United Kingdom place name with an American location.

Example:

Martin, Peter, Pursuing Innocent Pleasures: The Gardening World of Alexander Pope (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1984)

 Where a book was published in two different places, or for different publishing bodies, both should be recorded.

Examples:

Desmond, Ray, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturalists Including Plant Collectors, Flower Painters and Garden Designers, rev. ed. (London: Taylor & Francis and the Natural History Museum, 1994).

Henderson, Paula. The Tudor House and Garden: Architecture and Landscape in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries (London and New Haven: Yale University Press for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2005).

Roberts, Jane, Royal Landscape: The Gardens and Parks of Windsor (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997).

Stern, William T., John Lindley, 1799-1865: Gardener-Botanist and Pioneer Orchidologist (Woodbridge: Antique Collector’s Club and Royal Horticultural Society, 1999).

 Where a book does not provide a place of publication, publisher or date of publication, the abbreviations [n.p.] no place; [n.pub.] no publisher or [n.d.] no date should be employed in brackets. If such information can be reasonably inferred, it should be contained in brackets to denote that it has been assumed rather than provided. If the information is questionable it should be followed by a question mark, placed in parentheses, contained within the brackets.

Examples:

Royal Tunbridge Wells Civic Society, The Residential Parks of Tunbridge Wells, Local History Monograph, 4 ([Tunbridge Wells]: Royal Tunbridge Wells Civic Society, 2004).

Staffordshire Gardens and Parks Trust, The Ferme Ornee: Proceedings, Association of Garden Trusts Annual Conference, Priorslee Hall, Telford, Shropshire, 4-6th September 1998. ([Yoxall(?)]: Staffordshire Gardens & Parks Trust, 1999).

Two or more books by the same author:

Arrange her/his books alphabetically by title. Record the first book as above. For each subsequent book by the same author, record as above but replace the author's name with a single hyphen. The hyphen indicates that the author is the same as the previous book(s).

Example:

Mowl, Tim, Gentlemen & Players: Gardeners of the English Landscape (Stroud: Sutton, 2000). -Historic Gardens of Cornwall (Stroud: Tempus, 2005).

A book by up to three authors:

List the names of the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page, but only record the names of the first author, surname first. Separate the names of the subsequent authors by a comma and/or the word ‘and’, as you would in a sentence.

Examples:

Collens, Geoffrey and Wendy Powell, Sylvia Crowe, Monograph no. 2 (Reigate: Landscape Design Trust, 1990).

Harding, Stewart and David Lambert, Parks and Gardens of Avon (Bath: Avon Gardens Trust, 1994).

Taigel, Anthea and Tom Williamson, Parks and Gardens (London: Batsford, 1993).

Lambert, David, Peter Goodchild and Judith Roberts, Researching a Garden’s History: A Guide to Documentary and Printed Sources (Reigate, Surrey: Landscape Design Trust, 1995).

Mallins, Edward and the Knight of Glin, Lost Demesnes: Irish Landscape Gardening 1660-1845 (Barrie and Jenkins, 1976).

Woods, May and Arete Warren, Glass Houses (London: Aurum, 1988).

A book by more than three authors:

Follow the guidelines above, but record the name of the first author only, followed by the phrase 'and others'.

Examples:

Colvin, Howard and others, The History of the King’s Works, 5: 1660- 1782 (London: HMSO, 1976).

Norfolk and Norwich Festival and others, Humphry Repton, Landscape Gardener, 1752-1818 (Norwich, East Anglia: Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, 1982).

A book with one editor, translator or reviser:

Use the guidelines as above for authors. Record the author's surname, her/his first name, and then the title of the book in italics. Follow this by the phrase ‘ed. by’, ‘trans. by’ or ‘rev. by’ and the name of the editor, translator or reviser. End with the (place of publication: publisher, year of publication) in parentheses.

Example:

Spence, Joseph, Observations, Anecdotes and Characters of Men, ed. by J. M. Osborn (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966).

A book without an author stated and one editor, translator or reviser:

Use the guidelines as above, but record the editor’s, translator’s or reviser's surname, then her/his first name first. Follow this by the abbreviation (ed.), (trans.) or (rev.) in parentheses and the title of the book in italics. End with the (place of publication: publisher, year of publication) in parentheses.

Examples:

Armstrong, Alan M. (ed.), "Forget not Mee & My Garden...": Selected Letters, 1725–1768, of Peter Collinson, F.R.S, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 24 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2002).

Calnan, Mike (ed.), Rooted in History: Studies in Garden Conservation (London: National Trust, 2001).

Curl, James Stevens (ed.), Kensal Green Cemetery: The Origins and Development of the General Cemetery of All Souls, Kensal Green, London, 1824-2001 (London: Phillimore, 2001).

Hind, Charles (ed.), The Rococo in England: A Symposium (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1986).

Webb, Geoffrey (ed.), The Complete Works of Sir John Vanburgh, 4 vols (London: Nonsuch, 1928).

A book with up to three editors, translators or revisers:

Record as above, listing the names of the editors, translators or revisers in the order they appear on the title page, but only recording the name of the first editor, translator or reviser surname first. Separate the names of the editors, translators and revisers by a comma and/or the word ‘and’ as you would in a sentence. Follow this by the abbreviation (ed.), (trans.) or (rev.) in parentheses and the title of the book in italics. End with the (place of publication: publisher, year of publication) in parentheses.

Example:

Jacques, David and Arend Jan van der Horst (eds), The Gardens of William and Mary (Bromley: Christopher Helm, 1988). Watkins, John and T. W. J. Wright (eds), The Management and Maintenance of Historic Parks, Gardens & Landscapes: The English Heritage Handbook (London: Frances Lincoln, 2005). Woudstra, Jan and Ken Fieldhouse (eds), The Regeneration of Public Parks (London: Garden History Society, Landscape Design Trust, E&FN Spon, 2000).

A book with more than three editors, translator or reviser:

Follow the guidelines above, but only record name of the first editor. Follow this by the phrase 'and others', the abbreviation (ed.), (trans.) or (rev.) in parentheses and the title of the book in italics. End with the (place of publication: publisher, year of publication) in parentheses.

Example:

Lewis, W.S. and others (eds), The Yale Editions of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, XXXV (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973).

7.4.2 Chapters and articles in books

(For further details and examples refer to the MHRA Style Guide: 10.2.3.)

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, the 'title of the chapter or article' in quotation marks and the word ‘in’. Follow this by the title of the book in italics, the abbreviation ‘ed.’ and the editor's name. Next, add the (place of publication: publisher, year) enclosed in parentheses, the abbreviation ‘pp.’ and the span of page number/s covered by the chapter, paper or article.

Example:

Dyer, C.C., 'Gardens and Garden Produce in Later Medieval England' in Food in Medieval England: Diet and Nutrition, ed. by Christopher Michael Woolgar, Dale Serjeantson and Tony Waldron (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 27-40.

Reeder, David A., 'London and Green Space, 1850-2000: An Introduction', in The European City and Green Space: London, Stockholm, Helsinki and St. Petersburg, 1850-2000, Historical Urban Studies, ed. by Peter Clark (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 30-40.

Robins, J.A., ‘History of the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland’ in Irish Gardening and Horticulture, ed. by E.C. Nelson and A. Brady (Dublin: Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, 1979), p. 84/

Streatfield, David C., ‘Art and Nature in the English Landscape Garden: Design Theory and Practice, 1700–1818’, in Landscape in the Gardens and the Literature of 18th-Century England. Papers Read at a Clark Library Seminar, 18 March 1978, ed. David C. Streatfield and Alistair M. Duckworth (Los Angeles: University of California, The William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 1981), pp. 3–87/

Walpole, Horace, ‘Letter to Richard Bentley, September 1753’, in The Yale Editions of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, ed. W.S. Lewis and others, XXXV (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973) pp. 148-49.

7.4.3 Articles in journals

(For further details and examples refer to the MHRA Style Guide: 10.2.4.)

An article in a scholarly journal with continuous pagination throughout a volume/year:

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, 'title of article' in quotation marks, title of journal in italics, volume (year in parentheses) and page numbers covering the full page span of the article. Note: the latter should not be preceded by the abbreviations ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’

Examples:

Brown, Marilyn M. 'The Gardens of Glamis: An Aerial View', Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 135 (2005), 19- 39.

Taylor, Christopher. 'A Late Seventeenth-Century Garden at Babraham, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 93 (2004), 143-50.

An article in a scholarly journal in which each issue of the journal begins on page 1:

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, 'title of article' in quotation marks, title of journal in italics, volume. issue. number, each separated by a full stop (year) in parentheses and page numbers covering the full span of the article. Note: the latter should not be preceded by the abbreviations ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’

Examples:

Fulton, Moira and Helen Lazenby, 'The Gardens at Middlethorpe Hall, York: History and Restoration', Garden History, 34.1 (2006), 112-31.

Munroe, Jennifer, 'Gender, Class, and the Art of Gardening: Gardening Manuals in Early Modern England', Prose Studies, 28.2 (2006), 197- 210.

Rutherford, Sarah, 'Landscapers for the Mind: English Asylum Designers, 1845-1914', Garden History, 33.1 (2005), 61-86.

7.4.4 Articles in newspapers and magazines

To cite an article in a newspaper or magazine record the author's surname, her/his first name, 'title of article' in quotation marks, title of source in italics, day month year, page references.

Example:

Foxcroft, Hannah, ‘Slow to Blossom but Hardy’, Independent, 3 February 2000, p. 9.

7.4.5 Articles from a reference book with the author stated

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, 'title of article' in quotation marks, followed by the word ‘in’ and the title of reference book in italics, the abbreviation ‘ ed.’, editor's name, volume number (place of publication: publisher, year) in parentheses and the abbreviation ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ with the span of page number/s covered by the chapter, or articles.

Example:

Harvey, John H., ‘Medieval Garden’ in The Oxford Companion to Gardens, ed. by Patrick Goode and others (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 362-67

7.4.6 Unpublished theses and dissertations

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, 'title of dissertation/thesis' in quotation marks (unpublished doctoral thesis, name of university, year).

Example:

Gordon, Susan E., ‘The Iconography and Mythology of the 18th- Century English Landscape Garden’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Bristol University, 1999).

Jordan, Harriett, ‘Thomas Hayton Mawson, 1861-1933: The English Gardens of an Edwardian Architect’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, London University, Wye College, 1988).

7.4.7 Archival materials, manuscripts and early printed books

Archival materials, manuscripts and early printed editions of rare books are arranged alphabetically by the location of the archives or libraries in which they are found.

To cite this type of material, record the name of repository, name of manuscript collection, followed by the number of document.

Examples:

British Library, Add MS. Stowe 211, fo. 3.

Christ Church, Oxford, Evelyn MS. 39a, Epistle 161.

Hertfordshire Record Office, MS 10448.

Linnean Society, Collinson MSS. Large Book, p. 31

7.4.8 Electronic resources

A web site:

Record the site/material author's surname, her/his first name, name of the page in italics, the and the [date of access] in brackets.

Example:

English Heritage, ‘Wrest Park’, Past Scape, [accessed 23 May 2007].

Hitching, Claude, The Pulham Legacy: Pulham Sites in Scotland [accessed 15 June 2007] .

Lowe, Roz, ‘Sir Samuel Meyrick and Goodrich Court’, Historic Herefordshire Online [accessed 27 September 2007].

An online book:

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, title of book in italics, (place of publication: publisher, date) in parentheses and [date of access] in brackets.

Example:

Welsh Historic Gardens Trust, Historic Parks & Gardens of Wales = Arweiniad I Barciau a Gerddi Hanesyddol Cymru (Talybont: Welsh Historic Gardens Trust, 2004) [accessed 25 July 2007].

An online article:

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, followed by the 'article title' in quotation marks, the name of online journal in italics, and the volume. issue separated by a full stop followed by the (year) in parentheses, page numbers covering the full span of the article and [date of access] in brackets.

Example:

Phibbs, John, ‘An Approach to the Methodology of Recording Historic Landscapes’, Garden History, 11.2 (1983), 167-175 [accessed 23 January 2008].

An article in an online reference book where no author is given:

Record the 'title of article' in quotation marks, in the title of the book in italics, [and date of access] in brackets.

Example:

'Victorian Britain’, in Encarta Encyclopaedia, [accessed 7 June 2008].

An article in an online reference book where an author is provided:

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, followed by the 'title of article' in quotation marks, the word ‘in’, the title of the book in italics, [and date of access] in brackets.

Example:

Manno, Antonio, ‘Abercrombie, Sir (Leslie) Patrick’, in The Grove Dictionary of Art Online, ed. L. Macy [accessed 23 October 2007].

An article in an online newspaper or magazine:

Record the author's surname, her/his first name, 'title of article' in quotation marks, title of source in italics, day month year original source was published [and date of access] in brackets.

Example:

Kennedy, Maev, ‘Antique Garden Statues Back Home for Repair’, Guardian, 4 December 2004 [accessed 23 April 2007].

A CD-ROM:

Record the title of the CD-ROM in italics followed by the (place of publication: publisher, year of publication) in parentheses and the phrase [on CD-ROM] in brackets.

Example:

Garden History Reference Encyclopaedia (London: Gardenvisit.com, 2005) [on CD-ROM].

An article in a reference database on CD-ROM:

Record the ‘title of article' in quotation marks, followed by the word ‘in’ and the title of CD-ROM in italics and (place of publication: publisher, year) in parentheses with the phrase [on CD-ROM] in brackets.

Example:

Tom Turner, ‘Geoffrey Jellicoe: The Subconscious and Landscape Design’, in Garden History Reference Encyclopaedia (London: Gardenvisit.com, 2005) [on CD-ROM].

7.4.9 Films, videos, television and radio programmes

Record the ‘title of the programme’ in quotation marks, followed by the show’s director, distributor and date.

Examples:

‘A Picture of Britain’, James Muir, London, BBC1, 18 June 2005.

Hunt, Tristram, ‘Edward Milner and Lincoln Arboretum’, Park Masters, 5, London, BBC Radio 4, 2 February 2007.

Note: the director of a radio programme may not be known.

7.4.10 Other sources

A work of art:

Record the artist's surname, her/his first name, the title of the work in italics, the name of the institution housing the work, followed by a comma and the city in which the artwork can be found.

Example:

Rysbrack, John Michael, Thuner, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

If you want to indicate the work's date, you may include this after the title.

 To cite a work of art viewed in a text, you must not only indicate the present location of the work but also the complete publication information for the source in which the photograph appears.

Example:

Finlay, Ian Hamilton with Peter Coates and Andrew Whittle, Benches, The Serpentine Gallery Garden, Hyde Park, London, Photo: Patrick Eyres, 1998, Plate 14 in ‘Colour Plates’, Garden History, 28.1 (2000), [180].

 For a work of art viewed online, follow the above guidelines yet end your citation with [and date of access] in brackets.

Example:

Wilson, George Washington, The Old Gardener Simpson....and His Wife, 1854, The Balmoral Album: Photographs by George Washington Wilson, W. & D. Downey and Henry John Whitlock, National Portrait Gallery, London. [accessed 10 June 2007].

A lecture or public address:

Record the speaker's surname, her/his first name, followed by the title of the lecture in quotations, name of the meeting and organisation sponsoring the lecture, the lecture location, and the date.

Example:

Wheeler, Richard, ‘Architectural Gardening: Robert Adam & the Design of the Osterley Pleasure Grounds’, The Osterley Seminar: Architect and The Garden: Floristic Shrubberies in the Osterley Landscape, The National Trust , Osterley Park, Isleworth, 7 June 2007.

A personal interview:

State the name of the interviewee, the type of interview and the date conducted.

Example:

Strong, Roy, Personal interview, 10 December 2006.

A personal letter:

To cite a letter that you have received, begin with the writer's surname, her/his first name and add the phrase "Letter to the author," followed by the date.

Example:

Felus, Kate, Letter to the author, 8 January 2005.

Email:

Begin with the writer's surname, her/his first name and the subject line. Then write ‘email to’ followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message.

Example:

Good, Les, ‘Deer Parks’, email to Jo Smo, 15 March 2005.

7.5 SAMPLE RESEARCH AND RECORDING FORMS

 Site cover sheet  Site research and recording form  Component area of site research and recording form  Sources of reference

SITE COVER SHEET

Name of main site Castle Howard

Your site ID [name/number provided by CGT] Address Country England County North Yorkshire District/borough Ryedale Civil parish/es Henderskelfe (Townland/s NI)

Number of component areas of the main site (separately recorded) 3 Component Names of component areas number 1 Walled Garden 2 Ray Wood 3 South Parterre

Please list and give any details of sources researched for this report Maps Plans Photographs 75 photographs, taken 15/6/06 Guide books Illustrations Photocopies Sketches Permissions Other

Number of pages including this cover 30 Date site last visited 15/6/06 Number of site and component site records identified 5 Number of confidentiality flags 0

SITE RESEARCH AND RECORDING FORM Site NAME, LOCATION AND SIZE Name of main site Castle Howard Alternative name/s of main site Name/s of component area/s of main site, if any Ray Wood Walled Garden South Parterre Address Castle Howard Estate Ltd Estate Office Castle Howard, York Postcode YO60 7DA Historic County Yorkshire North Riding County/Unitary Authority North Yorkshire District/Borough Ryedale Civil Parish/es Henderskelfe (Townland/s NI) Country England OS Landranger Map/ OS Sheet no 100 Scale 1:50,000 Map for Northern Ireland Map date 12/10/2004 Grid letters SE Grid ref 716 700 Approximate area (acres, 745 hectares hectares or square metres) (1 hectare = 2.471 acres 1 acre = 0.405 hectares or 4047 square metres) Survival  Extant  Part: ground/below ground level remains  Part: standing remains  Lost  Reconstructed  Unknown Directions Castle Howard is located 15 miles north east of York, just off the A64 in the direction of Malton. If travelling from the north, turn off the A1 onto the A61 to Thirsk, then take the A170 to Helmsley. Turn onto the B1257 just before Helmsley and follow the brown signs. From the south, turn off the A1M at junction 45 onto the A64 and follow east to York. Once past York, follow the brown Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 34

signs. Castle Howard can also be reached by public transport via Malton, which is five miles away. Confidential: Yes/No- No please select one

OWNER/OCCUPIER Ownership  Private  Public  Institutional or Commercial  Other Owner details confidential: Yes/No- please select one Owner’s name Private company, of which the Hon. Nicholas and Simon Howard are the directors. Owner’s address Owner’s postcode If more than one owner please include details and note other names here Occupier/s details confidential: Yes/No- please select one Occupier’s name Simon Howard and family If more than one occupier please include details and note other names here

ACCESS Open to public Yes Opening contact http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/metadot/index.pl? details id=4301&isa=Category&op=show or telephone 01653 648 444 Visitor facilities http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/metadot/index.pl? id=5271&isa=Category&op=show

DESCRIPTION Current description of Approximately 500 words but can be longer if a particularly the main site large or complex site. Please include dates/periods where known. You can use a separate sheet of paper if necessary. [A brief outline of the nature of the park and garden and its most important components and characteristics] Castle Howard is set in more than 6000 acres of land, comprising agricultural land, woodland, landscape park and a diverse series of gardens. To the south-west of the house lies the Walled Garden. To the south lies the formal South Parterre and, in contrast, to the east lies Ray Wood, an area of informal woodland. On either side of the house are lakes, and set throughout the garden are many statues and several garden buildings. Beyond the gardens lies the landscape park, which surrounds the house on three sides. Within the park can be found the Mausoleum and the Avenue, with its collection of ornamental gateways leading into the park. There is also an arboretum, called ‘Kew’ at Castle Howard, which is close to the house but has separate entrance arrangements and was opened in 1999. Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 35

HISTORY OF SITE History of the Approximately 500 words but can be longer if a particularly large or main site complex site. Please include dates/periods where known. You can use a separate sheet of paper if necessary. 1699-1702 John Vanbrugh draws up plans for Castle Howard. 1703 Work begins on the Kitchen Garden. 1706 Work begins in Ray Wood. 1714 The Obelisk is erected. 1715 Volumes I and II of Vitruvius Britannicus are published, which include six engravings of Castle Howard. 1719 The Pyramid Gatehouse is completed. About 1720 Mock fortifications are begun, and completed around 1723. The layout of the South Parterre begins and is completed around 1725. About 1723-1738 The Temple of the Four Winds is built. 1725 Volume III of Vitruvius Britannicus is published and includes a birds- eye engraving of the house and grounds. Mid-1720s The South Lake is created. 1728 The Pyramid is erected. Late 1720s The Carrmire Gate is built. 1728-1740s The Mausoleum is constructed. Early 1730s The New River is created. About 1732-1736 The Temple of Venus is built. 1744 The New River Bridge is built. 1756-1758 Wings are added to the Gatehouse. 1790s The Great Lake is created. About 1850-1853 William Nesfield creates a parterre, and the Atlas and Prince of Wales fountains. 1862-64 Nesfield extends the South Waterways. 1893 The ninth Countess removes much of Nesfield’s landscaping. 9th November A fire in the house destroys the dome and nearly 20 rooms. 1940 1940s Ray Wood is clear-felled. The Temple of Venus collapses. 1952 Castle Howard opens to the public. 1986-1992 The lakes, fountains and waterways are restored. 1995-6 All lead statues in the grounds are restored. 1997 The Castle Howard Arboretum Trust is formed. 2000 The West Garden is redesigned. The Pretty Wood Pyramid is restored. 2001 The monument to the seventh Earl is restored.

Oral history Including name, date, connections with site and details of source, and any references given. [verbal history or information given by individuals, such as a retired gardener or local historian]

Number of extra sheets 0 used for description and history write up

PRINCIPAL BUILDING OR CONTEXT Building or context Great House Designer/architect/s John Vanbrugh Style/s There are two main styles associated with Castle Howard – baroque and Palladian. Date/s Late 17th century to early 19th century.

PEOPLE CONNECTED WITH THE MAIN SITE Name Date/period Role John Vanbrugh 1699-1726 Architect Nicholas Hawksmoor 1700-1736 Architect John Carr 1774-1782 Architect William Andrew Nesfield 1850s Designer

ORGANISATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SITE (other than CGTs and official designating organisations) Name Date/period Role The Forestry Commission Special interest Kew at Castle Howard 1997 Charity

OFFICIAL DESIGNATIONS Details Designation Reference Grade English Heritage Register Listed landscape GD2061 I Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Most of the woodland in the Ancient replanted woodland park. Provided by Natural England.

FEATURES (where not in a component area) No Feature (please specify date, creator, location, Condition Feature details description where known) confidential: Yes/No- please select one F1 Temple of the Four Winds, 1724-38, designed by Good No Vanbrugh. Originally known as the Temple of (restored Diana because of an association with the statue of 1995) Diana in Ray Wood. Located at the eastern end Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 37

of the Temple terrace, on the south-east corner of Ray Wood. The Temple is a cube, with a dome and four porticoes. Four female figures are located on the steps. Beneath it is a cellar, which was used for the preparation and storage of food. F2 Mausoleum, 1729-1740s. Designed by Good No Hawksmoor, but with significant modifications by Lord Morpeth, Sir Thomas Robinson and Lord Burlington. Located almost one mile to the south- east of the house. Standing 90 feet high, the Mausoleum is a cylindrical structure, supported by a colonnade of 20 pillars, and is surrounded by a circular bastion wall. Steps lead up to the domed chapel. Inside the chapel the 70-foot-high ceiling is decorated with carvings which include the heads of cherubim and acanthus leaves. Eight Corinthian columns surround the interior wall. Beneath the chapel is a crypt which contains 63 loculi for coffins. Not open to the public. F3 Temple of Venus, 1736, designed by Hawksmoor. Collapsed No Located a quarter of a mile to the north of the Temple of the Four Winds. Only the pedestal survives and this is much grassed over. The original design was an open rotunda of eight Tuscan columns beneath an octagonal entablature and dome. In the centre stood a statute of Venus. In 1931 the Temple was already ruinous. When Ray Wood was clear-felled in the 1940s, a tree was deliberately felled on top of the Temple to make it collapse, as it was feared to be unsafe. The statue of Venus survived and is located in the Venus Rose Garden.

SPECIAL PLANTING DETAILS (other than in a component area) No Plants/planting (please specify dates where Condition Planting details known) confidential: Yes/No- please select one P1

ECOLOGY Soil type Geology Howardian Hills Terrain The surrounding landscape ranges from contours of 300 feet to flatter areas immediately surrounding the house.

RESEARCHER / COUNTY GARDENS TRUST CONTACT (please note any details to remain confidential) CGT Yorkshire CGT Information Coordinator Name of researcher Sarah Collins Address Postcode Telephone Email Date of research 2001-2003 Submission date 28/06/07

MAPS AND/OR PLANS & ATTACHMENTS If you have attached a map and/or plan please tick to indicate the following:

Showing: The location of the site and its principal building  The apparent boundary of the site (historical boundary)  The apparent occupancy and ownership boundaries of divided sites  (marking each area with the identity number). Points of entry to the site.  Showing the location of component parts and existing features.  Showing the direction of views that extend beyond the site boundary and  the points from which they may be seen.

COMPONENT AREA OF MAIN SITE RESEARCH AND RECORDING FORM

Component area NAME, LOCATION AND SIZE (If same as the main site, put ‘same as site’) Name of the component Walled Garden area of the main site Your ID of the component [name/number provided by CGT] area Name of main site Castle Howard Address (if different from Same as site main site address)

Postcode Same as site Historic County Same as site County/Unitary Authority Same as site District/Borough Civil Parish/es (Townland/s NI) Country Same as site OS Landranger Map/ OS Sheet no Scale Map for Northern Ireland Map date Same as site Grid letters Grid ref Approximate area (acres, 4 hectares hectares or square metres) (1 hectare = 2.471 acres 1 acre = 0.405 hectares or 4047 square metres) Survival  Extant  Part: ground/ below ground level remains  Part: standing remains  Lost  Reconstructed  Unknown Directions Same as site Confidential: Yes/No- No Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 40 please select one

OWNER/OCCUPIER 0F COMPONENT AREA (If different from the main site) Ownership  Private  Public  Institutional or Commercial  Other Owner details confidential: Yes/No- please select one Owner’s name Same as site Owner’s address Same as site Owner’s postcode If more than one owner please include details and note other names here Occupier/s details confidential: Yes/No- please select one Occupier’s name Same as site If more than one occupier please include details and note other names here

ACCESS Open to public Approximately one hectare Opening contact Same as site details Visitor facilities Same as site

DESCRIPTION Current description of Approximately 500 words but can be longer if a particularly large or the component area complex site. Please include dates/periods where known. You can use a separate sheet of paper or the Extra Recording Sheet if necessary. The Walled Garden is constructed of brick and is made up of several areas. Only some of these are open to the public. These include the Venus Rose Garden and the Sundial Garden, which contains over 2000 modern roses, and Lady Cecilia’s Garden, which is filled with old roses. The final section of the garden open to the public is the Plant Centre. Some of the Walled Garden is sectioned off for use by the family and part is given over to vegetables and cut flowers. The remainder is used by the ground-keeping staff or is lying fallow.

HISTORY History of the Approximately 500 words but can be longer if a particularly large or component area complex site. Please include dates/periods where known. You can use a separate sheet of paper or the Extra Recording Sheet if necessary. 1703 Work on the walled garden began with the construction of the gardener’s house and walls. 1705 The Satyr Gate was created. Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 41

1755 A plan by Sir Thomas Robinson shows expansion of the garden. The east wall was extended to make the new garden 9 acres, 2 rods and 29 perches overall (3.9 hectares). Robinson created a new gardener’s house and office in the centre of the garden. Addition of heated walls to the garden. 1851 Ibbotson’s Handbook to Castle Howard published, listing more than 1,000 species of vegetables and fruit in the garden. 1972 Lady Cecilia’s Garden created. 1977 The Sundial Garden created 1979 The Venus Garden created. 2006 An ornamental vegetable garden created. Oral history Including name, date, connections with site and details of source, and any references given. [verbal history or information given by individuals, such as a retired gardener or local historian]

Number of extra sheets used for description and history write up

PRINCIPAL BUILDING OR CONTEXT (If different from the main site) Not applicable in this component area

PEOPLE CONNECTED WITH THE COMPONENT AREA

Name Date/period Role Matthew Nettleton 1703 Builder Philip Clarke 1703 Builder George London 1704 Nurseryman Samuel Carpenter 1705 Sculptor Sir Thomas Robinson 1750s Architect Sir John Cullum 1771 Writer

ORGANISATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPONENT AREA (other than CGTs and official designating organisations) Name Date/period Role Castle Howard Gardening Current Special interest Club

OFFICIAL DESIGNATIONS (Of the component area specifically) Designating authority Designation Reference Grade

FEATURES Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 42

(Where specific to the component area and not noted for the main site) No Feature (please specify date, creator, location, Condition Feature details description where known) confidential: Yes/No- please select one F1a Satyr Gate,1705, carved by Samuel Carpenter. Good No Located in the north wall. Ornamental stone gateway with carved satyr heads on one side and lion heads on the other. Baskets of ornamental flowers are carved on the top of the gate. F2a Garden house, 1755, by Sir Thomas Robinson. Good No Located at the boundary of the old and new kitchen gardens, close to the hothouses. A square, two-storey stone building in the Palladian style. Some alterations took place in the 19th century. F3a Glasshouses, 1755 to early 20th century. Dilapidate No There were several glasshouses, only one of d which survives in working order. It is the largest one, closest to the Gardener’s House.

SPECIAL PLANTING DETAILS OF COMPONENT SITE (Where specific to the component area and not noted for the main site) No Plants/planting (please specify dates where Condition Planting details known) confidential: Yes/No- please select one P1a Rosa rugosa 1994-5 P2a Rosa ‘Graham Thomas’, 1983 P3a Rosa gallica var. officinalis, 1975 P4a Rosa ‘Darius’ 1975

ECOLOGY Soil Type Geology Howardian Hills Terrain Flat

RESEARCHER / COUNTY GARDENS TRUST CONTACT (please note any details to remain confidential) CGT Yorkshire CGT Information Coordinator Name of researcher Sarah Collins Address Postcode Telephone Email Date of research 2003-6 Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009 43

Submission date 28/06/07

MAPS AND/OR PLANS & ATTACHMENTS If you have attached a map and/or plan please tick to indicate the following:

Showing: The component area of the site  The apparent boundary of the component area of the site  Points of entry to the component area site.  Position of any special features of the component area  Special ID for area  Showing the direction of views that extend beyond the boundary of the  component area of the site and the points from which they may be seen.

Appendix 1

SOURCES OF REFERENCE

BOOKS AND TYPED PUBLICATIONS

Title The Building of Castle Howard Author Charles Saumarez Smith Type of publication Text Publisher Pimlico Publication date 1997 Publication place London Edition 1st ISBN 0712666664 Description A study of the circumstances which led to the building of Castle Howard ISSN Citation Smith, Charles Saumarez, The Building of Castle Howard (London: Pimlico, 1997)

BOOKS AND TYPED PUBLICATIONS

Title The Illustrated Hand-Book to Castle Howard, the Yorkshire Seat of the Right Hon. The Earl of Carlisle Author H. Ibbotson Type of publication Text Publisher Henry Smithson Publication date 1851 Publication place Malton Edition 1st ISBN Description A guide to the house and gardens at Castle Howard ISSN Citation Ibbotson, H, The Illustrated Hand-Book to Castle Howard, the Yorkshire Seat of the Right Hon. The Earl of Carlisle (Malton: Henry Smithson, 1851)

Appendix 2

IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND PAINTINGS

Title Charles Howard, third Earl of Carlisle Type of image Painting, oil on canvas Original date c. 1700-1712 Creator Sir Godfrey Kneller Source/repository NPG 3197, National Portrait Gallery, London Image publisher Date of publication Place of publication Image ownership National Portrait Gallery, London Image description Kit-Cat club portrait of Charles Howard, the third Earl of Carlisle, Castle Howard’s patron

IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND PAINTINGS

Title Castle Howard Type of image Woodcut illustration Original date 1738 Creator Thomas Gent Source/repository Pater Patriae Image publisher Date of publication 1738 Place of publication York Image ownership Image description woodcut illustration of the house and grounds at Castle Howard from Thomas Gent’s Pater Patriae (York: 1738)

Appendix 3

MAPS AND PLANS

Repository/private Castle Howard Archives collection Archive contact details Curator, Castle Howard, Castle Howard Estate Limited, York Y060 7DA Description of archive Papers, mainly dating from 1699 onwards, concerning the contents history of the family, house and estate Document title Estate Map Reference number Scale of map or plan Series Date 1694 Draughtsman Surveyor Engraver

MAPS AND PLANS

Repository/private collection Archive contact details Description of archive contents Document title Reference number Scale of map or plan Series Date Draughtsman Surveyor Engraver

Appendix 4

DOCUMENTS

Repository/private Beinecke Library, Yale University collection Name of archive Osborn Collection Creator/author W.J. Title Account of Travels throughout Britain Reference no MS c. 480, fols. 91-93 Form of archive manuscript Date of original 1743 Description Visitor account of the house and grounds at Castle Howard

DOCUMENTS

Repository/private Bath Public Reference Library collection Name of archive Creator/author Anonymous Title Tour of Several English Counties in 1725 by a Cambridge Undergraduate Reference no MS 38:43 Form of archive manuscript Date of original 1725 Description Visitor account of the grounds at Castle Howard

7.6 HISTORICAL MEASUREMENTS

Area measurements are often given on historical plans in acres, roods and perches, signified by a, r and p respectively.

 1 pole = 5m (the length from the back of a plough to the ox’s nose, which was 16 feet and 6 inches).  1 square pole = 25 square metres.  1 square perch = 30.25 square yards, or a 160th part of an acre.  1 acre = 4 roods; 160 (square) perches, poles or rods; 4840 square yards, 4047 square metres or 0.405 hectares.  1 rood = a quarter of an acre, 40 (square) perches, poles or rods; 1210 square yards, or 1011.56 square metres.  1 hectare = 10,000 square metres or 2.471 acres.  1 yard = 3 feet or 0.914 metres.  1 mile = 1760 yards or 1.61kilometres.  1 square mile = 640 acres or 2.59 square kilometres.

Parks & Gardens UK Volunteer Training Manual Second edition, March 2009