Unit 9: the Interwar Years and the Domestic Front Front: 1919-1941

APUSH Dr. I. Ibokette

Unit 9: The Interwar Years and the Domestic Front Front: 1919-1941

A. The “Roaring Twenties”, B. The Great Depression, and C. The New Deal:

As usual, use the recommended “4-step” reading and note-taking process. Also, use the “looking ahead” and “recall and reflect” questions; as well as the “study questions” and key terms and names provided as guides to both the context and significance of sub-themes within the unit.

A. The “Roaring Twenties”

The Roaring Twenties: A Summation “Scholars often characterize the 1920s as a decade of American prosperity and optimism. It was the “Roaring Twenties”, the decade of bathtub gin, the model T, the $5 workday, the first trans-Atlantic flight and the movie. It is often seen as a period of great advance as the nation became urban and commercial. The decade is also seen as a period of rising intolerance and isolation: chastened by WWI, historians often point out that Americans retreated into a provincialism evidenced by the rise of the KKK, the anti-radical hysteria of Palmer raids, restrictive immigration laws, and Prohibition.” Overall the decade was a period of great contradictions: of rising optimism and deadening cynicism; of increasing and decreasing faith; and of great hope and great despair. Put differently, historians usually see the 1920s as a decade of intense social conflict. Time Line: 1919: Palmer Raids 1920: Warren Harding elected President 1922: T. S. Eliot publishes The Wasteland 1923: Harding Dies; Calvin Coolidge takes over - Bessie Smith records her first jazz album 1925: The Charleston becomes a dance craze - Scopes Trial 1927: Charles Lindberg’s flight - Ford introduced Model A 1928: Herbert Hoover elected President 1929: Ten million families own radio sets - The Stock Market Crashed

1 Key Terms & Names: Chapter 22

1. welfare capitalism

2. “pink-collar” jobs

3. A. Philip Randolph

4. “American Plan”

5. Issei/Nisei

6. Parity

7. The Jazz Singer

8. H.L. Mencken

9. Lost Generation

10. Sinclair Lewis

11. Harlem Renaissance

12. Alain Locke

13. Langston Hughes

14. Nativism & the Ku Klan Klan

15. National Origin Act, 1924

16. Al Smith

17. Scopes “Monkey Trial”

18. mass consumerism

19. mass communication

20. Margaret Sanger

21. flapper

22. League of Women Voters

2 23. Lost Generation

24. Prohibition

25. Scopes Monkey Trial

26. Teapot Dome

Sub-Sections a. Setting the Stage 633  “ Looking Ahead” i. How did the technological innovations of the early 20th century affect industry and American social life of the 1920s?

ii. What were some of the cultural conflicts of the 1920s, and what caused them?

iii. Is the term the “new era” a fitting description of the 1920s? b. The New Economy 634 c. The New Culture 640 d. A Conflict of Cultures 649 e. Republican Government, 654 f. End-of-Chapter Review, 656  Looking Back  Significant Events Recall and Reflect, 657 i. What was the impact of the automobile on American life?

ii. How did labor fare during the 1920s? What particular problems did female, African American, immigrant, and unskilled laborers face?

iii. How did religion respond to the consumer culture of the 1920s?

iv. What was the myth and what was the reality of the “new woman” of the 1920s?

v. What was the nature and the extent of nativism of the 1920s? g. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

3 STUDY QUESTIONS

1. Why was American economic production and growth so successful during the 1920s? What were its strengths and weaknesses?

2. What were the major achievements in technology and science during the 1920s, and how were they applied to society?

3. In what ways were working Americans of the 1920s better off? How were they worse off? 4. How did the status of organized labor change between 1919 and 1929?

5. Describe the many factors that resulted in America becoming more of a consumer society during the 1920s.

6. What were the psychological effects on both individuals and society at large that resulted from increasing consumerism in the 1920s?

7. Compare the ideas and social commentary of artists and writers in the 1920s with the artists and writers of the 1820s-1850s.

8. Who were the prominent American writers in the 1920s? Why did a number of these writers express negative views of society?

9. Describe the status of women in the 1920s. What aspects of their activities and behavior showed significant change, and what remained the same?

10. Why did rural America have reason to be concerned about the course of events in the United States during the 1920s? How did they respond to these events?

11. Compare the political philosophies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson with those of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

B. The Great Depression: Chapter 23

Key Names and Terms

1. “Black Tuesday”

2. Causes of Depression

3. John M. Keynes

4. Dust Bowl

5. Okies

4 6. Scottsboro case

7. Clifford Odets

8. Erskine Caldwell

9. Soap Opera

10. John Dos Passos

11. Richard Wright

12. Hindenburg

13. Orson Welles

14. Frank Capra

15. Life magazine

16. Popular Front

17. John Steinbeck

18. voluntarism

19. Hoovervilles

20. Hawley-Smooth Tariff

21. Agricultural Marketing Act

22. Reconstruction Finance Corp.

23. Bonus Army march

24. 1932 election and interregnum

Sub-Sections a. Setting the Stage, 658  “ Looking Ahead” i. What were some of the causes of the Gt Dep? What made it so severe, and why did it last so long?

ii. What was the impact of the Gt Dep on farmers, minorities, and women?

iii. How did President Hoover and his administration try to deal with the Depression?

iv. What was the result of those efforts?

5 b. The Coming of the Gt Dep. 660 c. The American People in Hard Times 662 d. The Dep and American Culture 669 e. The Unhappy Presidency of Herbert Hoover 675 f. End-of-Chapter Review 679  Looking Back  Significant Events

Recall and Reflect, 681 i. Was the stock market crash the cause of the Great Dep.? Why or why not?

ii. How did farmers fare during the Depression? What environmental conditions contribute to their plight?

iii. What particular problems faced women, both black and white, who worked outside the home?

iv. How did radio affect both social life and the life of the family?

v. What was the Popular Front? What group did it comprise? How did they respond to the Depression?

vi. What popular protest arose in response to the Dep? How successful were these protests? vii. How did Hoover’s political beliefs affect his attempts to deal with the economic crisis of the Depression?

g. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

STUDY QUESTIONS

1. What caused the stock market to crash in October 1929? Could this crash have been avoided?

2. Prior to the stock market crash in October 1929, what were the major weaknesses in the economy of the late 1920s?

3. What are the major interpretations regarding the causes of the Great Depression? Why is there little historical consensus regarding the causes?

4. Accurately characterize the depth and breadth of the Great Depression.

6 5. How did the American people—men, women, minorities—generally respond to the Great Depression?

6. How was the American family affected by the Great Depression?

7. What were the popular cultural similarities and differences in the 1930s among radio programs, the movies, and literature?

8. Why did the radical left enjoy growing popularity in America during the 1930s? Why did this popularity prove to be largely temporary?

9. What did President Hoover offer in the fight against the Great Depression? Why was he ineffective in this fight?

10. Characterize Herbert Hoover’s personality during his presidency. How did his personal image with the American public change between 1928 and 1932?

11. Why was Franklin Roosevelt elected president in 1932? What was his campaign platform?

C. The New Deal: Chapter 24

Key Names and Terms

1. Emergency Banking Act

2. AAA

3. NIRA/NRA

4. U.S. v. Schechter

5. TVA

6. Glass-Steagall Act

7. SEC

8. FERA, CWA, CCC

9. First v. Second New Deals

10. American Liberty League

11. Townsend Plan

12. Father Coughlin

7 13. Senator Huey Long

14. National Labor Relations Act

15. industrial unionism/ CIO

16. John Lewis

17. Social Security Act

18. WPA

19. Court packing plan

20. Roosevelt recession

21. Fair Labor Standards Act

22. broker state

23. Eleanor Roosevelt

24. Black Cabinet

25. John Collier

26. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

27. Frances Perkins

28. Marian Anderson

29. federal welfare state

Sub-Sections a. Setting the Stage 683  “ Looking Ahead” i. What emergency measures did FDR take in his first 100 days as president? ii. Who were the major critics of FDR’s New Dea, and how did their criticism influence FDR’s “Second New Deal”? iii. What were the principal achievements of the “Second New Deal”? b. Launching the New Deal 684 c. The New Deal in Transition 690 d. The New Deal in Disarray 697 e. Limits and legacies of the New Deal 700 f. End-of-Chapter Review 706

8  Looking Back  Significant Events Recall and Reflect, 631 i. What New Deal programs were aimed at agricultural and industrial recovery, and what was the effect of the programs in both areas? ii. What criticisms did critics on both the left and the right level at the New Deal? How did FDR and his administration respond to these criticisms? iii. What gains did organized labor make during the 1930s? How did labor achieve these gains? iv. How did New Deal programs treat minorities – African American, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans? v. What was the impact of the New Deal on Women? vi. How did the New Deal affect the western United States? g. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

STUDY QUESTIONS

1. How was Franklin Roosevelt able to quickly restore the public’s confidence in government and the economy in 1933?

2. How have historians assessed the efforts of both Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt in fighting the Depression? Where do they praise and criticize these two men?

3. Was Franklin Roosevelt a progressive president in the tradition of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson? What similarities and differences did he share with these two men?

4. What did Franklin Roosevelt accomplish during his first hundred days in office?

5. What evidence supports the argument that Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal were liberal?

6. What evidence supports the argument that Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal were conservative?

7. How did the New Deal programs evolve between 1933 and 1935?

8. Who were the major critics of the New Deal and what were their complaints? What effect did these complaints have on the New Deal?

9 9. Why were there critics of the New Deal from both the political left and the political right?

10. What was the significance of the results of the 1936 elections?

11. Why was the New Deal in disarray by 1937-1938? Why were there no additional New Deal programs after 1938?

12. What impact did the New Deal have on women and minorities?

13. What did the New Deal accomplish in the 1930s? What did it not accomplish? Why did it fail to end the Depression?

14. How might the New Deal have been more successful?

15. What have been the long-term legacies of the New Deal? What major historical assessments have been made of it?

16. Discuss the fundamental shift that took place in the 1930s regarding the role of the federal government to help people in economic hardship. How would you assess this shift? Has it been useful or not? How does it relate to you personally today?