8Th Grade Final Exam Review

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8th Grade Final Exam Review

Unit 1: Division & Reunion A. Causes of the Civil War 1. Sectionalism: Differences between the North and South 2. Abolitionists: Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglas worked to end slavery. 3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe 4. Election of 1860: Lincoln elected president. This led to South Carolina’s secession and the start of the Confederacy

B. The Civil War 1. Northern Advantages (The Union) a. Manufacturing/ Trains b. Greater Population 2. Southern Advantages (The Confederacy) a. Better military leaders (Robert E. Lee) b. Knowledge of land/ motivation to fight 3. Emancipation Proclamation: Expanded goals of Civil War to include ending slavery 4. Gettysburg: Turning point and Lincoln’s speech about preserving the union.

C. Reconstruction: Rebuilding the South 1. Political Power a. Radical Republicans: Wanted to punish the South after the Civil War b. Andrew Johnson: Impeached for being too lenient on South and later acquitted c. Reconstruction Amendments: Expanded the rights of African Americans a.i. 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery a.ii. 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship to former slaves a.iii. 15th Amendment: Gave suffrage (right to vote) to all men regardless of race 2. After Reconstruction a. Sharecroppers: System of renting land to freedmen, unfair and similar to slavery b. Plessy vs. Ferguson: Supreme Court case that established “Separate but Equal” Allowed segregation to exist in the South c. Voting Rights of African Americans limited through: Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause and KKK lynching’s

Unit 2: Industrialization & Immigration 1 1. Industry (Change from handmade to machine made goods) A. Economic Terms 1. Free Enterprise: Privately owned businesses are free to make and charge whatever they want(influenced by supply and demand) competing for consumer dollars 2. Corporation: People buy shares of stock and own part of a company 3. Trust/ Monopolies: One company controlling an entire industry, no competition, bad for consumers B. Economic Growth 1. Urbanization: Cities grow from increased factories (job opportunities for immigrants and unskilled workers). 2. Transcontinental Railroad: Allowed nationwide commerce to grow 3. Assembly Line: (mass production) Many goods could be produced quickly, Henry Ford used for Model T C. Response to Big Business 1. Sherman Anti-Trust Law (1890): Regulated big businesses that acted against public’s interest 2. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: New York City disaster that resulted in safer working conditions 3. Labor Unions: Group to protect rights of workers (better hours, safer conditions)

2. Immigration 1. Push Factors: Negative occurrences in Europe that pushed immigrants out (war, famine, religious persecution) 2. Pull Factors: Reasons immigrants choose America (Freedom, Jobs, land, democracy) 3. Old vs. New: Old from Northern and Western Europe (Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia) New from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia) 4. Quota System: limited the number of immigrants from Each country 5. Processing Centers a. Ellis Island: NYC Processing center for immigrants (medical exam, eyes checked, names changed) b. Angel Island: California Processing center for immigrants arriving from Asia 6. Statue of Liberty a. Gift from France b. The New Colossus by Emma Lazaurus- poem welcoming immigrants to America. 7. Nativism- Americans feared new cultural backgrounds different from majority of established Americans

3. Urbanization 1. Urban (city) problems 2 c. Tenements: overcrowded apartment buildings d. Sweatshops: Factories with long hours and unsafe conditions e. Child Labor: Poor families were left with no choice but to allow children to work. Business owners paid them less.

4. The Progressive Movement: To improve, reform and make progress to solve problems facing America. 1. Political Reforms a. 18th Amendment: Prohibition: banned alcohol b. 19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote (Suffrage) 2. Business Reforms a. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Used by Theodore Roosevelt to regulate big business that did not act in the public’s interest. b. Meat Inspection Act/ Pure Food and Drug Act: Government inspects food processing plants. Ingredients and side effects must be labeled. 3. Muckrakers: Writers who expose corruption a. Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (exposed meatpacking industry) b. Thomas Nast: Political cartoonist who exposed Boss Tweed’s political corruption

Unit 3: America as a World Power A. Imperialism: US began to acquire overseas territories B. Spanish American War (1898) 1. Causes: a. Yellow Journalism: Exaggerated headlines to gain support for war b. Sinking of the USS Maine: Spain blamed for destruction of US Naval ship in Cuba

2. Results a. Treaty of Paris: US wins the war b. Territory gained: Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba, and Guam

C. American Imperialism in Latin America 1. Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Diplomacy): Theodore Roosevelt’s plan to make the US policeman of the Western Hemisphere (North and South America) 2. Monroe Doctrine- gave US power to intervene in Latin America 3. Panama Canal: Shortcut connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean

Unit 4: World War I A. Causes of WWI

3 1. Militarism: building up a countries army 2. Alliances: Nations agreed to defend each other if attacked (small conflicts could become larger wars) 3. Nationalism: Pride in your country 4. Imperialism: One country taking over another country, having colonies 5. Assassination: The immediate cause of WWI, 1914 Assassination of Austrian leader Archduke Franz Ferdinand

B. Reason for US entrance into the War 1. Sinking of the Lusitania: Germany’s use of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare torpedoed British passenger ship killing 1200 Americans 2. Zimmerman Note: Germany asked Mexico to attack the US

C. Home front 1. Propaganda: Posters that gained American support for the war (Uncle Sam’s “I want you”) 2. Liberty Bonds: Short term loans to pay for the war

D. End of the War 1. Treaty of Versailles: Treaty ending WWI and punishing Germany for the war 2. Wilson’s 14 Points: Wilson’s goals following the war including the League of Nations (organization to keep peace and prevent future wars)

Unit 5: The Roaring Twenties A. Economy 1. Booming: Economy grew (prosperity) a. New Products: New consumer goods b. Installment Buying: “Ride Now, Pay Later” allowed Americans to pay for these new products with monthly payments, will lead to consumer debt.

B. New Cultures 1. Flappers: Women felt more independent in the 20s (shorter hair and skirts) 2. Jazz: New American music in the 20s (Louis Armstrong) 3. Harlem Renaissance: Increased awareness of African Americans to American Culture 4. 18th Amendment: Banned alcohol. Led to an increase in organized crime and illegal bars (speakeasies) 5. Northern migration of African Americans: Migrated to the North for jobs opportunities

Unit 6: The Great Depression

4 A. Causes of the Great Depression 1. Buying without actually having the money a. Installment buying: Paying a little each month b. Buying on margin: Paying with credit instead of cash (taking too many loans) c. Stock Market Crash: from buying stocks on credit 1. Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929. Start of the Great Depression

B. Problems of the Great Depression 1. President Hoover’s Reactions: Believed in rugged individualism and that the problem would correct itself 2. Unemployment: 25% of Americans out of work. People survived with Bread Lines and Soup Kitchens 3. Hoovervilles: Communities of homeless living in shacks and boxex 4. Dust Bowl: Drought affecting central part of US forced many farmers (Okies) to migrate to California

C. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1. FDR: America’s only 4 term president promised to end the Great Depression and believed the government had a responsibility to take care of its citizens 2. Fireside Chats: FDR’s weekly radio addresses to reassure the American people 3. New Deal: FDR’s Plan to end the Depression “Alphabet Soup agencies” or 3R’s a. Relief: Offer immediate help (cash) b. Recovery: Fix the economy by getting people back to work c. Reform: Change the economy so it doesn’t happen again 1. Social Security: Money for retired and unemployed 2. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures money in banks

Unit 7: World War II A. Causes of the War in Europe 1. Treaty of Versailles: Harsh treatment of Germany lead to resentment 2. Rise of Dictators: Worldwide depression allowed ruthless leaders (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin) to take control 3. Appeasement: England and France allowed Hitler to take over smaller countries 4. Aggression: Dictators invaded neighboring countries (Hitler’s invasion of Poland started WWII)

B. US and WWII 1. Lend Lease Act: Providing Allies with supplies and soldiers 2. Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 “A Date which shall live in infamy” Japan launches surprise attack on the US. FDR asks Congress to declare war on Axis Powers (Germany and Japan) C. The Home front 5 1. Women: Rosie the Riveter women took over factory and defense jobs from men 2. Rationing: Limited amount of products (butter, sugar, rubber, meat) so soldiers could have enough supplies 3. Victory Gardens: Americans encouraged to plant own vegetables 4. Liberty Bonds: Short term loans to pay for war 5. Internment Camps: Japanese Americans were feared to be spies and placed in camps

D. Fighting Germany and Japan 1. D-Day: Turning point. Allied invasion of Nazi occupied France 2. Island Hopping: Plan to invade a path of key islands in the Pacific to defeat Japan 3. Holocaust: Systematic Murder of 6 million Jews and other groups in Europe 4. United Nations: International peacekeeping organization to prevent future wars.

Unit 8: Cold War:

A. Cold War: Conflict between Democracy (US) and Communism (USSR) B. Containment: To stop the Spread of Communism 1. Truman Doctrine: US will give military aid to any country defending itself against Communism 2. Marshall Plan: US gave $13 billion to Europe to rebuild its economy so they wouldn’t turn to Communism C. Conflicts 1. Korean War: US and UN troops help defend South Korea from Communist North Korea. Communism was contained 2. Vietnam War a. Communist North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam b. JFK sent advisors and equipment LBJ sent soldiers (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) c. The first televised war divided the nation (Hawks vs Doves) d. Nixon removed troops and Communism was not contained.

Unit 9: Civil Rights Movement A. Civil Rights: Equal treatment and rights for ALL Americans B. Steps to Equality

6 1. Brown vs. Board of Education: Supreme Court case that ends “Separate but Equal” ended school segregation 2. Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus, ML King led a yearlong boycott 3. Little Rock 9: President Eisenhower sent troops to enforce the Brown decision 4. Martin Luther King: March on Washington and “I Have a Dream Speech” leader who believed in peaceful protest and nonviolence

Unit 10: The Modern Era A. Suburbs 1. Represented America’s economic growth and prosperity 2. Levittown: America’s first suburb for returning soldiers

B. Nixon and Watergate 1. Became first president to resign to avoid a long impeachment trial 2. Vice President Ford became President and pardoned Nixon

C. George H.W. Bush 1. Sent US troops to fight in the Gulf War (1991) 2. Protecting US Supply of Middle East oil from Iraq

D. Presidency of Bill Clinton 1. Acquitted after Impeachment trial

E. Election of 2000: Al Gore vs. George W. Bush 1. Contested votes from Florida led to recount 2. George W. Bush declared winner

F. September 11, 2001 1. Attacks on NYC and DC led to new war on terrorism