What Every CMS 8Th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

The repetition of usually initial consonant The wild and woolly walrus waits and wonders Alliteration sounds in two or more neighboring words or when we'll walk by. syllables holy & stony Assonance A resemblance of sound in words or syllables and Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese.  Dynamic characters: change in a significant way during the course of the story.  Static characters: remain the same throughout the story. A figure in the literary work that is either a  Round characters: are presented in a Characters human being or a figure who possesses human complex, three dimensional portrait. qualities and is portrayed in human terms. Generally, major characters in fiction are presented as fully developed or rounded personalities.  Flat characters: are developed using a focus or a dominant trait.  Directly: The author can show us the character actually speaking, thinking, and acting. The way in which an author presents a  Indirectly: The author can tell us about Characterization character. the character through the thoughts , comments, and actions of other characters and through the summaries and descriptions of the narrator. A word or phrase that has become overly Cliche No pain, no gain familiar or commonplace Conflict The action which occurs when a protagonist is  External conflict: opposition to another opposed by some person or force in the plot of a character or force e.g., nature, society, drama. family, religious traditions  Internal conflict: opposition to some element within himself or herself, the What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

character’s emotion The conversation between characters in a Dialogue  literary work. The technique of disrupting the chronological flow of a narrative by Flashback interjecting events that have occurred at an earlier time. The method used to build suspense by Foreshadowing providing hints of what is to come in a drama or a narrative. o Exposition o Conflict Frietag’s Pyramind o Rising Action o Climax o Resolution  Fiction/ Non-Fiction The type or category of written work  Biography/ Auto-Biography that exists on the basis of certain Genre  Poetry distinguishing characteristics of form,  Folklore structure, method, and content  Short Stories Hyperbole Big exaggeration, usually with humor mile-high ice-cream cones Idiom The language peculiar to a group of people She sings at the top of her lungs. The use of language that creates a sensory impression within the reader’s Imagery mind. An “image” of something that can be perceived by one of the five senses. Comparing two things by using one kind of Metaphor object or using in place of another to suggest Her hair was silk . the likeness between them. Naming a thing or an action by imitating the Onomatopoeia buzz, hiss, roar, woof sound associated with it. The stuffed bear smiled as the little boy Personification Giving something human qualities hugged him close. What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

 Omniscient: a third person narrator functioning as an all-seeing, all hearing, all-knowing speaker who reads the thoughts and feelings of any and all characters. The single vantage point from which the reader  Limited omniscient: a story told by a Point of View is told the story. The eyes through which the third-person narrator whose entire narrative is filtered. omniscience is limited, or restricted, to a single character  First person: a story told by a character using the pronoun “I” or sometimes “we”  Bandwagon: an appeal to others to join the crowd in order to be on the winning side.  Glittering Generalities: emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but that present no concrete argument or analysis. An extreme form of persuasion which is  Testimonial: the use of a quote or intended to incite the reader or listener to Propaganda endorsement, in or out of context, that action either for or against a particular cause attempts to connect a famous or or position. respectable person with a product or item.  Transfer: projecting positive or negative qualities of a person, entity, object, or value to another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. The time and place in which the action in a Setting  literary work occurs. A figure of speech comparing two unlike things Simile The sun is like a yellow ball of fire in the sky. that is often introduced by like or as What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

The use of an object or an action that means Symbolism something more than it’s literal meaning. A concrete object representing an abstraction.  Main themes explored in 8th grade will The main subject or topic of a literary work or Theme be identity, self discovery, prejudice, body of literature. the importance of family, etc.

Grammar and Mechanics

Parts of Speech  noun- a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea  verb- a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being (action and linking)  adjective- a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun  adverb- a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb  pronoun- a word that takes the place of a noun or another pronoun  preposition- a word that shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other words in the sentence  conjunction- a word used to join words or groups of words  interjection- a word or phrase used to express emotion

Sentence Structures  simple- contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses  compound- contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses  complex- contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses  compound-complex- contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Parts of a Sentence  subject- asks who or what the sentence is about or doing  predicate- asks what the subject is or does  independent clause- expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence  dependent clause- does not express a complete thought and can’t stand alone as a complete sentence What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

Essay Writing  basic 5 paragraph essay  four types of writing: narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and expository

SAT Words (first 100 from 7th grade listed below)

SAT list 1- Chattel-an item of movable, personal property, slave Austere- stern as in manner; without excess, unadorned, severely simple and plain Lament- to express sorrow or regret; to mourn Aloof- distant, reserved in manner; uninvolved Cerebral- of or relating to the brain; an intellectual person Incongruous- not appropriate, unsuited to the surroundings; not fitting in Bulwark- a defensive wall; something serving as a principle defense Connoisseur- an expert, particularly in matters of art and taste Cacophony- harsh sounds Expunge- to remove; to delete; to erase

LIST 2 Trenchant- cutting, incisive, having a sharp point; caustic, sarcastic Procrastinate- to put off until a later time Roster- a list of names; especially of personnel available for duty Impede- to obstruct or interfere with; to delay Forbear- to refrain from; to abstain; to be patient or tolerant Migratory- roving, wandering, nomadic Evade- to elude or avoid by cunning; to flee from a pursuer Efface- to rub away Asunder- in separate parts; apart from each other in position Incite- to arouse to action

List 3 Quixotic- idealistic and totally impractical Beleaguer- to besiege; beset, surround, harass Milieu- environment or surroundings Histrionic- overly dramatic, theatrical Bludgeon- a short heavy, thick club that has one end larger than the other Arduous- hard, difficult, tiresome Reminisce- the act or practice of recalling the past Opportune- occurring or coming at a good time Dulcet- melodious, soft , soothing Porcine- reminiscent of or pertaining to a pig; resembling a pig What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

List 4 Lassitude- listlessness; torpor, weariness Coterie- a circle of close associates or friends Ballistics- the study of the dynamics or flight characteristics of projectiles Ambiance- mood, feeling; general atmosphere Girth- the distance around something; to encircle; to secure with a band that encircles the body of an animal Askew- to one side; crooked; awry; a sidelong look of contempt Cubism- a style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes Cranny- a small opening as in a wall or rock face Enrage- to put in a rage; infuriate, anger Propulsive- the act or process of propelling; a propelling force

List 5 Laconic- brief, using few words Harrowing- extremely distressed; disturbing or frightening Aptitude- capacity for learning; natural ability Endure- to carry on through despite hardships; to put up with Chronic- continuing for a long time; continuous Giddy- a light-headed sensation; dizzy, frivolous Irascible- easily angered, irritable Cower- cringe from fear; to shrink away Gossamer- delicate floating cobwebs; a sheer gauzy fabric; something delicate, light, flimsy Queue- to form or to wait in line

List 6 Myriad- an extremely large number Accolade- an award, an honor; approval, praise Grandiloquent- attempting to impress with big words or grand gestures Caucus- a meeting of the members of a political party to make decisions; to assemble in or hold a caucus Dromedary- a one-humped domesticated camel Demonic- one who works devilishly (a demon for work) a persistent person, force or drive; an evil person Noxious- physically or mentally destructive, or harmful to human beings Proficient- skillful; to be very good at something Harangue- to lecture, berate; a long bombastic speech Atrophy- to wither away

List 7 Catapult- slingshot Glutton- one who eats or consumes a great deal; having capacity to receive or withstand something Muster- to collect or gather; the act of inspection or critical examination Beget- to give birth to; to create What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013

Curtail- to truncate or abridge; to lessen, usually by cutting away from Paranoia- a mental illness of unreasonable anxiety, especially believing someone is out to get you, or that you are an important person Facilitate- to make easier, to help bring about Craven- cowardly Mode- a way or method of doing something; type, manner, fashion Alienate- to make hostile; to cause to feel unwelcome or estranged

List 8 Obtuse- insensitive; block-headed, slow in comprehension Scrutinize- to look carefully; to examine Congenial- pleasant to be around; social, agreeable Fjord- a long narrow inlet from the sea between steep cliffs or hills Aspire- something one hopes to achieve; goal Martyr- someone willing to sacrifice and even give his/her life for a cause; also one who pretends suffering to gain sympathy Citadel- a fortress overlooking a city; a stronghold Doldrums- a period or condition of depression or inactivity Consensus- general agreement Blather- to talk nonsensically List 9 Defame- to libel or slander; take away a good name Curvilinear- formed, bound, or characterized by curved lines Elapse- to pass or go by (said of time) Veer- change in direction Karma- fate, destiny; to detect good or bad vibrations from something or someone Astute- quick in discernment; shrewd, clever, keen Misnomer- an incorrect or inappropriate name Resurgent- to rise after defeat Artisan- a worker skilled in a craft Draconian- hard, severe, cruel

List 10 Amenable- agreeable, responsible to authority, pleasant, willing to give in to the wishes of another Precarious-unsafe, unsteady, unstable Criterion- a standard or rule by which someone/something can be judged; a basis for judgment Guise- appearance, semblance Lesion- wound, injury, especially one created by a disease Gird- to encircle as with a belt; to prepare as for action Fetish- an object of unreasonable obsessive reverence or attention Disperse- to scatter in various directions; distribute widely Dissolution- the breaking up into parts; termination of a legal bond or contract Forage- to search or hunt for food or provision What Every CMS 8 th Grader Should Already Know Before Fall 2013