Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 – 2013). Questions on the same topic have been separated to provide random revision. If questions are repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often over the years.
N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is not a guarantee of an excellent result. E.& O.E.
No. Question Answer
Control entry into and exit from cell of 1 State a function of the cell membrane substances
Secretes enzymes / digests / onto 2 Explain how Rhizopus gets its food. bread / absorbs products
3 State one feature that would allow you to identify an eukaryotic cell Has a membrane bound nucleus
4 Name a human cell that is haploid Sperm, ovum What term is used to describe a cellular reaction in which large molecules are 5 Catabolic broken down to smaller ones?
6 By which type of cell division does the zygote divide? Mitosis What process results from the contraction of the muscles of the small 7 Peristalsis intestine?
8 Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom Fungi. Any two correct
9 In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1? Hydrogen:Oxygen
10 What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup? Genotype What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have? Saprophytic. It breaks down dead 11 organisms or recycling of nutrients or Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. reusing Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next 12 Blastocyst developmental stage after the morula?
13 Name a scientist responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin Which of the following most accurately represents the pH of the contents of 14 Alkaline the small intestine: Acidic. Neutral. Alkaline. Name two tissues that are present in the walls of arteries and veins and give a 15 Muscle – contractile tissue function of each of these tissues. Elastin – return to orig. shape Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi, other than 16 Parasitic heterotrophic.
17 What is an hypothesis? Educated guess
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The placenta forms from tissues of the mother and the foetus. Give two roles Makes progesterone / barrier or one 18 (barrier) example / material transfer of the placenta. (or one example) What is the source of the heat that keeps the body at a fairly constant 19 Respiration of carbohydrates temperature?
20 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. Explain the term polysaccharide. Composed of many sugar units
21 Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine. Pancreas, Liver
22 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
23 To which group of molecules do enzymes belong? Proteins In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes 24 that distinguish the sexes but are not essential for reproduction. To what term Secondary sexual characteristics does the definition in italics refer?
Saprophytic nutrition is a form of heterotrophic nutrition. What does the term Obtains food from other organisms or 25 heterotrophic mean? does not make its own food
26 To which kingdom do yeasts belong? Fungi
27 State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted Meristem
1. What are symbiotic bacteria? 1. Bacteria living on or in another organism involving benefit 28 2. Give two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the human alimentary 2. Vitamin production / compete with pathogens / canal. reference to digestion / inhibits cancer cells Efficiency not affected. Easily 29 Give one advantage of bioprocessing using an immobilised enzyme. recovered from the product. Reusable this cuts costs What term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes 30 Puberty take place?
31 Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. Weed-killers
Rhizopus or mildew or rusts or smuts or blight 32 Name one economically harmful fungus. or Dry rot (fungus) or athlete’s foot (fungus) or any other correct
The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic. 1. Feeding on dead matter 1. What does the term saprophytic mean? 33 2. Breakdown of dead matter or 2. Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme of breakdown of organic matter or nature. recycling
Support in plants. Roughage in human 34 State a role for cellulose in living organisms. diet
35 Where in the human alimentary canal is most water absorbed? Colon or large intestine Name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a 36 Testosterone male.
37 Name a polysaccharide other than cellulose. Starch
38 Describe a test for a named polysaccharide. Starch + Iodine Blue/black colour
Separation of a pair of allelic genes 39 What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics? during the process of meiosis and gamete formation
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the making of RNA from a single 40 In relation to protein synthesis what is transcription. strand of DNA
Digestion or secretion or absorption 41 State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. or anchorage Where in the human female reproductive system does 1. Meiosis, 2. Zygote 42 1. Ovary; 2. Fallopian tube; 3. Uterus formation, 3. Implantations occur? Smaller / more of them / biconcave / disc State two ways, other than colour, in which red blood cells differ from (shape) / no nucleus (when mature) / no 43 white blood cells. mitochondria / transport oxygen / contain haemoglobin / transport CO2 Mushrooms belong to the Fungi kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to 44 collect and cook wild mushrooms from a local forest. Some could be poisonous Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea.
light energy 45 Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll
46 In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form? Light stage
47 Where precisely in a plant cell would you expect to find cellulose? Cell wall Veins contain valves whereas arteries do not. What is the function of the 48 Prevent back flow of blood valves?
49 Name a group of white blood cells, other than lymphocytes. Phagocytic (white cells) or monocytes Name the two scientists mainly associated with the cohesion-tension model 50 Dixon & Joly of transport. Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the Oestrogen: Endometrium repair / stimulates LH / 51 inhibits FSH; Progesterone: Endometrium events of the menstrual cycle. maintenance / inhibits LH / inhibits FSH Breathing = the physical inhalation and exhalation 52 Distinguish between breathing and respiration. Respiration = the controlled release of energy from food, within cells
53 What structures attach a muscle to a bone? Tendons
An enzyme (highly specific organic protein 54 What is a ‘denatured’ enzyme? catalysts) that has been destroyed by excessive heat, pH, etc. It will not 'work' again.
Where: Trachea 55 Where do cilia occur in the breathing system? What is their function? Function: propulsion of mucus
1. To inactivate antigens Lymphocytes may be divided into B cells and T cells. B cells 2. Helper / killer / suppressor / memory produce antibodies 3. Helper: recognise antigens or secrete interferon or stimulate B-cell (or antibody production) or activate 56 1. What is the role of antibodies in the body? killer cell; Killer: attack infected cells or secrete perforin; 2. Name any three types of T cell. Suppressor: stop immune responses; Memory: long term protection or remember antigens (to which they 3. State a role of each of the T cell types that you named in part 2. have been exposed) or explained
57 Name the reagents used to test for a reducing sugar. Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s Give one change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the 58 Mucus show or contractions or waters birth process is starting. break
Plants have evolved certain adaptations that protect them from adverse Waxy layer or opening and closing of 59 conditions. List two such adaptations. stomata or Thorns or Stings Describe the principal features of the cohesion-tension Water molecules stick together / due to H-bonding / continuous chain 60 of water molecules / water tends to adhere to xylem walls / model. transpiration or water loss ‘pulls’ the column of water up
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Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a 61 Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s reducing sugar. Asthma: of pollen, house mites, dog and cat dander or vigorous exercise 62 State one possible cause of asthma or bronchitis. Bronchitis: bacteria, viruses and long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants
63 Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm? Biceps
Maintenance of a constant internal 64 Explain the term homeostasis. environment
65 From what does a seed develop? Ovule
Contractions or amniotic sac breaks or 66 Give a short account of the birth process. cervix dilates / Baby delivered / Afterbirth delivered
Ethene – fruit ripening 67 Give two examples of the use of plant growth regulators. Gibberellin – speeds up germination
Amylase + starch 68 Name an enzyme and matching substrate Maltase + maltose The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water 69 Gravity movement in plants against a particular force. Name this force.
Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the Half way along the Fallopian Tube 70 human female? (Oviduct)
A carbohydrate composed of two 71 What is a disaccharide? monosaccharide units Homeostasis often requires an organism to exchange Diffusion: movement of substances with (along) a concentration gradient or explained materials between different tissues or between itself and Osmosis: movement of water through a selectively permeable 72 the external environment by diffusion, osmosis, and active membrane from a high water concentration to a low concentration Active transport: movement of molecules against a concentration transport. Explain each of the underlined terms. gradient or movement of molecules using energy When using Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution which of the following is correct? 73 2. Heat but do not boil 1. No heat needed, 2. Heat but do not boil, 3. Boil.
(Two) muscles that work in opposition 74 What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles? to each other
Chemicals that control growth (in 75 What are growth regulators in plants? plants) What term is used for the type of asexual reproduction that produces a 76 Vegetative propagation daughter plant by runners?
77 Where precisely does water enter a plant? Through root hairs
78 Name the tissue in plant stems through which water rises to the leaves. Xylem
Asthma: steroid tablets or inhalers 79 Give an example of a treatment for asthma or bronchitis. Bronchitis: bronchodilators State one way in which each of the following contributes to 1. Absorption of glucose or release of glucose or heat homeostasis. generation 80 1. Liver. 2. Excretion of water or excretion of CO2 or release of heat 3. Excretion of water or reabsorption of water or excretion 2. Lungs. of salts (or ions) or reabsorbtion of salts (or ions) 3. Nephrons of kidneys.
81 What might a hypothesis develop into? A Theory
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82 What do the letters ATP stand for? Adenosine triphosphate
Loss of water(vapour) through leaves 83 Explain the term transpiration. of plant Would you expect a daughter plant produced by a runner to be haploid or Diploid. Product of mitosis or 84 genetically identical (to parent) or diploid? Explain your answer. clone
85 State one way in which carbohydrates differ from fats. C, H and O in different proportions
86 Name the type of joint at the elbow. Hinge or synovial or moveable
Narrow or lignified (or rigid) or 87 Give one way in which xylem is adapted for the transport of water. continuous lumen or wettable
Too hot: Sweat / dilation of blood vessels / hair flat 88 Describe the role of the skin in controlling body temperature. Too cold: Constriction of of blood vessels / hair stands up Insulation by (subcutaneous) fat
89 From which structure in the seed does the root develop? The radicle of the embryo Give one method, other than runners, and not involving seeds, that is used by 90 Cuttings or layering or grafting or horticulturists to produce new plants. micro-propagation or tissue culture
91 What process is responsible for the uptake of minerals in a plant? Active transport
92 By what process does water enter a plant? Osmosis
93 State one way in which yeast is beneficial to humans. Baking and Brewing industries State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in 94 A and a respect of the dominant allele A.
The ability of the body to resist 95 What is meant by the term immunity? infection Give a brief account of the role of each of the following in 1. Attracts insects (or other pollinators) flowering plant reproduction. 2. (Site of) pollen manufacture or (site of) pollen 96 1. Petal. release 3. Pollen lands on it or pollen sticks to it or pollen 2. Anther. germination 3. Stigma.
97 Give a precise location of xylem in the stem. In vascular bundles or next to phloem
Protection or body support or shape 98 Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton. or blood cell production or muscle attachment When investigating digestive activity during seed germination: 1. How did you 1. Milk agar or starch agar; 2. Boiled 99 supply a substrate suitable for the digestive enzymes? 2. How did you ensure seeds that no digestive enzymes were available on the control plate?
100 Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? Root hairs
Glucose – energy 101 Name a monosaccharide and state a role for it in living organisms. Ribose - RNA
Maximise the amount of light trapped 102 Suggest a benefit to the plant of the phototrophic growth response. for photosynthesis
103 When may it be considered that the process of fertilisation is complete? When the gamete nuclei fuse.
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Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows in order to reach 104 Stigma or style or ovary or micropyle the embryo sac.
Gaseous exchange. O2 from alveolus to
105 State precisely the events that take place at the alveoli. blood and CO2 from blood to alveolus
106 State another function of xylem tissue other than water transport. Support or other transport function
A virus has been described as a piece of genetic material that has escaped Composed of nucleic acid (or DNA or 107 from a cell. Give one piece of evidence that supports this description. RNA)
108 Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the breathing system. Asthma: Avoid triggers /dust
Have a large surface area 109 How are the alveoli adapted for their function? Walls of alveoli are elastic and only one cell thick
110 Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow. To be light or to allow flight
111 Name the reagents used to test for a protein. Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide Within the pollen tube the generative nucleus divides to form two male 1. mitosis gametes. 2. egg [allow ovum or female gamete] 112 1. What type of division takes place? polar nuclei 3. Zygote 2. With what does each male gamete fuse in the embryo sac? endosperm (nucleus) 3. Name the product of each fusion. Breathing rate in humans is controlled by the concentration of a gas dissolved 113 Carbon dioxide in blood. Which gas is this?
114 Name the nutrient medium on which you grew yeast. Glucose solution
Can only replicate (or reproduce) 115 Viruses are examples of obligate parasites. Explain why this is the case. inside a cell (or host)
116 Suggest a possible cause of a named disorder of the breathing system. Asthma: Dog dander / Dust
117 What is the function of the semi=circular canals in the ear? Posture or balance
118 Give an example of a regulator in plants that inhibits growth. abscisic acid and ethene
119 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from? C, H and O As the seed forms following fertilisation, a food store develops in one of two 120 Endosperm or cotyledon (or seed leaf structures. Name any one of these structures. or embryonic leaf)
121 Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? Root hairs Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during 122 Electrons containing additional energy photosynthesis. What is an energised electron? which was picked up from the sun In relation to protein synthesis what is a triplet and state the role of a Triplet = a sequence of three nitrogenous 123 bases of mRNA triplet. Role = it codes for a specific amino acid Genetic engineering or vaccine 124 Give an example of how a virus might be beneficial to mankind. (production) or cancer treatment or pest control or disease control
125 Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Asthma
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126 What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the ear? Pressure equalisation Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes 127 Chloroplast place. 1. Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo. 1. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 2. ectoderm: e.g nervous system 128 2. For each germ layer name a structure in the adult body that develops from mesoderm: e.g skeletal system it. endoderm: e.g. digestive system
129 Why is a control important in an experiment? For comparison purposes
Producing seedless fruit 130 Give two uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture. Promote ripening Selective Weed killer
131 By what process does water enter a plant? Osmosis
132 What term is used for glands that secrete hormones? Endocrine
Intercostal muscles contract / to move Ribcage up and 133 Describe in detail how we inhale air. out / Diaphragm contracts or moves downward / Lung (Volume) increases / Pressure decreases / Air moves in Suggest one way in which a person might adapt his/her lifestyle to minimise 134 Avoid smokey atmospheres the effects of asthma or bronchitis. Avoid their symptom ‘trigger’
135 Name the part of the ear in which nerve impulses is generated. Cochlea or semi-circular canals
Embryonic and Uterine or 136 From which tissues does the placenta develop? endometrium
During gamete formation each member of a 137 State the Law of Independent Assortment. pair of genes may combine randomly with either of another pair In relation to flowering plants explain what is meant by vegetative A type of reproduction in plants that 138 does not involve the production of propagation. seed Distinguish between endospermic and non- Endospermic: a seed whose main food store is in the endosperm (nutritive 139 tissue found within the embryo sac of a seed plant) endospermic seeds. Non-endospermic: main food store for developing embryo is in cotyledons
140 How do these glands differ from those that do not secrete hormones? Ductless Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers Layer of cells / in the blastula (embryo) / (potential to) 141 give rise to (specific) tissues (or organs) that appear in early human development. Three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm One large muscle and one set of muscles are involved in inhalation. Name 142 Diaphragm / Intercostal (rib) muscles both.
Xylem or Dermal or Ground or 143 Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant. Vascular or Phloem
1. A membrane (or sac) that surrounds 1. What is the amnion? 144 the embryo (or foetus) 2. Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus. 2. It contains (or secretes) (amniotic) fluid or protects embryo
145 In what part of the eye are nerve impulses generated? Retina or named part of retina
The act of killing and eating another 146 Define predation. animal (or organism) for food.
147 Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. Selective weed killer
148 Name the process responsible for the entry of water into a plant. Osmosis
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149 In which tissue does water ascend through the plant? Xylem When we breathe we inhale air. What gas in the air is essential for 150 Oxygen respiration? Hormone (or insulin) secretion & non-hormone 151 Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual-function gland. (enzyme) secretions or has endocrine and exocrine function (or described) Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse 152 Dehydration or other named environmental stimulus. Suggest one such stimulus.
Are lipids with one of its fatty acids 153 How do phospholipids differ from other lipids? replaced with a phosphate group
Skull (or bone) or wax or wear ear 154 Suggest one way by which the ear may be protected. protection or avoid noisy environments
Root pressure or cohesion or adhesion 155 Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant. or capillarity or transpiration
156 To which group of blood cells do lymphocytes belong? White blood cells
The functional role of an organism (in 157 Explain the term niche. an ecosystem)
Can survive drought (or named 158 Give two advantages to Rhizopus of zygospore formation. adverse condition) / dispersal
Light through Cornea / Pupil / Lens / 159 Explain in detail how the eye works. Accommodation / Focus / onto Retina / Rods / cones / nerve impulse / Optic Nerve
160 What is the chemical nature of many hormones? Protein
- It traps and transfers energised 161 Explain the part played by NADP in photosynthesis. electrons and hydrogen ions.
non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in 162 Comment on the difficulty of describing a virus as a living organism. host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle Explain how a corrective measure for a named defect of hearing or vision Named defect 163 Corrective measure or how this works works. to correct named defect Active = When the body produces its own antibodies – long term protection 164 Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Passive = The body receives ready-made antibodies to combat infection – short term protection Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness. (The amount of water moving through the plant) decreases (Because) 165 Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant photosynthesis stops or stomata close and give a reason for your answer. in darkness or night-time is cooler In the case of each of two named hormones secreted in the human body e.g.1 thyroxine, 1. Thyroid gland in neck; 2. Controls rate of metabolism; e.g.2 Insulin, 166 state: 1. The precise location of the gland that secretes it. 2. A function of 1. islets of Langerhans I pancreas; 2. the hormone. Controls sugar levels of blood
Give shape to eye or support lens or 167 The eye is filled with fluid. What is the function of this fluid? transmits light
168 What term is used to describe the process of asexual reproduction in yeast? Budding
169 The hammer (malleus) is a very small bone located in the … Middle ear
170 Name an anabolic process carried out by plants. Photosynthesis
Carries specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes 171 In relation to protein synthesis describe the role of tRNA. where they are joined together, in an order determined by the sequence of bases on the mRNA attached to the ribosomes.
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172 State the precise location of the cell membrane in plant cells. Immediately inside the cell wall
173 Bile is secreted by the … Liver
In the case of one non sex hormone 1. Give a deficiency symptom. 2. Give a e.g. 1. Deficiency of growth hormone causes pituitary dwarfism; 2. Rate of 174 symptom of excess secretion. 3. Give a corrective measure for either its growth reduced; 3. Deficiency corrected deficiency or its excess, clearly stating which you have chosen. by injections of growth hormone
What happens to the new cells of Rhizopus formed during the process of Forms a colony or break away (from 175 asexual reproduction? the mother cell)
Name: Iris Function - control 176 Name and give a function of the coloured part of the eye. amount of light entering eye
177 Tiny holes called … allow gases to enter and leave the leaf. Stomata
Thorns / stings / bad taste / poison / 178 State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves. mimicry / cuticle / heat shock proteins
179 Bones are joined to other bones by … Ligaments
180 An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an … Omnivore
181 With what type of cell do you associate membrane-bound organelles? Eukaryotic
182 How does asexual reproduction in Rhizopus differ from that in yeast? (Rhizopus) produces spores
A structure attached to the inner surface of the womb 183 What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form? (uterus) of pregnant mammals, which helps to nourish the foetus, and discharges its waste.
Barrier (or named, e.g. condom) / contraceptive pill / 184 List two methods of contraception. vasectomy / abstain
Hormones travel in blood or are 185 Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses. chemical, electrical transmission in nerves
Predator = fox, 186 Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey. Prey = rabbit
187 Suggest one reason why enzymes are not found in body soap or shampoo. May digest skin
Fusion of gametes or formation of 188 What is meant by fertilisation? zygote
Attaches to host. Inserts nucleic acid into cell – takes over 189 Describe how virus reproduction takes place in a host cell. cell’s DNA. Makes numerous copies of it – new viruses assembled and cell bursts to release them. Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous CNS: brain and spinal cord 190 PNS: nerves leading to and from CNS system. Include a clear reference to each in your answer. or nerves not in CNS What term is used to describe bacterial cells, i.e. no membrane-bound 191 Prokaryotic organelles? Antibodies – proteins / produced by body / in response to Distinguish clearly between antibodies and antibiotics by 192 antigen (or to infection); writing a note about each. Antibiotics – produced by micro-organisms / kill (or destroy or stop growth of) other micro-organisms / do not affect viruses
193 What is meant by the term contraception? Prevention of pregnancy
Name a polysaccharide that has a different role to cellulose. What is the role Starch 194 of the polysaccharide that you have named? Role: storage carbohydrate
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Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation that involve different 195 Rhizomes (Stem), Bulbs (Leaves), parts of a plant. Tubers (Root & Stem)
196 What term is used for the form of asexual reproduction in bacteria? Binary fission Describe two ways in which the skin helps to defend the body against 197 Continuous unbroken layer pathogenic micro-organisms. Sweat contains bactericidal agents
198 Give one way in which a nervous response differs from a hormonal response. Faster or shorter-lived or electrical Name the part of the flower in each case 1. Embryo sac or ovule or ovary or carpel 199 1. Where fertilisation occurs 2. Carpel or ovary or receptacle 2. That becomes the fruit.
The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. What does Only some substances are allowed 200 this mean? through
201 Where in the human male reproductive system does meiosis occur? Testes
Factors relating to the soil [which 202 Explain the term edaphic. affects the distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial) ecosystem]
Active - antibodies produced in body; 203 In relation to antibodies, distinguish between active and passive immunity. Passive – antibodies given
Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of 204 What is meant by the diploid number of a cell? chromosomes). In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for 205 Dark Stage carbohydrate formation? Dendrites: which receives impulses and transmits them towards the cell body Give one function each of any two parts found only Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body 206 in neurons. Myelin sheath: Speeds up impulse transmission Schwann cells: secretes the myelin sheath Monocotyledon: Parallel venation, scattered State one difference between the seeds of monocotyledons and vascular bundles, petals in multiples of 3 207 dicotyledons other than the number of seed leaves. Dicotyledon: Network venation, vascular bundles in a ring, petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Protein coat and 208 Name the two main chemical components of a virus. DNA or RNA
209 Why is diffusion alternatively known as passive transport? No (or little) energy (or ATP) required Suggest a reason why the structure containing the testis must be kept below 210 Sperm production better if cooler body temperature. State two ways in which growth regulators in plants are similar to Made at one site & function at another / 211 Transport slow / in vascular tissue or in blood hormones in animals. and phloem (or xylem) / chemical (nature)
Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One (Embryo): (part of seed that) becomes 212 function of fruit is to aid dispersal. the new plant Explain each of the underlined terms. (Dispersal): Spreading of seeds.
213 What does the term pathogenic mean in relation to bacteria? Disease causing organism
Sensory neuron carry impulses to CNS (or to Name and state the role of any two types of neuron, other than the named part of CNS) 214 motor neuron. Interneuron carry impulses within CNS or carry impulses from sensory to motor neuron
Available (soil) water, mineral content, 215 Give an example of an edaphic factor pH, humus Name a plant growth regulator that promotes growth and give a precise e.g. IAA (auxin), Just behind shoot (or 216 root) tip or meristem or zone of location for a site of its action. elongation
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Highly specific organic protein 217 What is an enzyme? catalysts
Release liquid or nourish or support 218 What is the function of the prostate gland? sperm
Is the beginning of the growth after a 219 What is meant by the germination of a seed? period of dormancy
Movement of water or (osmosis) 220 Osmosis may be described as “a special case of diffusion”. Explain why. requires a membrane
Varieties maintained 221 Suggest a benefit of artificial propagation. Pollination, Dispersal & Germination eliminated
Vascular bundles or vascular tissue or 222 Through which part of a stem are growth promoters transported? phloem or xylem
1. language or reason or consciousness or senses State one function for each of the following parts of the human brain. or memory or intelligence or emotions or 1. Cerebrum; other 2. homeostasis or example of homeostasis or 223 2. Hypothalamus; endocrine function or other 3. Cerebellum; 3. movement or balance or coordination or example 4. Medulla oblongata. 4. involuntary muscle control or example By which method are the seeds of the fruits of blackberries and sycamore 224 (Blackberries): Animals fruit dispersed? (Sycamore fruit): Wind State one factor that decreases heart rate and one factor that Decrease = low body temperature / fitness / sedatives 225 Increase = high body temperature / dehydration / exercise increases it. / fear / pain / caffeine / stress Name a fat-soluble vitamin, a good source of it and a deficiency disease Fat-soluble: Vitamin D 226 Source: Liver, Eggs, Sunlight caused by it. Deficiency: Rickets & Osteomalacia
227 Name one male sex hormone. Testosterone or FSH or LH
228 Where are the discs in the human backbone? Between the vertebrae Name the structure by which Amoeba gets rid of excess water that has 229 Contractile vacuole entered by osmosis. Encourage rooting in cuttings / promote 230 Outline two uses of growth promoters in horticulture. ripening / weed killer / seedless fruit / micro-propagation or tissue culture Grey: few axons or little myelin or In relation to the nervous system, distinguish between grey matter and white mostly cell bodies 231 matter. Include a clear reference to each in your answer. White: many axons or much myelin or few cell bodies
232 Name the artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood. Coronary artery
Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA 233 What is meant by the term DNA profiling? is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.
234 What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant? Germination Some people receive vaccinations to protect them from disease. What is 235 Receiving a non disease causing dose meant by the term vaccination? of a pathogen T-cells: do not produce antibodies but are either 236 Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each. helper, killer, suppressor or memory cells B-cells: produce antibodies
237 To where does the pulmonary artery carry blood? To the lungs
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In the case of either paralysis or Parkinson’s disease state: Parkinson’s Paralysis 238 1. a possible cause, other than accident; Cause: Cause: 2. a method of treatment. Treatment: Treatment:
239 What is meant by the term metabolism? All the chemical reactions in living cells
IAA / auxin / ethene (ethylene) / 240 Give an example of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. abscisic acid
The way organisms change genetically 241 What is meant by the term evolution? from pre-existing forms to produce new species over long periods of time. Prevent vertebrae rubbing off each 242 What is the function of the discs in the human backbone? other. To allow a little movement. To act as shock absorbers
243 What is a tissue? Group of similar cells. Viruses cause disease in plants, humans, and other animals. Name any two 244 AIDS / Common cold / Flu diseases caused by viruses. In order for germination to be successful, certain environmental conditions 245 Suitable temperature / moisture / O2 must be present. Name any two of these conditions. From the following list, Write any term that describes the nutrition of a typical 246 Autotrophic plant: parasitic; heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic.
Clones are genetically identical individuals. Are the products of vegetative Yes. They only have one parent and 247 propagation clones? Explain your answer. their genotype is that of their parent. “Enzymes are essential for metabolism”. Enzymes are catalysts 248 Enzymes control rate of metabolic Explain why this statement is true. reactions What do bacteria form when environmental conditions become 249 Endospores unfavourable? In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such 250 Endothermic as the dog? Absorb water and minerals 251 State three functions of a root. Support the plant Sometime to store food
252 What is a cotyledon? A seed leaf, a food store.
253 Which type of immunity is the longest-lasting? Active immunity Suggest how a commercial grower might try to increase crop yield in his 254 Use violet (or blue or orange or red) glasshouses or tunnels. light
Give a role for each of the following in the human body: (i) Yellow bone Yellow: Contains fat-storage tissue 255 marrow, (ii) Red bone marrow. Red: Produces blood cells Oxytocin increases / Progesterone decreases / Uterus 256 Describe the process of birth. contracts / waters break / cervix dilates / baby out / usually head first / cord cut / placenta out
257 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Protein synthesis. Anabolic
Prevents blood flowing from the left 258 What is the function of the bicuspid valve? ventricle to the left atrium when the ventricle contracts
259 What is the average resting rate of the human heart in beats per minute? 72
Respiration or metabolism or 260 What is the main source of a dog’s body heat? carbohydrate (or named carbohydrate) or fat (or named fat)
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Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity by defining Active - (body) produces antibodies; 261 Passive - antibodies given or administered each. (produced by another organism What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage of 262 Air (or atmosphere) or respiration photosynthesis?
Iron – haemoglobin formation 263 Name two minerals required by the human body and give their functions Calcium – bone & teeth growth
264 State three environmental factors that are necessary for germination. Water, Oxygen, Suitable temperature
To introduce antigens causing the body to 265 What is the purpose of vaccination? produce corresponding antibodies to gain immunity to that infection
266 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Conversion of ADP to ATP. Anabolic Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature (Temperature always suitable) for good 267 enzyme activity or metabolism or and environmental temperature. activity independent of environment Ideal nutrient or antibodies or 268 Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding. mother-baby bond or reduced infection State one role of NADP and one role of ATP in the dark stage of NADP: to transport electrons / to 269 transport energy / H-carrier photosynthesis. ATP: Energy source or energy store
The general defence system tries to prevent disease-causing organisms Skin or Cilia or Stomach acid or Tears 270 entering the body. List two parts of the general defence system in the body. or WBC or Blood Clotting
271 What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms? Reproduction Describe two techniques of artificial vegetative propagation that are used for 272 Cuttings, Layering, Grafting, flowering plants. Complete the following equation, which is a summary of aerobic respiration. 273 Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, 274 State two uses of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Reactions in which product 275 Anabolic molecules are larger than substrate molecules. First stage of respiration / in cytoplasm (or in 276 Write a brief note on in Glycolysis relation to respiration. cytosol) / anaerobic / starts with glucose (or indicated) / produces pyruvate / low energy release In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such 277 Ectothermic as the lizard?
278 What term is used to describe organisms that cause disease? Pathogen Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you 279 Herbivore: rabbit have studied (not domesticated or farm animals). Carnivore: fox Condom / pill / IUD / cap / diaphragm / Spermicide / mucus 280 List two methods of contraception. monitoring / sympto-thermal / vasectomy / tubectomy / Surgical / chemical / mechanical / natural / rhythm / implants
281 Give one function of mitosis in multicellular organisms. Growth of organism
Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread To prevent nitrates from entering 282 fertilizers if heavy rain is forecast. Why do you think they are given this streams and rivers. To prevent warning? eutrophication.
283 What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems? Sun
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Aerobic / formed from pyruvate / 2- 284 Write a brief note on in Acetyl Co-enzyme A relation to respiration. carbon (group) / joins Krebs cycle / in mitochondrion High temperature or high (or low) pH 285 State one way by which an enzyme may be denatured. or agitation (or described) or high salinity or alcohol
286 What is the main source of a lizard’s body heat? Environment or the sun or metabolism
Name: Arthritis / osteoporosis; Cause: Arthritis – injury / hormonal imbalance / Suggest one cause and one treatment for a genetic / immune response; Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / lack of exercise / 287 named disorder of the human musculoskeletal genetic / dietary /menopause; Treatment: Arthritis – anti-inflammatory drugs / analgesics / rest / exercise / replacement of joint / steroids or named / immuno- system. suppressants; Osteoporosis: HRT / exercise / diet / dietary supplements or named The harmful addition to the 288 Explain what is meant by pollution. environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life
289 To what structure does the ureter link the kidney? Bladder
To allow nutrients / O2 / antibodies to pass to child / to allow CO2 out / 290 Give two functions of the placenta. waste to pass to mother / to synthesise progesterone / prevent mixing of blood / protect foetus from mother’s blood pressure Name an organ in the human body, other than the kidney, in which excretion 291 Lungs, Skin takes place. Write a brief note on in Adenosine triphosphate relation to High energy bonds (or high energy molecule) / 292 energy store / releases energy / forming ADP (or respiration. formed from ADP) / large ATP production in stage 2
293 Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants. Meristematic zones
294 Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. Monera
295 Name one disorder of the human musculoskeletal system. Arthritis / Osteoporosis
Changed structure 296 Give two features of a denatured enzyme. Loss of function
297 Give two industrial uses of the anaerobic respiration of yeast. Baking & brewing industries
298 To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
299 State a function of the sepal. Protects the flower when it is a bud Write a brief note on in Electron transport chain relation to Aerobic / in mitochondrion / carries high-energy 300 electrons / from NADH or from Krebs cycle / to protons / respiration. formation of water / ATP produced or high energy release
301 From what tissues is the placenta formed? Mother’s and child’s
302 To which kingdom does the organism used in industrial fermentation belong? Fungi
303 Where does filtration occur in the kidney? In the glomerulus. What general name is given to places in the body where two or more bones 304 Joints meet? Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, there is one other element always 305 Nitrogen present in the building blocks of enzymes. Name that element.
306 Name the liquid part of blood. Plasma
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307 What is genetic engineering? Manipulation or alteration of genes
Chain: One species at each trophic (or feeding) level or Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Include a described or diagram 308 clear reference to each in your answer. Web: Interconnected food chains or described or diagram or more than one species at each trophic (or feeding) level Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be 309 Example & Control measure controlled. 1. Harsh conditions or example; 1. Under what circumstances does a bacterial cell form an endospore? 310 2. DNA replicates / thick wall (or described) / 2. Describe briefly how an endospore forms. encloses / shrinkage (or water loss) / of cytoplasm Name the process that takes place in plants in which this energy is converted 311 Photosynthesis to a usable form.
312 Describe the roles of the biceps and triceps in raising the forearm. Biceps contracts / Triceps relaxes
The way nature selects organisms with advantageous 313 Describe the process of natural selection. genes which allow them to adapt to the environment, and pass them on to successive generations In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of Counted bubbles (or measured volume) / per unit time OR 314 photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 datalogging / named sensor (or concentration. How was the rate of photosynthesis measured? mention of time)
315 From what part of the embryo plant within the seed does the root develop? Radicle
Diagram that shows the number of 316 What do ecologists mean by a pyramid of numbers? organisms at each trophic level
317 Name two vascular tissues found in flowering plants. Xylem and Phloem
318 Name two types of heterotrophic nutrition used by bacteria. Saprophytic and Parasitic
Isolation, Cutting, Ligation, Insertion, 319 Name three processes involved in genetic engineering. Transformation, Expression
320 Name an important group of biomolecules that plants make from nitrates. Proteins
321 Name the structures that attach muscles to bones. Tendons
Deep voice / enlarged testes / enlarged penis / facial hair / chest 322 Name two male secondary sexual characteristics. hair / underarm hair / pubic hair / extra sebum / distinctive musculature / Sexual aggression / Increase sex drive In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO 323 2 Light (if CO2 addressed) or CO2 (if light concentration. Name a factor that must be kept constant during this addressed) or temperature investigation. Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. 324 Food source or biological control or Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have aesthetic or sporting or other been unsuccessful. Suggest a reason for attempting to establish an exotic species in a new country. Aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. The first stage takes place in the 325 Mitochondria cytoplasm. Where does the second stage take place?
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Using your knowledge of antibiotics and bacteria, suggest why a person is Antibiotic resistance strains / more 326 pathogens / more people (or poor more likely to pick up an infection in hospital than at home. hygiene) / patients weaker
327 Name an autotrophic organism Grass
328 Give an example of a catabolic reaction Respiration
329 If two muscles form an antagonistic pair. What does this mean? The two Work Opposite to each other
330 The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called … Nitrogen fixation
M/O: Production of human insulin Give an example of an application of genetic engineering in each of Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors 331 the following cases: 1. A micro-organism, 2. An animal, 3. A plant. Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. Failure to adapt / example of failure to 332 adapt / preyed upon / insufficient Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have numbers / dispersal / competition been unsuccessful. Suggest two reasons why the great majority of attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. Give a source of evidence for evolution. Briefly outline the evidence from the Fossils or embryology or anatomy or 333 adaptation of plant or animal or source referred to. genetics Inheritable change within a population (or 334 What is meant by the term evolution? species) / in response to change in the environment / by natural selection / over time
335 Name the principal male sex hormone. Testosterone
336 What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate? H:O::2:1
337 A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called ... Symbiotic Suggest what might happen to lactic acid in the muscles after anaerobic 338 Broken down or Diffuses away or respiration. Turns to fat (Respired aerobically)
339 In which part of the flower is pollen produced? Anther of the stamen Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. 340 Seed dispersal or fruit Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. Use your knowledge of the life cycle of flowering plants to suggest how an exotic plant may escape from captivity.
Joins nucleotides together (to give 341 Give the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase. mRNA product) or to make RNA
342 An example of a protein that has a structural role is ... Keratin, myosin
343 Name either of the scientists responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin or Wallace
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What term is used by biologists to describe differences within a population 344 Variation with respect to features such as height?
345 What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)? To carry sperm or semen What is the name of the acid produced in the muscles as a result of anaerobic 346 Lactic acid respiration?
347 Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? Because it contains two seed leaves Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in 1.Increased competition or (increased) predation or example captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. of increased competition or 348 Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have example of increased predation been unsuccessful. 2.Control of nuisance species or food Use the knowledge that you have gained in your studies of ecology to suggest or shelter or other how the introduction of an exotic species may: 1. impact negatively on an existing community. 2. impact positively on an existing community. What is meant in genetics by the term sex linkage? Name two common sex- Gene(s) on sex or on X or on Y 349 chromosome. Haemophilia / colour linked traits. blindness
350 What is a mutation? Change in the genetic make up
351 What is the function of the stomata? To allow gaseous exchange
Gene: a section of DNA that codes for Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by 352 one polypeptide (or protein or trait) or writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Gene and allele. unit of heredity Allele: an alternative form of a gene
Glucose, minerals, vitamins, 353 Name two substances that are dissolved in the liquid part of blood. hormones, etc.
354 Name a plant in which the leaves are modified for food storage Tulip, daffodil, etc.
355 In anaerobic respiration, is a little or a lot of energy produced? Little Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in
captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. 1. Role of organism (in an ecosystem) Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have or explained e.g. ‘how it fits’ 2. + 3. Yes, because it is adapted (or is 356 been unsuccessful. suited) or explained OR No, because it It has been stated that an exotic species has a good chance of becoming is not adapted (or is not suited) or explained established in a new environment if there is a vacant niche. 1. Explain the term niche in this context. 2. Do you agree with the above statement? 3. Explain your answer. Human males and females differ in one of their twenty three pairs of 357 Heterosomes or sex chromosomes chromosomes. What name is given to this pair of chromosomes?
From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the Small intestine or duodenum or ileum 358 blood? or jejunum Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or Air: Burning fossil fuel 359 Water: excessive use of fertiliser - water eutrophication
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360 Name a dicotyledonous plant. Broad bean, chestnut, peanut, etc.
Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by Homozygous: identical alleles 361 writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Homozygous and Heterozygous: different alleles (of a heterozygous. gene) Method of moving substances (e.g. food) through 362 What is peristalsis? tubes (e.g. intestines) by waves of rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles
1. Plants 363 Explain the terms 1. Flora, 2. Fauna. 2. Animals
364 Which type of respiration results in the production of acid in our muscles? Anaerobic
In DNA, nitrogenous bases occur in complementary pairs. Explain the term Each base has a (different) 365 complementary as used here. corresponding (or matching) (base) Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation. 366 Yes Is this process affected by temperature?
At the tip – immediately behind the 367 Where would you find a meristem in a root? root cap.
State 1. (Pancreas) -Makes enzymes or makes neutralising 368 1. One role of the pancreas in digestion. secretion or makes NaHCO3 2. One role of the gall bladder in digestion. 2. (Gall bladder) - Stores bile or releases bile
369 Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment. For comparison
Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs Genotype: genetic makeup or genes (alleles) present 370 of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Phenotype: the expression of the genotype (and Genotype and phenotype. environment) or physical makeup (or appearance)
Name one animal from your named ecosystem and describe how you carried Named animal 371 out a quantitative study of that animal. Details of method
372 Name the two types of respiration. Aerobic / Anaerobic
1. Uracil or U; 373 Name the complementary base in RNA for: 1. Adenine, 2. Cytosine. 2. Guanine or G
The wise management of the 374 Explain what is meant by conservation. environment or organisms
It is the beginning of the growth of 375 What is meant by germination? seeds, spores or pollen grains after a period of dormancy.
376 Name a part of a flower that may develop into a fruit. Ovary Cardiac muscle may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning 377 Capable of shortening or contracting of the underlined term.
378 Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver. (Hepatic) portal vein
More conspicuous (to predators) or 379 Suggest one way in which marking an animal might endanger it. social outcast or toxic marker
380 What is meant by the term respiration? Release of energy / from food
381 Name a carbohydrate that is a component of nucleotides. Ribose or deoxyribose
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Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of Linkage: genes on the same chromosome 382 terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Linkage Sex-linkage: (located) on sex-chromosome or on and sex linkage. X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere: the part of the planet where life occurs 383 Habitat: The place where an organism lives. biosphere, habitat and niche. Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)
384 ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for? Adenosine triphosphate
385 Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat Lipase
Petri dish containing a jelly (or solid 386 What is an agar plate? medium)
Ecosystems are subject to changes, both natural and artificial. Mention one of Natural: relevant matching example 387 each type of change as it applies to your named ecosystem. Artificial: relevant matching example Name a component of a nucleotide that is neither a carbohydrate nor a 388 Phosphate (group) or P nitrogenous base.
From your knowledge of photosynthesis, suggest two ways of improving the More light (intensity or hours) / more 389 rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse. carbon dioxide / more heat Suggest a treatment that may be used for a person whose kidneys are not 390 Dialysis carrying out their normal functions.
391 What is meant by the term excretion? Eliminating waste / made in the body State two functions of the liver – other than the Heat generation / vitamin storage / iron storage / makes cholesterol / bile 392 manufacture / deamination of amino acids / detoxification of poisons / processing of digested food. plasma protein synthesis / Blood Cell breakdown
393 State one cause of mutation. Chemicals, Radiation
Maintaining a constant internal 394 What is homeostasis? environment Nucleic acids are composed of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is Purines 395 formed from a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Name the Pyrimidines two types of nitrogenous base found in DNA.
396 What does the ‘m’ stand for in mRNA? Messenger
In photosynthesis, water is split into three products. Name these three Proton (hydrogen ion) / electron / 397 products. oxygen What is the source of the heat that allows the body to maintain a constant 398 Respiration internal temperature?
What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic Egg cell – haploid 399 (body) cell of an animal? Somatic cell – diploid
Diffusion or leaf fall or transpiration or 400 Mention one method of excretion in flowering plants. through lenticels (or through stomata)
To make (food) soluble or to make 401 Why is digestion necessary in a germinating seed? (food) transportable The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ They synthesise vitamins / they out-compete pathogens 402 or complement immune system / break down fibre / bacteria. State two benefits we get from these bacteria. more vitamins / more minerals
403 Give both of the specific base pairs in DNA structure. A + T and G + C
Give one difference between RNA and DNA, other than the RNA has ribose or RNA is single stranded or 404 nitrogenous bases. DNA has deoxyribose or DNA is double stranded These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 19 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
Give a brief account of a conservation practice with Preserving lands as wild life parks ensures that: existing environments are 405 maintained, endangered species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of which you are familiar. nature is maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced
406 Name the gas in the air needed for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide / Water vapour
Both fertilised by male gamete 407 What happens to the two polar nuclei in the carpel? nucleus to form the triploid endosperm nucleus Layer of cells / in the blastula 408 What is a germ layer? (embryo) / (potential to) give rise to (specific) tissues (or organs)
409 Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney. Renal artery
A chemical that is a plant growth regulator or a plant growth hormone (e.g. IAA), 410 What is an auxin? produced in the meristematic tissue of shoots, roots, young leaves and developing seeds. It stimulates cell elongation and cell division in plants. Segregation: Traits are governed by pairs of factors (or alleles or genes) / State the Law of Segregation and the Law of that separate at gamete formation (each gamete receiving one factor) 411 Assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or factors or genes or Independent Assortment. chromosomes) can combine (or transmit) with either member of another pair (in gamete formation) What name is applied to the period of the cell cycle in which division is not 412 Interphase taking place?
413 State one function of the liquid part of blood. Transport dissolved substances Name the openings in the lower surface of the leaf that are used for gas 414 Stoma(ta) exchange.
415 Explain the word digestion. The breaking down of food
416 To which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? Proteins
Phototropism, Thigmotropism, 417 List three types of tropism. Chemotropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism
418 From which blood vessel does the renal artery arise? Aorta
Manipulation of genes or alteration of 419 What is meant by the term genetic engineering? genes or alteration of genotypes Give a cellular process that occurs during the period in the cell cycle in which Replication or growth or protein 420 synthesis or respiration or the nucleus is not dividing. photosynthesis State one feature that indicates that Rhizopus belongs to the kingdom No chlorophyll, no stamens, no flowers. Has 421 stolon, rhizoids, mycelium, hyphae, Fungi. sporangium, spores
422 The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the … Liver Name the cell structures, present in large numbers in the upper part of the 423 Chloroplast leaf, that are needed for photosynthesis.
424 A tendon joins … to bone. Muscle Give one role for each of the following types of teeth: 1. Cutting (food) 425 1. Incisors 2. Chewing/grinding (food) 2. Molars.
426 Hormones are secreted by … glands. Endocrine
Locating or identifying or removal of a 427 Briefly explain the term Isolation in the context of genetic engineering. gene (or a piece of DNA or a plasmid)
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What term is used for the group of disorders in which control has been lost 428 Cancer over the rate of mitosis?
429 In which cavity of the body are the kidneys located? Abdominal (cavity) or Abdomen
States that characters (traits) are controlled by pairs of genes 430 State Mendel’s Law of Segregation. (e.g. Tt) that separate (segregate) at gamete formation. Each gamete carries only one gene for the trait. Give an account of the evidence for Comparative embryology: comparing the developing embryos of vertebrates shows a similarity 431 between certain structures, e.g. the position of the brain, eyes, gill slits and tail of the fish, tortoise, evolution from a named source. rabbit, bird, chick and human. This suggests that organisms descended from common ancestors.
432 Name the green pigment present in leaves that is essential for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
433 In which part of a flower does a seed form? Ovule
434 Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere takes place through the … Stomata
Briefly explain the term Cutting (restriction) in the context of genetic Cutting the DNA (or plasmid) with an 435 engineering. (restriction) enzyme In relation to structures such as the cell membrane, explain the term selective 436 Only certain substances (or named) permeability. allowed through
Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus. (muscular) contractions /in the walls 437 What is meant by peristalsis? of the alimentary canal/to move food
438 Name one substance, other than water, excreted in the urine. Urea or salt or uric acid
439 True or false. Mitosis is the division of a nucleus into two identical nuclei True
440 What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? Light or Sunlight
441 Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol. Glucose, Sucrose, Starch
Temperature, pH, substrate and 442 Name a factor that influences the activity of an enzyme. product concentration
Briefly explain the term Transformation (ligation) in the context of Transformation: uptake of DNA (or plasmid or gene) 443 genetic engineering. Ligation: the joining of DNA (or plasmid or gene) Suggest an advantage to the cell of having a selectively permeable 444 Substances can be kept in (or out) or substances can membrane. be let in (or out) The fusion (union) of a male gamete 445 What is fertilisation? and female gamete [or two haploid gametes] to form a diploid zygote Filtration ensures that cells and valuable substances are not lost from the 446 Glucose, Amino acids, Red and White body when urine is being formed. Name two of these substances or cells. blood cells
Has ducts or does not produce 447 Give a feature of the kidney which indicates that it is an exocrine gland. hormones
Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach: 1. Churned 2. pH changes or broken down by acid 448 1. Mechanical changes or broken down by enzymes or 2. Chemical changes. proteins → peptides State whether the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: 449 Catabolism Respiration.
450 Name the type of joint at your elbow. Hinge
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Briefly explain the term Introduction of base sequence changes in the 451 the order of bases in the host DNA is context of genetic engineering. now different
Oxygen / glucose / water / amino 452 Name two substances that enter a human muscle cell by diffusion. acids / phosphate (or P) / iron
453 Fats are composed of fatty acids and … Glycerol
Ensures that existing environments are maintained, endangered 454 Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals. species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of nature is maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced
455 Name two cell organelles, other than the nucleus, that contain DNA. Chloroplast, Mitochondria
Name the hormone associated with changing the permeability of the Anti-diuretic hormone or ADH or 456 collecting duct. vasopressin State whether the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: 457 Anabolism Photosynthesis. To help maintain a constant internal 458 State the role of the kidneys in homeostasis. environment by controlling the concentration of water and salt the activation of the inserted gene (in 459 Briefly explain the term Expression in the context of genetic engineering. its new position) or production of product
Pressure / of cell contents (or 460 Explain the term turgor. described) / on cell wall
461 What is the pH of the stomach contents? 0 - 3
Subcutaneous fat = a layer of thermal 462 State two ways in which the body is insulated against loss of heat. insulation Hair = Traps air
CO2 and light 463 Name a factor that influences the diameter of the stomata. Low CO2 conc and light causes them to open
464 Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall? Left ventricle
A sample of urine was found to contain protein. 1. No 465 1. Would you consider this to be normal? 2. Protein molecules too big (to 2. Explain your answer. pass into the filtrate)
466 How are hormones carried around the body? In the Blood on in the Lymph Give one application of genetic engineering in any two of the following. 1. An animal. 1. Animal example 467 2. Plant example 2. A plant. 3. Micro-organism example 3. A micro-organism.
468 Give a feature of a plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for long periods. Vacuole or cell wall or cell sap
Some flowers have nectaries. How are these flowers pollinated? Explain your By insects. They are drawn to the 469 answer. flower for the sugary nectar. Allele: An alternative form of a gene 470 Explain the terms alleles and dominant. Dominant: One allele masks the expression of the other
471 Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach? Duodenum or small intestine
About half way along the Fallopian 472 Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female? tube or oviduct
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Ectoderm: skin, hair, nails List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed 473 Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton to an organ or system in the adult body. Endoderm: linings of the alimentary canal, trachea
Abdomen or under the stomach or 474 Where in the human body is the pancreas located? near duodenum Answer the following in relation to enzymes. (i) Protein 475 (i) What is their chemical nature? (ii) Folded (ii) Comment upon their molecular shape.
476 Suggest a way in which turgor is of value to plants. Support (or described)
A sample of urine was found to contain glucose. 1. No 477 1. Would you consider this to be normal? 2. Glucose (in the filtrate should 2. Explain your answer. have been) reabsorbed
The growth response of part of a plant 478 Define tropism to an external unidirectional stimulus
479 True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes True
Red: Carry oxygen 480 Blood contains red cells and white cells. State one function for each of these. White: Protect against disease
(One which contains) all the food 481 What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet? types / in correct or suitable or optimum proportions
Name of enzyme & Matching 482 Name an enzyme and its substrate. substrate, e.g. amylase & starch
483 What is meant by the term endocrine? Ductless or Not having tube(s)
When demonstrating osmosis: 1. For what purpose did you use Visking tubing, 1. As a selectively permeable membrane; 484 potato tissue or some similar material? 2. At the end of the demonstration, 2. Change (increase or decrease) in how did you conclude that osmosis had occurred? mass (volume) or described
485 What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome? Linked
Surroundings that are harmful to 486 What do you understand by the term adverse external environment? organism(s)
To facilitate the action of pepsin and 487 State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach rennin
488 Name a type of modified stem that functions in food storage. Stem tuber: potato
489 What name is given to fats that are liquid at room temperature? Lipids
490 Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic
491 Suggest a means of treating a named disorder of the human nervous system. Parkinson's: Treatment - drugs
Occurs in second stage of respiration / in mitochondria / when O2 492 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Krebs Cycle. present (or aerobic) / starts with Acetyl Co-enzyme A / ATP produced / hydrogen (pairs) produced or energised electrons / CO2 produced
In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced Abiotic = non-living 493 by abiotic and biotic factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms. Biotic = living features Autotrophic nutrition: Food synthesised from simple molecules or Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and 494 produces own food heterotrophic nutrition. Heterotrophic nutrition: already synthesised food consumed from other organisms or food from other sources
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Thick cuticle / changed transpiration Give two ways in which plants protect themselves from adverse external 495 (rate) / leaf fall / toxic parts / thorns / environments. stings / dormancy / perennating organs / heat shock proteins
496 An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A source is … A lack causes … D, Dairy products, Rickets
Organisms capable of interbreeding 497 Explain the term species. and producing fertile offspring.
498 Name one structure in plant cells not found in fungi. Chloroplast
499 Explain the term fermentation. Anaerobic respiration
500 Give one cause of a named disorder of the human nervous system. Parkinson's: Cause - lack of dopamine
501 What are the products of fat digestion? Glycerol and fatty acids If the magnification of a microscope eyepiece is X 10 and the magnification of 502 the objective lens is X 40, what magnification results when a slide is viewed 400 using both of these lenses? Tip of shoot or buds or meristem / 503 State a site of auxin secretion. developing leaves or seeds or other correct location Name the group of substances in plants which control responses to external 504 Plant growth regulators or auxins (or stimuli. other named group) What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the As either light intensity or CO2 conc. 505 increases, the rate of photosynthesis light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration. increases. What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the 506 Source of nutrients or substrate for laboratory? growth or medium or visibility
507 Name an organism that is used in industrial fermentation. Yeast
508 Name one disorder of the human nervous system. Parkinson's
509 Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
The physical characteristics that distinguish male 510 What are secondary sexual characteristics? from female apart from the sex organs themselves [that develop during puberty].
Difference between members of 511 What is meant by variation? State two causes of variation. species or population
endangered species are preserved for 512 Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species. reproduction, the balance of nature is maintained What name is given to the regions in plants in which growth regulators are 513 Meristems produced?
More leaves or more suitable 514 Suggest one reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March temperature or more reproduction Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in industrial 515 Any named carbohydrate fermentation.
516 True or false. Chromosomes are made of DNA and lipid False
517 What substances carry nerve impulses across the synapses? Neurotransmitter(s)
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Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial Extra CO2 / increase temperature / 518 growth promoters / increase light / producer could increase her/his crop yield of tomatoes. add fertilizer
519 Where are sperm produced? Seminiferous tubules in the testes
They prevent the backflow (reflux) of 520 What is the function of a semilunar valve? blood into the heart
521 From what structures does the placenta develop? uterine tissue and embryonic tissue
522 How did you recognise the leaf yeasts when they appeared on the agar? Pink (colonies)
When investigating the effect of either carbon dioxide concentration or light CO2 – vary NaHCO3 conc. OR Light – 523 vary lamp (or plant) distance or vary intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: How did you vary your chosen factor? lamp wattage; Root tip / shoot (or stem) tip / bud / embryo (or 524 Give locations for two meristematic regions (meristems) in plants. named part) / fruit / seed / between xylem and phloem (or vascular bundle) Tiny gaps are found where one neuron ends and the next one begins. What 525 Synaptic cleft / Synapse are these gaps called?
Produces new genotypes or allows 526 What is the significance of inherited variation in the evolution of species? natural selection
527 Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to … Light The process of respiration occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take Stage 1. Cytoplasm place in different parts of the cell. Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and 528 Stage 2. Mitochondria where in the cell Stage 2 occurs. Large Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy? In Female: hormonal, blockage or State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the 529 failure to ovulate male. In Male: low sperm count (or reason for) or hormonal
530 How did you safely dispose of the agar plates at the end of an investigation? Immerse in disinfectant or autoclave
531 Give the name of the first stage of photosynthesis. Light (dependent stage)
532 Name the apertures in stems that are equivalent to the stomata. Lenticels
533 Most plant shoots are positively phototropic. Explain the underlined term. Growth towards light Nerve impulses are carried around the body by neurons. Name any two types 534 Sensory or Motor or Inter/Relay of neuron. True or false. Organisms of the same species can usually produce fertile 535 True offspring. Describe the ways in which the body responds when its internal temperature Vasodilation (or explained) / 536 (secretion of) sweat / rises above the normal level. hairs lie flat or less air trapped
Fossils or embryos or anatomy or 537 State two types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution. genetics
In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: (i) Observations or results or other 538 (i) Data. (ii) Repeats (or copies) of (ii) Replicates experiment
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1. Electrons picked up by acceptor / passed through In the first stage of photosynthesis, pathways I and II relate to the carriers / back to chlorophyll / electrons lose energy; - 539 passage of energised electrons. 1. Explain what happens to these 2. H2O split / protons to pool / NADP formed / NADPH formed / (electrons) picked up by acceptor / passed
electrons in pathway I. 2. Describe the events of pathway II. through carriers / O2 released / ATP produced
Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down (Glucose →) Ethanol (allow alcohol) + 540 glucose in the absence of oxygen. CO2 + energy
541 What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? Carbon dioxide
Growth towards / away from stimulus, 542 Give one example of a plant response to a stimulus. e.g. Phototropism
543 How does the plant benefit from a positive phototrophic response? Increased photosynthesis
Give an example of a condition, found in the human population that results Down’s syndrome, cancer or stripe in 544 from a mutation. eye colour
Production of (seminal) fluid or 545 What is the function of the prostate gland? nutrition (of sperm)
How did you expose the semi-lunar valves when dissecting the sheep’s or ox’s Cut (open) the aorta or cut (open) the 546 heart? pulmonary artery
Dark (stage) (or light-independent 547 Give the name of the second stage of photosynthesis. stage) How may the action of an auxin be considered similar to the action of a Made in one place / transported to 548 other part / causes response / hormone in the human body? slow acting /long lasting
Source of energy and thermal 549 State two functions of fats in the human body insulation Give one industrial application of yeast breaking down glucose in the absence 550 e.g. Brewing or bread making of oxygen. Plants and animals respond to some outside stimuli. Name two stimuli to 551 Light or Water or Gravity or Touch or which plants respond. Chemicals or Temperature Explain the mechanism of response by a plant to a named external Named stimulus / diffusion of growth regulator / 552 unequal distribution (of growth regulator) / one side stimulus. grows faster / results in bending
The wise management of the 553 What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? environment or organisms How did you show that alcohol was present when investigating the 554 Named chemicals or named test production of alcohol by yeast?
555 Explain why the second stage of photosynthesis is given its name. Light not needed
A, B, O 556 Name two common blood-grouping systems Rhesus
dominance – one allele masking the expression of its partner Explain the following terms that are used in genetics; 557 genotype – all the genes of an individual or genetic makeup or genome dominance, genotype, phenotype. phenotype – the expression of a genotype (the appearance or the characteristic(s) of an organism)
558 Name the gas used in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide
Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey on a species of plant in its Quadrat / random or how achieved / 559 habitat. count / number of times Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to find in the modified leaves of 560 Starch a bulb.
Give one reason why the second stage of photosynthesis cannot happen Product (or named product) (of 1st 561 without the first stage. stage) required.
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A chemical messenger or product of 562 What is a hormone? endocrine (or ductless) gland
What type of agar plates did you use when investigating the digestive activity Milk or starch of seeds? 563 Does not give a positive result where How did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place in this digestive activity occurred or investigation? described When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main 564 Lactic acid product is produced. Name this product. State a function of each of the following parts of a Petal - Attracts insects to effect pollination 565 Sepal – Protects the flower when it is a bud flower: petal; sepal; anther. Anther – (part of the stamen) produces and stores pollen until it is ripe Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture Fisheries: Net size. 566 Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature and or fisheries or forestry. breed ensuring continuation of species and stock
567 What is the role of bile in fat digestion? Emulsifies fats A quantitative survey was carried out to show the effect of poor waste 568 management on the plants in an ecosystem. What is meant by the term Counting / Numbers / How many quantitative? The transfer of pollen from the anther 569 Explain what is meant by pollination. of the stamen of one flower, to the stigma of the carpel of another flower
Sugar formed from CO2 / ATP provides 570 Outline the major events of the second stage of photosynthesis. energy or NADPH provides hydrogen (or H) How did you demonstrate the requirement for oxygen when investigating the Anaerobic jar (or described) or boiled 571 water + oil or one with O2 and one factors necessary for seed germination? without O2 (and compare)
Produced in one location / acts in 572 State two ways in which hormones are similar to plant growth regulators. different location / prolonged effect From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic 573 Abiotic factor: Light intensity factor that influences the distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem. Plant: Moss Which biological process is represented by the following word equation: 574 Aerobic respiration glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy? Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA 575 What is meant by DNA profiling? is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.
576 Mention two ways of minimising the amount of waste produced. Reduce or Reuse or Recycle Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced 577 Water during fermentation. What did you use as the selectively permeable membrane in your 578 Visking tubing or named plant tissue investigation of osmosis? Adenosine Di-phosphate / a low 579 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: ADP. energy (molecule) / + phosphate (P) / + energy / ATP formed
An animal that eats both animals and 580 What is meant by the term omnivore? plants.
When the level of a hormone (in the 581 What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action? blood) controls (the production) of another (or itself)
582 Name a part of a flower from which a fruit develops. Ovary True or false. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy in the absence of 583 False oxygen
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(The sum of all) the chemical reactions 584 What is meant by metabolism? (in an organism) or catabolism + anabolism
Smell, Unsightly, Vermin, Disease, 585 Give two problems associated with waste disposal. Pollution, illegal dumping
586 What growth regulator did you use when investigating plant growth? IAA
Enzyme – a catalyst (or explained); 587 Distinguish between Enzymes and Hormones Hormone – a (chemical) messenger (or explained)
Is the beginning of the growth after a 588 What is meant by germination? period of dormancy
Give an example of a carbohydrate that has a structural role. Where would Cellulose 589 you expect to find this carbohydrate in a living organism? Cell wall Named hormone 590 Give a brief account of the feedback mechanism for a named hormone. inhibits (or causes production of) a named hormone It is motile or has a tail or correct comment on shape or 591 State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg). size or very little cytoplasm or may contain ‘Y’ chromosome or has more mitochondria In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: 1. The types of organisms present 592 2. Numbers of individuals or number 1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative. of species
Kills / prey or Kill / to eat or Kills/ for 593 Explain the term predator. food A microscope has an eyepiece lens marked ×10 and an objective lens marked 594 200 ×20. What is the total magnification of the image? What term is used for the substance(s) that result(s) from the action of an 595 Product(s) enzyme on its substrate? State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or Fisheries: Net size 596 Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature and forestry breed ensuring continuation of species and stock e.g. For movement / for heat / for 597 Give two reasons why living things need energy. making products / for internal transport
All the chemical reactions taking place 598 What is metabolism? in living organisms
One deficiency symptom of a named 599 Describe one deficiency symptom of a named hormone. hormone
600 What stain did you use for viewing plant cells on the slide? Iodine
601 In relation to ecology, explain the term Habitat. Where an organism lives
Differences within a population or 602 In genetics, what is meant by the term variation? within a species or between individuals
603 In relation to an enzyme, explain the term optimum activity. Working at maximum rate
604 Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery? aorta or near semi lunar valve
receptor (or detection) / receptor in skin / receptor in medulla or brain / Describe briefly the hormonal and nervous responses shiver / generates heat / hairs stand up or goose bumps / air trapped / 605 vasoconstriction (or explained) / increased metabolic rate or increased that occur when internal body temperature drops. respiration / any relevant comment on named hormone e.g. thyroxine increases metabolic rate or increases respiration
+ Capturing or transferring electrons or 606 Suggest a role for NAD / NADP in cell activities. protons or hydrogen (ions)
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Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation. 607 Nucleus Where in a cell does transcription occur?
Distinguish between contest competition and scramble Contest: (Results in) winner takes all (of a limited resource) 608 competition by writing a sentence about each. Scramble:(Results in) each gets some (of a limited resource)
609 In relation to ecology, explain the term Edaphic. Relating to Soil
Sexual reproduction or meiosis or 610 Variation can result from mutation. Name one other cause of variation. independent assortment or environmental (i) Named enzyme and matching substrate Answer the following in relation to an activity that you carried out to (ii) Temperature ≥ 60 ⁰C for ≥ 5 min or investigate the effect of heat denaturation on the activity of an enzyme. (i) boil / water bath or described / untreated enzyme / as control / no activity in 611 Name the enzyme and the substrate that you used. (ii) Describe how you denatured enzyme / (matching method of) carried out the investigation. In your description outline how you observe activity / control result / named factor (kept constant) / how kept constant. measured the activity of the enzyme. Quantity of foam or other. Male: broadening of the shoulders, growth and enlargement of Give an example of a human secondary sexual 612 penis, deepening of the voice, body and facial hair, etc. characteristic. Female: enlargement and growth of the breasts, growth of body hair under arms and pubic regions produces hormones (or named) / allows passage of 613 State three functions of the placenta. food (or named) / and oxygen / antibodies / waste (or named) / acts as a barrier The harmful addition to the 614 What is meant by pollution? environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life Fusion of the male and female gamete What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? 615 outside the body. What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation? Implanted in a womb or stored for future use or destroyed In each of the following cases give one example of a plant that uses the stated 616 Wind: dandelion, sycamore method of seed dispersal: 1. Wind, 2. Animal. Animal: blackberry, burdock
617 Name two types of mutation. Gene, chromosome
618 In relation to ecology, explain the term Abiotic. Non-living factors
Bioprocessing - using micro-organisms (or enzymes) / to form product(s); 619 Explain the terms bioprocessing and immobilised. Immobilised - fixed to inert material (or named material) or fixed to each other or trapped in gel (or named material) disease or parasitism or predation or 620 Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations. hunting or reference to other named environmental condition
621 What type of RNA is involved in transcription? Messenger /m (RNA)
622 What name is given to the first stage of respiration? Glycolysis
Self: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to the stigma What is the difference between self-pollination of the carpel of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. 623 and cross-pollination? Cross: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to the stigma of the carpel of another flower on a different plant of the same species.
624 True or false. RNA is not found in ribosomes True
625 Name two agents responsible for increased rates of mutation. Example 1, Example 2
626 What is meant by genetic screening? Checking or testing (DNA) / for a gene
Can be re-used (or recovered) or pure 627 Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in industrial fermentation. product (or described)
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628 List three factors that are essential for germination. Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water What deduction can be made from the following observation? In a particular 629 area the population of a predator did not decline following a big reduction in Different prey the population of its main prey.
630 What is connected to the ear by the Eustachian tube? Throat
631 In what organelle does translation occur? Ribosome In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that Ecosystem: Woodland / Hedgerow 632 Biotic factor: Predator (fox) influences the distribution of a named animal. Named Animal: Rabbit Briefly explain the significance of mutation in relation to natural New phenotypes or new types or new features / Better 633 adapted or survival of the fittest (or advantageous) or selection. less well adapted (or disadvantageous) Name the compound from which the immobilising beads are formed in the 634 Alginate laboratory.
635 Which genetic structure changes when a mutation occurs? Gene or chromosome or DNA The first stage ends with the formation of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In 1. Lactic acid
636 anaerobic conditions, what is produced from this pyruvate: 1. In muscle cells, 2. Ethanol + CO2 2. In yeast cells? Chemical produced by an endocrine gland which 637 What is a hormone? travels in the bloodstream to target organ(s) to exert a specific response(s) (Host) immunity develops or comment What deduction can be made from the following observation? Mortality levels 638 on natural selection (or described) or resulting from infection by a particular virus tend to decline over the years. most virulent strains die off or vaccination
Production of vitamins or inhibition of 639 State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal. pathogens or (aids) digestion What is meant by infertility? The inability [to produce (sufficient) gametes and] to 640 conceive or produce offspring. State one cause of infertility in the human male. Low sperm count or low sperm motility or hormonal
641 What is meant by the term monocotyledonous? One seed leaf or one embryonic leaf
642 Give the general name for the vessel used for such reactions. Bioreactor
643 Name a single-celled organism. Amoeba
644 Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein. Amino acids
The numbers of organisms at each 645 What is meant by a pyramid of numbers? trophic level
646 Name the gas produced during photosynthesis. Oxygen What deduction can be made from the following observation? Where some members of a species remain in the same general area throughout life and 647 Hazards encountered on migration (or some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be higher in the particular example of a hazard) migratory part of the population. If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the 648 Mitochondrion second stage of respiration takes place. Name this organelle.
649 Give an example of a monocotyledonous plant. e. g. Grass, barley
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In the microscopic examination of a plant cell: 1. Name the stain that you used 1. e.g. Iodine → yellow (or orange or 650 and the colour it imparted to the cell wall. 2. How did you apply the stain to brown); 2. Dropper or use of filter the cells on the slide? paper
Release of energy 651 State a role of carbohydrates other than a structural one. Energy store (starch, glycogen)
652 What is the purpose of mitosis in single-celled organisms? Reproduction
653 Which is present in the middle ear, gas or liquid? Gas
654 What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work? It must fold (into its functional shape)
655 State two good sources of protein in the human diet. Lean meat, fish, eggs What deduction can be made from the following observation? There is a greater variety of herbaceous (non woody) plants in areas where grazing 656 (Grazing results in) reduced species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas where grazing competition (or described) species are less plentiful.
657 How are the veins arranged in the leaves of monocots? Parallel
658 How were you able to identify the animals that you found in the ecosystem? Key or (guide) book or illustrations
mechanical – prevents contact between sperm and egg Name three methods of contraception and, in each 659 surgical – prevents contact between sperm and egg case, explain how the method prevents conception. chemical – prevents ovulation or hormone levels changed natural - (safe period) – intercourse takes place avoiding ovulation
660 Mitosis is one type of cell division. Name the other type of cell division. Meiosis
Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, 661 Give two uses of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology
Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two- 662 Acetyl Co-Enzyme A carbon compound.
663 Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta. Progesterone
e.g. enzymes or muscle component or skin 664 Give one function of proteins in living organisms. component or hair component or structural or metabolic (allow ‘energy’), growth, repair
How does the vein arrangement in the leaves of dicot plants differ from that Reticulate or net or branched or 665 in monocots? described When conducting a quantitative survey of plants, how did you ensure that 666 Method described must demonstrate your sample was random randomness What deduction can be made from the following observation? In some Accept any biological knowledge- based statement that would provide a 667 species of migratory ducks in the northern hemisphere it is found that the plausible rationale for a differential wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of the females. migratory pattern To avoid overcrowding, minimise 668 Why is it important for plants to disperse their seeds? competition and encourage colonisation
669 How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? Two
670 Name the energy source for photosynthesis. The sun
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Hormone: Thyroxine Gland: Thyroid In the case of one hormone state: 1. The gland that produces it, 2. A function 671 Function: controls rate of respiration of this hormone, 3. A deficiency symptom of this hormone. Deficiency: myxoedema (adult) cretinism (child) State two features visible under a light microscope that indicate that cells are 672 Cell wall & vacuole typical plant cells.
Management of environment or 673 What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? management of species As part of your study of your selected ecosystem you constructed a pyramid Named (species) of carnivore or of 674 of numbers. Name the species that occupied the top of your pyramid. What is omnivore or of parasite the main prey of the species referred to? The human circulatory system has two circuits. Give the name of each of 675 Pulmonary & Systemic these circuits. In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative 676 Qualitative: What is present and quantitative surveys by writing a sentence about each. Quantitative: How many present
677 On which structures are the genes located? Chromosome When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all 678 the kittens were black. Which fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these White cats? Refers to a group of cells with a similar function 679 What is meant by a vascular tissue? involved in the transport of substances, i.e. xylem and phloem in plants, and blood in animals.
680 True or false. Immobilised enzymes can act as catalysts True
To allow species to develop or 681 Suggest a reason why nature reserves are important for conservation. maintaining biodiversity or prevent extinction or protection Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing Contest: one gets all (of the resource); 682 Scramble: all get some (of the a sentence about each. resource) Name a chemical element found in proteins that is not found in 683 Nitrogen carbohydrates.
1. Given off to the atmosphere 684 Suggest two possible fates for oxygen, following its production in a plant. 2. Used in respiration How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you 685 Key(s) or illustrations investigated? In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white Bb and bb 686 cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotypes Black and White and the matching phenotypes of the kittens produced by the cross.
687 State a function of sieve tubes. Conduct food throughout the plant
Different forms of the same gene or 688 What are alleles? B,b
689 Explain the term pollution. Harmful addition to the environment
690 Suggest a role for parasites in the overall scheme of nature. Population control
1. Contraction of (wall of) artery or expansion of Write a short note on each of the following: 1. Pulse, 2. Blood artery or due to pumping of heart (or of left 691 pressure. ventricle) or rate at which heart beats 2. Force exerted by blood (or by heart)
692 State the function of the cochlea. To convert sound to nerve impulses
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693 Cellulose is an example of a structural … Carbohydrate In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white 694 cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype(s) b and B , b of the gametes produced by each parent. Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the Quadrat / random / how random / count (or estimate) / many 695 times / calculate (or record) OR Transect / stations / intervals / major plant species. count (or estimate) / how (counted) / result described
696 Vitamins are either water-soluble or …-soluble Fat Pollution may result from domestic, agricultural or industrial sources. Select Pollutant: Any relevant pollutant 697 one of these areas and state an effect that may be produced by a named Effect: Must match pollutant pollutant. How may the pollution referred to be controlled?
1. Name two predators. 2. Give one adaptive technique in the case of each e.g. Name - Fox, Adaptive technique - 698 predator. Speed and sharp canine teeth
699 What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants? Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
700 Give one example of an inherited human characteristic. e.g. eye colour
701 Fats are composed of oxygen, hydrogen and … Carbon The human circulatory system has two circuits. Which of these circuits 702 Systemic involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle? In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white 703 cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype of bb and Bb each parent cat. Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course Misidentification / non-random (quadrat 704 distribution) / not enough times / unsuitable of your ecological survey. quadrat size / miscount (or miscalculation) In relation to the incineration of domestic waste, suggest: (i) Amount of waste greatly reduced or 705 (i) an advantage of the process. useable heat or reduced landfill (ii) a disadvantage of the process. (ii) Harmful products To be able to detect change(s) or to 706 Suggest why continual monitoring of the environment is valuable. remedy effect of change or to detect levels of pollutants (or example) When an iodine solution is added to a food sample and remains red-brown in 707 Starch colour … is absent. A period of rest, inactivity or non- 708 What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? vegetative state before growth or germination. What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base 709 Primary producers of a pyramid of numbers?
710 Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic. e.g. ability to roller skate
Two sets of chromosomes or 711 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Diploid. chromosomes in pairs
712 When two monosaccharides unite they form a … Disaccharide
Prevents bone damage or friction free 713 State one role of cartilage. movement or shock absorption
Organism living on host (or 714 Explain the term ectoparasite. explained) / causing damage
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715 How are the two strands of a DNA molecule joined together? Hydrogen bonds
716 Removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism is called … Excretion Comment on the effect of each of the following on the circulatory system: 1. Diet: Low fat – cholesterol 717 Exercise: Strengthen heart muscle – Diet, 2. Exercise. improve circulation Hypothesis: Educated guess based on observation Explain each of the following terms in relation to the Control: Standard for comparison Data: Measurements or observations or information gathered 718 scientific method: hypothesis, control, data, replicate, from an experiment theory. Replicate: Make a duplicate(s) of an experiment or procedure Theory: A proven hypothesis Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler 719 Amino acids substances called?
720 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Sex chromosome. Controls sex of organism
A group of cells with the same 721 What is a tissue? function Outline two biological similarities between the nitrogen cycle and the Fixation (or explained) / bacteria (or micro- 722 organisms) involved / death and decay carbon cycle. /nutrition (or described) / excretion Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological 723 Chromosomes or genes or DNA inheritance?
724 What is ‘junk’ DNA? Non-coding (or described)
Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the air. Name two processes that release Respiration, Combustion, 725 this gas into the air. Decomposition,
726 True or false. Urea is formed in the kidneys. False
727 Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
728 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Heterozygous. Alleles are different
1. Give an example of an animal tissue. 1. Animal tissue e.g. muscle, connective, 2. State a role of the animal tissue referred to. epithelial, nervous 729 2. Matching structural or physiological role 3. Give one way in which the tissue referred to is adapted to carry out 3. Matching structural or physiological its function(s). adaptation Distinguish between habitat and ecosystem by writing a sentence Habitat - Where an organism (or plant and 730 animal) lives; Ecosystem - Organisms about each. (interacting) with their environment Give two ways, other than colour, in which a red blood cell differs in structure Contain haemoglobin / no nucleus (or 731 other named organelle) / biconcave or composition from a typical body cell such as one in the cheek lining. shape
732 State a function of mitosis in a single-celled organism. Reproduction
Referring to the procedures that you used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. 1. Chop 2. To disrupt structure (or 733 1. What was the first procedure that you followed? described) or to increase 2. What was the reason for that procedure? surface area
Named pollutant 734 State the effect of any one named pollutant. Effect must match named pollutant
Detects movement of the head and 735 State the function of the semi-circular canals. controls the balance of the body
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Explain the term tissue culture. 736 Cells grown on (or in) medium or cells Give two examples of the use of tissue culture. grown outside organism Name the valves found at the base of both the aorta and the pulmonary 737 Semi-lunar valves artery.
Edaphic: to do with soil; 738 Distinguish between edaphic and aquatic by writing a sentence about each. Aquatic: to do with water
739 Name two ways in which cross-pollination happens. Wind, Insect
Large surface area / rich blood 740 State two ways in which villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods. supply / microvilli / thin-walled / lacteal
Slower response, more widespread, 741 State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action. usually slower response Give a reason for the use of washing-up liquid when used to isolate DNA from 742 To disrupt membranes a plant tissue. SA: controls the heartbeat. Sends out wave of impulses to What is the role of the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) muscles of both atria causing atria to contract 743 AV: picks up the wave of impulses that cause the atria to nodes in the heart? contract and transmits them to the ventricles, causing them to contract in turn Name a monosaccharide. Example Give the formula of the monosaccharide referred to. 744 Glucose Name a polysaccharide that can be formed from the monosaccharide referred C6H12O6 Starch to
745 Describe how you carried out the heart dissection. Cut / left side / right side
Climate: Long-term (prevailing) 746 Distinguish between climate and weather by writing a sentence about each. conditions; Weather: Short-term (atmospheric) conditions Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following 747 Outline of one conservation measure industries: agriculture or forestry or fisheries. A container in which a living thing is 748 What is a bioreactor? used in the production of something useful
Cells which have a nucleus and other 749 Yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. What does this mean? membrane bound organelles
750 What is meant by genetic engineering? Manipulation or alteration of genes Give a reason for the use of salt (sodium chloride) when used to isolate DNA 751 To clump the DNA (or described) or to from a plant tissue. protect DNA from other positive ions
Give one way in which an amino acid differs from a monosaccharide, in terms Contains N or contains –NH2 or 752 of chemical composition. contains –COOH (group)
753 Where in a food chain are primary producers found? First (level) What was the main instrument that you used for the actual dissection of a 754 Scalpel heart?
755 Suggest an advantage of dormancy of seeds to a plant. Ensures springtime germination
756 Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll? near upper surface or palisade layer
One problem associated with waste 757 Name one problem associated with waste disposal. disposal
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SA: (in the wall of) Right Atrium 758 Give the precise locations of both the SA and the AV nodes in the heart. AV: In (or near) septum or near tricuspid valve or between atrium and ventricle
Define the following terms as used in genetics; Linkage: Genes located on the same chromosome[ are said to be linked] 759 linkage, sex linkage. Sex linkage: Gene located on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome What do carbohydrates and fats have in common, in terms of chemical 760 Mostly composed of C, H and O composition?
761 What term is used to describe organisms that feed on primary producers? Primary consumer(s) or herbivore(s) How did you distinguish between the left side and the right side of the heart 762 Left side firmer or thicker when doing the dissection?
763 What is a protease? An enzyme that digests protein
Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen 764 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen
Controls the activities of the phloem 765 State a function of companion cells. sieve tube
Cytosol (= cytoplasm minus 766 Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration occur? organelles)
767 State one role of microorganisms in waste management To consume waste
Different fatty acids or some are 768 How may one fat differ from another, in terms of chemical composition? phosphorylated (or have phosphate)
(Large) energy loss (from one level to 769 Why are most food chains short (i.e. only consist of a few trophic levels)? next) or small energy transfer
structural (growth, repair, muscle, hair, nails) 770 State one function of protein in the human body. metabolic (enzymes) or immunity (antibodies)
771 What structure separates the right side of the heart from the left side? Septum
772 Why is a protease enzyme necessary when isolating DNA? Because DNA is combined with protein
Name: Chronic Bronchitis Name a disorder of the breathing system and say how it may be: 1. Caused, 2. Caused: irritants such as cigarette 773 smoke and air pollutants Prevented, 3. Treated. Prevented: Don’t smoke Treated: Bronchodilator True or false. Motor neurons conduct impulses towards the central nervous 774 False system.
Respiration, Combustion, 775 Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere. Decomposition The skin is one of the excretory organs in humans. Name one substance 776 e.g. Sweat excreted by the skin.
What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are Producers are large or primary 777 less numerous than those that feed upon them? consumers are parasites Amnion: sac or membrane 778 Describe the amnion and state its role. Role: holds or produces fluid or protects embryo (or foetus)
Pollution: Harmful addition to an ecosystem 779 Explain the terms pollution and conservation. Conservation: Management of ecosystems
780 What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? Prevent backflow (of blood)
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The final stage of the isolation of DNA involves the use of freezer-cold ethanol. 1. Added down the side of the test 781 tube or added slowly 1. Describe how it is used. 2. To bring the DNA out of solution 2. For what purpose is it used? Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (Potassium) dichromate / add acid or warm / orange / to green OR 782 (ethanol) has been produced. Include the initial colour and final Iodoform test or potassium iodide / add sodium colour of the test. hypochlorite or warm / colourless / to yellow
When two or more organisms fight for 783 What does an ecologist mean by competition? a resource that is in short supply
Sweating, Protection , Melanin 784 List two functions of the skin. production
No. (Parasites) are not producers or 785 Can a parasite be the first member of a food chain? Explain your answer. (parasites) are consumers (or explained)
786 Which gas, dissolved in the blood, can trigger deeper or faster breathing? Carbon dioxide
787 Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male? Testes
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the The agar turned blue-black or purple 788 seeds were divided into two batches. Give the results of your investigation for OR Treated (boiled) seeds left agar the treated seeds. unchanged (blue-black / purple) Alleles: An alternative form of a gene 789 Explain each of the terms: alleles, recessive. Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele
790 State a use for Buffer solution in the biology laboratory. To keep pH constant If all the secondary consumers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by 791 (Their number would) increase disease) suggest what would happen to the primary consumers? Name an organ of excretion other than the skin and state one substance it 792 e.g. Kidney; Urine excretes. Energy enters food chains in the form of light. In which form do you think 793 Heat most energy is lost from food chains?
794 Where does the second stage of respiration take place? Mitochondria Name a process by which soluble foods are absorbed into the blood from the 795 Diffusion (passive transport) small intestine.
796 To which kingdom do yeasts belong? Fungus
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the The plate turns blue-black or purple 797 seeds were divided into two batches. Give the results of your investigation for except where the seeds were lying or the untreated seeds. It was clear under the seeds On a diagram of the female reproductive system indicate where the 1. Meiosis: In the ovary 798 2. Fertilisation: ½ way along the Fallopian tube following occur: 1. Meiosis, 2. Fertilisation, 3. Implantation. 3. Implantation: In the endometrium
799 State a use for the Biuret test in the biology laboratory. To detect presence of protein
Maintaining constant internal 800 What is meant by the term homeostasis? conditions
Starch – polysaccharide (or explained) or polymer 801 Distinguish between Starch and Glucose or correct test; Glucose – monosaccharide (or explained) or monomer or correct test
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802 State a function of mitosis in a multicellular organism. Growth
803 What is meant by a trophic level? feeding (level)
Cross pollination increases variation or 804 Suggest why cross-pollination is preferable to self-pollination. reduces chance of genetic problems In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds Sterilised (seeds) / face down on agar 805 describe how you carried out the investigation and indicate clearly how you Add iodine or biuret solution to plate showed whether or not digestion had occurred. Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse 806 Increased (artificial) lighting/ could be increased. increased carbon dioxide / heating
807 True or false. Endocrine glands secrete hormones True
Produces heat (internally) or warm 808 The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? blooded
Amino Acid – building block of protein or monomer 809 Distinguish between Amino acids and Proteins or unit of protein; Protein – polymer (of amino acids) or chain of (or many) amino acids In the course of your practical studies you used a solution of iodine in 810 Starch detection (or use of) different investigations. State two different uses of the iodine solution. Examining cells (or described) 1. The process of duplication of the Explain each of the following terms in relation to DNA: 1. replication, 2. DNA during mitosis and meiosis. 811 transcription. 2. The process of producing mRNA using DNA as a template. Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or Oestrogen: repairs endometrium / inhibits FSH / stimulates LH 812 Progesterone: thickening (or maintenance of) endometrium / progesterone in the menstrual cycle. inhibits FSH / inhibits LH production Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food Name of ecosystem 813 Food chain: Must have at least three members and chain from that ecosystem. must match named ecosystem. In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the To Kill the seeds or destroy Enzymes 814 seeds were divided into two batches. Each batch was treated differently. Why or act as Control was such treatment necessary?
815 State one advantage of using an immobilised enzyme in a bioreactor. (Enzyme) - can be recovered
816 What name is given to a plant’s response to light? Phototropism
Biuret – (test for) protein; 817 Distinguish between Biuret test and Benedict's (Fehling's) test Benedict’s / Fehling’s – (test for) reducing sugar (or glucose or maltose) Vasectomy: Give an example of a surgical method of male Advantage: Permanently effective, No need for other contraception, Does not interfere with desire, spontaneity or enjoyment, Simple 818 contraception. Suggest an advantage and a operation, Avoids side effects of hormonal contraception disadvantage of the method that you have named. Disadvantage: cannot be undone, Does not give protection against STDs or HIV, Medical complications Keep temperature constant (or example) / to 819 State two different uses of a water bath in biological investigations. vary temperature (or example) / denaturing enzyme / heating
820 Explain how water enters the plant at the root hair. Osmosis
Tubular or continuous lumen / reinforced (lignified) 821 How is xylem adapted for its role in water transport? walls / end to end / pits / lateral movement of water / wetable lining / narrow (bore) In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the 822 seeds were divided into two batches. One batch was used untreated. How did Boiled you treat the other batch of seeds before using them in the investigation?
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823 What is an auxin? a (growth) regulator in plants
824 Name one growth regulator produced in plants. e.g. Auxin
Fats – (lipids) solid at room temp; 825 Distinguish between Fats and Oils Oils – (lipids) liquid at room temp
Organisms / interacting / in their 826 Explain what is meant by an ecosystem. environment
Fibroids Cause: associated with the levels of oestrogen Name a human female menstrual disorder. In the case of this Treatment: Surgery 827 Endometriosis Cause: hormone imbalance or a weakness in disorder give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment. the immune system Treatment: Contraceptive pill, Surgery
In the course of your practical studies you found that heart rate and breathing More energy (required) / more oxygen 828 rate increase with exercise. Explain why this is the case. (required) / more CO2 (produced) The pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine Exocrine: A gland which has a duct [to deliver its secretions] 829 Endocrine: A ductless gland [which relies on the bloodstream to gland. Explain the underlined terms. deliver its secretions]
830 Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 E + 6CO2 + 6H2O What type of agar did you use in the investigation of the digestive activity in 831 Starch (agar) or Milk (agar) germinating seeds?
832 Where in a plant are growth regulators produced? Growing tip or apical meristem
All reactions in cell (or organism) / controlled by 833 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Metabolism. enzymes / catabolism explained or catabolism + example / anabolism explained or anabolism + example
Excess alcohol kills yeast. 834 Why does fermentation eventually cease? Yeast run out of food State two applications of genetic engineering, one involving a micro- M/O: Production of human insulin 835 Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible organism and one involving a plant. solution to Vitamin A deficiency
836 Explain what is meant by a habitat. The place where an organism lives
In the course of your practical work you prepared a transverse section Cutting: Cut thin (section) or (cut) away (from self) or with scalpel (or blade or microtome) 837 (T.S.) of a dicot stem for microscopic examination. How did you Mounting: placed onto slide with water or how prepare the T.S.? cover slip applied Comment briefly on the difficulty in classifying viruses as living Non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in host 838 cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organisms. organelles or named organelle
839 Name a carbohydrate you would expect to find stored in a seed. Starch
840 Give one way by which plants can protect themselves from attack. e.g. Sting
Cellulose – carbohydrate or polysaccharide or (found 841 Distinguish between Cellulose and Keratin in plant) cell wall; Keratin – protein or (found in human) hair (or nails or skin)
Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human Transport in (or out) / example of 842 development in the womb. barrier / produces progesterone What is the final product of the first stage of respiration under aerobic 843 Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) conditions?
844 What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal? Fatty acids and glycerol
Development of secondary sexual characteristics or 845 Give a brief account of the role of testosterone. example named / development of sex organs /sperm production These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 39 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: 1. Test of hypothesis or test of prediction 846 1. Experiment, 2. Hypothesis (or explained) 2. Theory supported (by experiment)
847 Name the two main parts of the central nervous system in humans. Brain & Spinal Cord
848 What is meant by the term digestion? Breakdown of Food
Hypothesis can develop into a theory 849 How does a hypothesis differ from a theory? or explained
The (functional) role (of an organism) 850 Explain what is meant by a niche. or ‘occupation’ (of an organism)
Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell Cell wall, size, capsule, flagellum, 851 differs from a typical human cell (e.g. cell from cheek lining). plasmid No reduction in chromosomes/ no 852 State one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. homologous pairing during process/ resulting nuclei identical/ two cells
853 From what tissues is the placenta formed? Uterine and embryonic
854 True or false. Tendons join muscles to bones. True
Messages are carried around the body by neurons (nerve cells). Name any Motor Neuron, Sensory Neuron, 855 two types of neuron. Interneuron Describe how you examined your transverse section (T.S.) of stem with the 856 Turn on Light or mirror / Low power microscope. lens or coarse focus
857 Explain the importance of double-blind testing in scientific experimentation. Avoidance of bias Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. 858 To minimise (genetic) variation Suggest a reason why the seeds used were all taken from one parent plant. Substances produced by micro- 859 What are antibiotics? organisms / inhibit (growth or reproduction) of bacteria or fungi Name a powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made 860 Electron microscope of in much greater detail (cell ultrastructure). Thorns/ modified leaves e.g. pine needles /stinging (cells)/deep roots / Describe three methods used by plants to protect heat shock proteins/ phytoalexins e.g. production of antimicrobial 861 themselves from adverse external environments. chemicals / use of seeds / leaf fall / perennating organs or examples /dormancy / succulent tissues / toxins / other Saprophytic and parasitic fungi are widespread in nature. Explain each saprophytic – live on dead organisms (matter) 862 parasitic – living in or on another organism causing of the underlined terms. harm.
863 What name is given to the area where one neuron ends and another begins? Synapse
Features that develop at or after 864 Explain the term secondary sexual characteristics. puberty (but are not directly involved in reproduction) Outline how you made the section of the stem and prepared it for 865 Cut a thin slice / place, in water or examination under the microscope. stain, on slide Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Habitat: The place where an organism lives 866 Consumer: An organism which feeds on another organism Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; Producer; Niche. Producer: An organism which makes its own food Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)
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Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. 1. Heat (or method of heating) or named chemical or irradiation The compost in which the wheat plants were grown was sterilised at the start (or named) 867 of the investigation. 2. To kill organisms or to prevent contamination or to eliminate 1. Suggest a way in which the scientists may have sterilised the compost. competition or to eliminate State one reason why it was important to sterilise the compost. disease or described Change in hormone levels (or correctly 868 Outline how birth occurs. described) / contractions / waters break / cervix dilates / delivery / cord cut / afterbirth Transfer of pollen from one flower to 869 What is meant by cross-pollination? another flower on a different plant of the same species
870 In biology, what is meant by the term organ? A group of tissues (working together)
871 Name the type of chemical that carries messages between two neurons. Neurotransmitter
Facial hair/ broader shoulders / larger larynx or 872 Give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males. deeper voice / greater bone density / greater bone strength / pubic hair / enlargement of genitals Why did you use a herbaceous (non-woody) stem rather than a woody one 873 when examining a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem under a Easier to cut microscope? Strong forces of attraction exist between water molecules. Give an (called) cohesion / water evaporates in leaf or transpiration / is replaced / upward pull or 874 account of the importance of these forces in raising water to great tension /continuous stream / ensures height in trees. movement / water column hard to break
875 Where are sperm produced? Testis Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. 876 As control (or described) Why did they divide the young wheat plants into two equal groups?
877 By what process do minerals enter a plant? Active transport
Testing (people) for the presence of a 878 What is meant by genetic screening? (specific) gene What happens to the neurotransmitter chemical once the messages have 879 Destroyed or reused been transmitted between two neurons?
Makes progesterone / conducts food to embryo (foetus) / conducts O2 to embryo (foetus) / 880 Give two functions of the placenta. conducts antibodies to embryo (foetus) / removes CO2 from embryo (foetus) / removes urea from embryo (foetus) / keeps the mother's and embryo's (foetus') blood apart.
881 What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation? Sperm and egg fuse outside the body Name the plant that you used when examined with a microscope a transverse 882 Celery section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem.
(A measure of) how acidic or alkaline a 883 Explain what is meant by the term pH. solution is
B-cells/ T-cells or two named T cells e.g. helper / killer / suppressor / memory B-cells – produce antibodies/agglutination or lysis / memory Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of T-cells – recognise / destroy infected or damaged cells / memory / activation / suppress immune system 884 each when viruses or other microorganisms enter Helper T – stimulate B cells or stimulate killer T cells/ recognise antigens / the blood. Killer T – Destroy infected or damaged cells / Suppressor T – Switch off immune system or explained / Memory T – memorise antigen Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. To have only one variable (or 885 During the investigation they kept the two groups of plants under identical explained) conditions. Why was this?
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List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you Condon (male & female), Pill, 886 Spermicide, Diaphragm, IUD, Implants, may refer to either or both sexes. Rhythm, Coitus interuptus
887 Explain the term digestion? Molecules or food broken down
1. Contraction of uterus or waters break or dilation of cervix [accept labour]; 888 Give the three stages of childbirth 2. Baby delivered; 3. Afterbirth delivered
889 How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? Two
Transport or Transport example or 890 Give one function of vascular tissue in plants. Support
When exercise is complete the consumption of When lactic acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen oxygen remains above normal until the debt has 891 debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid. been repaid. This is why one continues to pant after exercise.
892 To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? Protista / Protoctista
893 What is an enzyme? A (biological) catalyst Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Temperature / Light / pH / CO2 /
894 Name two conditions you think the scientists would have kept constant humidity / other minerals / H2O during the investigation.
895 Name one human tooth type and give its function. e.g. Incisor; to cut
Benefit for baby: mother-baby bonding / antibodies in milk / laxative Many babies are breast fed after birth. Give two biological in milk / mother’s milk encourages growth of mutualistic bacteria in 896 large intestine / milk sterile / milk at body temperature; benefits of breastfeeding. Benefit for mother: bonding / uterus recovers faster / natural contraceptive / reduces risk of breast cancer After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a Morula: (Solid) ball of cells 897 Blastocyst: Fluid-filled (or hollow) ball blastocyst. Explain the terms in italics. of cells Describe how some bacteria respond in order to survive when environmental 898 Produce (endo)spores conditions become unfavourable.
Two cotyledons or two seed leaves (in 899 Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? each seed) When the normal control of mitosis in a cell is lost, cancer may result. Suggest Carcinogen /mutation / mutagen / 900 example 1 / example 2 / radiation or two possible causes of cancer. named / virus Rooting powder / tissue culturing / 901 Give two examples of uses of synthetic (man-made) auxins. weed killer / ripening of fruit / seedless fruits / other True or false. The sino-atrial node (pacemaker) is located on the right side of 902 True the heart. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid onto the ingested food. Give one 903 Kills bacteria function of this acid.
904 What is meant by the term infertility? Inability to produce offspring Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. 905 Why did they repeat the investigation several times before publishing their To ensure (statistical) reliability results in a scientific journal? Analysing/examining a person’s DNA 906 What is meant by DNA profiling? (to compare patterns with others) or getting or providing patterns or bands The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit 907 Number would increase Fox. If all the foxes were killed, what would happen to the number of rabbits?
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Cold / ‘flu / polio / rabies / mumps / 908 Name two diseases of humans caused by viruses. rubella / measles / AIDS (HIV)
909 To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) concentration to 910 What is osmosis? a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M or The movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient across a S.P.M.
911 Give one digestive function of the liver. Bile In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by in 912 Fusion of gametes [fertilisation] vitro fertilisation? outside the body (e.g. in a Petri dish)
913 What is an enzyme? Biological catalyst
Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages. Give two Stage 1 does not require O2 or is 914 anaerobic / produces a small amount differences, other than location, between Stage 1 and Stage 2. of energy (or ATP) Size comment / shape or structural comment / motile (only if 915 State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs). ‘tail or ‘flagellum’’ not given)/ chromosomal difference / does not (usually) contribute mitochondrial DNA to zygote The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit 916 Rabbit Fox. Name a herbivore from this food chain.
Nucleus or chloroplasts or 917 Where in plant cells is DNA found? mitochondria
Is the beginning of the growth after a 918 What is meant by the germination of a seed? period of dormancy
Produces enzymes or named enzyme; 919 Give one digestive function and one non-digestive function of the pancreas. Produces Insulin
920 What happens in the womb during menstruation (days 1 – 5)? Loss of blood / loss of endometrium Parents who are suspected of being carriers of disease-causing alleles may be 921 advised to consider a genetic test. Suggest a role for such a test after in-vitro Selection of embryo or any valid role fertilisation.
922 Which term describes the mode of nutrition of Rhizopus? Saprophytic
923 Where in a cell does Stage 1 of respiration occur? Cytoplasm or cytosol The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit 924 Grass Fox. Name a producer from this food chain. A community of living organisms 925 What is an ecosystem? interacting with one another and their environment
926 Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found? In the chloroplasts
Breakdown of food or production of
927 What is meant by aerobic respiration? energy in presence of O2
928 Explain the term ovulation. Release of egg from ovary The cells in the palisade layer contain many organelles that carry out 929 photosynthesis. Suggest why the cells here contain more of these organelles Usually closer to the light than the cells in the spongy mesophyll. Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which 930 Activity: Littering this pollution could be prevented. Prevention: Reuse, Recycle
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931 True or false. A nucleus is absent from human red blood cells. True
932 What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs? Anaerobic or fermentation The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit 933 Fox Fox. Name a secondary consumer from this food chain.
Name a product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state one of its Insulin or glucagon 934 functions. Regulates blood sugar (level) Aerobic respiration takes place in two stages. 1. Cytoplasm 935 1. Where in a cell does stage 1 occur? 2. Mitochondria 2. Where in a cell does stage 2 occur?
Time when fertilisation is possible / 936 What is meant by the fertile period? when egg is in oviduct Give two characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. Nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles 937 or other named organelle What corresponding term is used to describe bacterial cells? Prokaryotic Beneficial – yeast for brewing or baking / named Give one example of a beneficial fungus and one example of a harmful edible fungus/ other 938 fungus. Harmful – ringworm / athlete’s foot / potato blight / thrush / dry rot / death cap / other
In the spongy mesophyll, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf. Name one Air or water (vapour) or O2 or CO2 or 939 such gas. N2 or chemicals in or out Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from Decrease (no increase) in population / 940 demographic imbalance/ improved social an increased availability of contraception. conditions /comment on STIs / health issues
Study of relationship between 941 What do we mean by the word ecology? organisms and their environment
942 Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. Ethanol or lactic acid or CO2
943 Which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, produces more energy? Aerobic
944 Where does fertilisation occur in the female body? Oviducts
Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products Hydrogen (proton) /oxygen/ electron 945 that result when water is split. or energy or ATP
946 What is meant when a bacterium is described as being pathogenic? Disease-causing
To provide energy or named metabolic 947 Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire. activity
Production of new plant from root or 948 What is meant by vegetative propagation? from stem or from leaf or plant asexual reproduction (or described)
To allow gas exchange or 949 State one function of the stoma. Transpiration or Temperature control
Yoghurt or cheese or antibiotic 950 Give one beneficial effect of bacteria. production 1. Name a substance other than alcohol that is produced during the fermentation process. 1. CO2 951 2. Bubbles 2. How would you detect this other substance? 3. Bubbling stops 3. How would you know when fermentation had finished?
Embedding of embryo in 952 Explain the term implantation. endometrium
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In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain, releasing energy. 1. ATP
953 1. In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell? + 2. Oxygen or H (or protons) 2. To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron transport chain?
954 The bronchioles end in small sacs. What is the name of these sacs? Alveoli
955 Name the muscles that are used in breathing. Intercostal muscles (between the ribs)
Cowper’s gland / seminal vesicle / 956 Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid. prostate gland
957 Name the four bases that are found in DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
Diseases or Food decay or named 958 Give one harmful effect of bacteria. disease
959 In leaf cells, which chemical traps light energy for photosynthesis? Chlorophyll
960 Name two female hormones that have a role in the menstrual cycle. Oestrogen / progesterone / FSH / LH
The way organisms change genetically 961 What is evolution? from pre-existing forms to produce new species over long periods of time
962 What is meant by the term digestion? The breakdown of food
963 Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the stomata. Guard cells
Horticulturists use a number of methods to artificially propagate plants. Fast or preserves desirable features or 964 Suggest one advantage of artificial propagation. cheap or more reliable
965 Name two methods of cross-pollination. Wind, Insect
Water for photosynthesis enters the roots of plants by osmosis. What is Movement of H2O through semi- 966 permeable membrane from low to meant by osmosis? high conc (or high to low water conc)
967 Some bacteria have flagella. What are flagella used for? Movement What happens to the menstrual cycle when a woman reaches the 968 It stops menopause?
969 What is meant by a triplet code? three bases code for one amino acid
State a function for each of the following structures Rhizoid – anchors / digestion / absorption Sporangium – produces spores / stores spores / asexual reproduction 970 that are found in fungi; rhizoid, sporangium, Gametangium – produces gametes / sexual reproduction gametangium, zygospore. Zygospore – survival / dispersal
For solubility or for absorption or for 971 Why is digestion necessary? transport
Allows some molecules through / 972 What is a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane? Visking tubing / cell membrane
To equalise pressure (on the eardrum) 973 What is the function of the Eustachian tube? or air in or air out or Protection
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During photosynthesis water is split into three products. 1. O2 / H+ / e- 974 1. Name each of these three products. 2. Light Stage 2. Name the stage of photosynthesis during which water molecules are split.
975 Bacteria reproduce by a method known as … Binary Fission
Transfer of pollen / from anther to 976 What is meant by the term pollination? stigma
977 To which kingdom do bacteria belong? Monera (Prokaryotae)
Cuttings (or described) / layering (or 978 Describe two methods used by horticulturists to artificially propagate plants. described) / grafting (or described) / micro propagation (or described)
979 For what purpose do single-celled organisms use mitosis? Reproduction
Mechanical: physical or grinding or cutting or Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a 980 churning or chewing or emulsifying sentence about each. Chemical: (action of) enzyme or named enzyme or (action of) acid or named acid Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in The controlled release of energy from 981 food (carbohydrate) / oxidation of respiration. What is respiration? food
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is needed for photosynthesis. Where does CO2 enter the 982 Stoma leaf?
983 Give two methods of pollination in plants. Wind / insect / self
984 Name three bacterial shapes. Rod / Cocci / Spiral
1.Name Arthritis / osteoporosis Cause 2. Name Name a disorder other than cancer Arthritis – injury / hormonal imbalance / genetic /immune Paralysis/Parkinson’s disease/ response for each of the following and Cause Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / lack of exercise / genetic / Injury / genetic / disease / lack of indicate a possible cause and a dietary /menopause dopamine 985 Treatment means of treatment: Treatment arthritis – anti-inflammatory drugs/ analgesics/ rest / exercise/ Physiotherapy / dopamine or drugs to replacement of joint / steroids or named/ immuno- 1. Musculoskeletal system, promote neurotransmitter suppressants production / stem cell / implant 2. Nervous system. osteoporosis: HRT / exercise / diet / dietary supplements or named
986 What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? Throat or Pharynx
The harmful addition to the 987 What is meant by pollution? environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life
Allows sperm to swim / provides 988 State a function of seminal fluid. nutrients / lubricant / protects sperm
989 From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum? Stomach A market gardener wants to increase the vegetable yield in his greenhouses. 990 Extra CO2, more light Suggest two ways he may achieve this.
991 What is the next step after pollination in the lifecycle of the plant? Fertilisation Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant tissue. 992 Dermal List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. Give two differences between vegetative propagation and propagation No gametes (or one parent) / identical 993 plants or example / rapid production / involving seeds. no outside agent
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The wise management of the 994 What do you understand by the term conservation? environment or organisms
995 True or false. Light is essential for the germination of seeds. False
996 What is the function of the cochlea? Hearing
997 Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf? stoma / guard cells
998 What is a tissue? Group of cells with a common function Suggest a substance that flowers produce that may cause hay fever in some 999 Pollen people.
(Produces) enzymes or named enzyme 1000 State one digestive function of the pancreas. or neutralises (chyme) Which term from the following list matches the description: A use of tissue 1001 Skin Graft culture. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
1002 What is the function of the larynx? Produce sounds
chemical (enzyme) reactions / dissolve stored 1003 State one reason why water is needed for germination. food / swell testa / a condition of germination / hydrate cells / activate enzymes Seeds and fruits need to be dispersed. Give:1. Two methods of 1. Wind / animal / self (or mechanical) / water 1004 2. Colonisation / reduces competition / elaboration dispersal, 2. Two advantages of dispersal to the plant. of competition
information (code) is copied to RNA 1005 The triplet code is transcribed into mRNA. What does this statement mean? molecule
1006 Name a gas that would be needed for the growth of tissue in the laboratory. Oxygen
1007 What is meant by the term vegetative propagation? Asexual reproduction
1008 The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ... Genotype Which term from the following list matches the description: The heart. List: 1009 Organ Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. (An animal that) produces its (or own or body) heat or 1010 What is an endotherm? (body) temperature independent of (temperature of) environment
Charles Darwin 1011 Name one of the scientists who developed the Theory of Natural Selection. Alfred Russell Wallace
1012 To what structure does the ureter connect the kidney? Bladder
The release of energy from 1013 What is aerobic respiration? carbohydrate without using oxygen
1014 Why are sterile conditions needed to grow a tissue in a laboratory? To avoid contamination
Give one example of vegetative propagation in plants and state whether it One example / whether stem-root- 1015 involve a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud. leaf-bud
1016 Name an excretory substance present in urine. urea /water /salt
Lens: To focus (light) onto the retina 1017 Give the functions of the lens and the vitreous humour of the eye. Vitreous humour: Gives shape (to eye)
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Which term from the following list matches the description: Cells growing in a 1018 In vitro growth test tube. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
1019 What word is used to describe animals which are not endotherms? Ectotherms
1020 A sex cell is also known as a ... Gamete
1021 Valves are present in veins. What is their function? Prevent backflow of blood
1022 What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? Mitosis
State two ways that vegetative propagation differs from reproduction by Spread / limited spread / offspring all 1023 seed. susceptible to same diseases Name two vascular tissues in plants and give one way xylem/phloem 1024 Xylem - lignified/ transports water/ vessels/ tracheids / dead in which they differ. Phloem – transports food/ sieve tubes/ companion cells / living Breathing causes pressure changes in the thoracic diaphragm contracts (lowers) / intercostal muscles contract /ribs move up and out / increased volume of thoracic cavity / pressure decreases / intercostals 1025 cavity. Describe briefly how these pressure changes relax / air rushes in / diaphragm relaxes / volume decreases / pressure increases are brought about. / air pushed out / inhale / exhale Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant organ. 1026 Leaf List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
food storage / storage of waste / 1027 State a function of ground tissue. photosynthesis / strength / support
(Temperature always suitable) for good enzyme activity 1028 Suggest an advantage of being an endotherm. or maintains constant body temperature or activity independent of environmental temperature
The wall of capillaries is only one cell thick. How is this related to their substances can diffuse easily / in and 1029 function? out of blood / tissues / less fat content What medical term is used to describe the disease caused by uncontrolled 1030 Cancer mitosis in human cells?
Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two example of e.g. Cuttings / layering / budding / 1031 artificial propagation carried out by gardeners or horticulturists. grafting
1032 A change in the structure of DNA is called a ... Mutation
1. Suspensory ligaments, 2. Cones, 3. Optic nerve and 1. Holds lens in place or (involved in) changing shape of lens 2. (Detects) colour 1033 4. Brain. Outline the roles in vision of the above 3. Brings impulses from retina or brings impulse to brain structures. 4. Interprets information (received from retina)
Prevention of fertilisation (conception) 1034 What is meant by contraception? or implantation or pregnancy Which term from the following list matches the description: A group of cells 1035 with the same function. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro Tissue growth. From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of increase day length / artificial light/ 1036 increase carbon dioxide level / plants such as lettuces in a greenhouse. increase in temperature level Children typically have higher body temperatures than adults. Suggest a High metabolism or growing (or more 1037 cell division) or more active or more reason for this. infections or teething
1038 Give two causes of uncontrolled cell division. e.g. Radiation, smoking
food source / balance of nature / biodiversity / 1039 Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants. prevention of extinction / health of planet / aesthetic / recreational / O2 / CO2
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1040 True or false. Lenticels serve the same function as stomata. True
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial Advantage: e.g. can control production of desirable features; 1041 propagation. Disadvantage: e.g. offspring all susceptible to same diseases
1042 A part of DNA with information to make one protein is called a ... Gene
In cases of infertility, eggs may be fertilised outside the body. Following this Womb or Uterus or Endometrium / 1043 procedure, into which part of the reproductive system is the developing lining of Womb or Uterus or embryo then placed? Endometrium Monthly cycle in female / menstruation or lining of uterus / (endometrium) shed / blood 1044 What is the menstrual cycle? discharged / F.S.H./ Graffian follicles with eggs / secrete oestrogen / endometrium thickens / L.H. / ovulation / corpus luteum / progesterone / (if no fertilisation then) lining breaks down (muscular) contraction in response to 1045 Explain how the iris works. light intensity or pupil size changes or allows more (or less) light in
Reduction (halving) of Chromosome 1046 What is the function of meiosis? numbers or to produce gametes A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it 1047 Parasitism and causing it harm is known as …
Asexual reproduction (in plants) / 1048 What is vegetative propagation? cloning
Strength / support / shape / mobility / 1049 Give two functions of the human skeleton. protection / muscle attachment / blood cell production
1050 The trachea contains rings of cartilage. Suggest a function of this cartilage. Keeps the trachea (air way) open
Blockage of fallopian tubes or 1051 Give one cause of infertility in women. hormonal or failure to ovulate, excessive exercise Name an excretory organ in the human body other than the kidney. Name a Skin / lungs / liver 1052 Water / carbon dioxide / urea / salt / substance excreted by this organ. bile / sweat
1053 The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition are ... Dominant
1054 Suggest one advantage of classifying organisms. e.g. Identification
It supports the fungus and is involved 1055 State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. in absorption
1056 Organisms capable of making their own food are known as … Producers Vertebrae in the neck are called the cervical vertebrae. Name and give the Thoracic - back of chest; Lumbar - 1057 small of back; Sacral - back of pelvis; exact location of two other types of vertebrae. Caudal or coccyx - tail end One parent / less variation in offspring 1058 How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed? / no pollination / no sexual reproduction
Increased visual field or to judge 1059 Suggest a reason why two eyes are better than one. distance (depth) or 3D vision
Produce Eggs or Hormones 1060 State one function of the human ovary. (Oestrogen, Progesterone)
capillaries at both ends / joins two 1061 How does a portal vein differ from other veins? organs – liver and intestines
1062 Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. Monera
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1063 To which structures in the cell does mRNA carry the code? Ribosome
1064 The study of biological inheritance is known as ... Genetics
1065 Name one disorder of the musculoskeletal system. e.g. arthritis / osteoporosis
1066 All the members of a species living in an area are known as the … Population True or false. Parallel leaf veins are characteristic of monocotyledonous 1067 True plants. Asthma/ allergic response or genetics or smoking or narrowing of bronchioles or infection or anxiety / use of Name a breathing disorder. Give a possible cause of this disorder 1068 inhaler or avoidance of allergens / exercise . and suggest a means of prevention or treatment. Bronchitis/ infection or narrowing of bronchi/ antibiotics (for bacterial infection) / cancer of the lungs / MS effecting diaphragm
1069 True or False. The copying of the DNA code into mRNA is called transcription. True
1070 Give one example of the economic importance of bacteria. e.g Food production
any example of “industrial fermentation” Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Bacteria: beer / wine / yoghurt / enzymes / drugs / 1071 Give one example of industrial fermentation, including the type of hormones / antibiotics /methane (biogas) / etc. Fungus / Yeast: carbon dioxide / wine / beer / single cell micro-organism and the substance produced. protein / antibiotics Immune system (or described) / B lymphocytes / 1072 Write notes on the role of lymphocytes. produce antibodies / T lymphocytes / any function of T lymphocyte
1073 What is the function of the semi-circular canals? Balance Filtration is an essential process in the formation of urine. In what part of the 1074 cortex / nephron /glomerulus / kidney does it take place? Bowman’s capsule Micro-organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the 1075 Decomposers environment by decay are known as …
Water or sugar or sap or salt(s) or 1076 Name a substance found in the vacuole of a plant cell. named gases or protein
Bacillus or rod shaped, Coccus or 1077 Bacteria may be classified by their shape. Name any two bacterial shapes. spherical (Round), Spirillum or spiral shaped
1078 True or False. Genetic engineering is the manipulation and alteration of genes. True Name the following blood vessels; 1. Renal artery 1079 1. The vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidneys. 2. Coronary artery 2. The vessels that supply the heart’s muscle with blood. “Seed” potatoes – stem Runners of strawberries etc. – stem Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it Tuber of Dahlia – root 1080 Bulb of onion – stem/leaf/bud involves a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud. New plants from leaf – leaf Artificial examples Cuttings/grafts/layers – stem, bud, stem
1081 What is the function of the cochlea? Hearing What term is used to describe the nutrition of Rhizopus? 1082 heterotrophic/ saprophytic / Explain the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. decomposes / recycling
minerals or trace elements or 1083 In the human diet zinc, iron and copper are examples of … inorganic nutrients
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A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at 1084 Symbiosis least one benefits is known as …
1085 Name the method by which bacteria reproduce. Binary Fission
1086 True or False. RNA contains the base thymine. False
Secreted by neuron (or vesicle) / presynaptic (neuron) / in response to impulse / 1087 Write notes on neurotransmitters. chemical transmission / across synaptic cleft / cause impulse in next neuron / destroyed by enzymes / recycled or reabsorbed by pre-synaptic neuron
1088 True or False. Glucose is a monosaccharide. True
1089 What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? Throat
blood is under pressure / blood from 1090 Why are valves not needed in arteries? heart / blood pumped
1091 The walls of xylem vessels are reinforced with … Lignin
At the top of windpipe / oesophagus 1092 Where is the epiglottis? What is its function? To prevent food entering trachea / wrong way / prevent choking
1093 What are pathogenic bacteria? Disease-causing
1094 A struggle between organisms for a scarce resource is known as … Competition
1095 True or False. Replication is the copying of DNA. True
1096 Where in a cell would you expect to find phospholipids? Cell membrane
1097 What surrounds the bones in the middle ear? Air
1098 Vitamin … is an example of a water-soluble vitamin. B or C
1099 True or False. Nitrogen is a trace element. False
Maintenance of / constant internal environment / example 1100 Write notes on homeostasis. how / example why (Example = pH, solute concentrations or examples of such solutes, temperature, water)
1101 State two factors affecting the growth of bacteria. Temp, O2, water, food, pH, Waste Name a disorder associated with a deficiency of a named vitamin in the 1102 Vitamin C – Scurvy human diet. Vitamin D - Rickets
1103 True or False. Phenotype is the genetic make-up of an organism. False
1104 One organism killing and eating another organism is known as … Predation The ear is an example of a sense organ. Name two sense organs, other than 1105 Skin / tongue / nose the ear and the eye, in the human body. Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two examples of 1106 cutting /grafting /layering /micro- artificial propagation. propagation
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organisms best suited to environment / have greater chance of 1107 What is Natural Selection? breeding / and survive / ’survival of the fittest’
1108 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
1109 Give two functions of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. Anchor, absorb, secretes enzymes
1110 True or False. Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet. True
1111 What are the final products of the digestion of a protein? Amino acids
1112 True or False. A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. True
Name one disorder of the ear or of the eye and give a corrective measure for e.g. glue ear or short-sightedness, 1113 the disorder referred to. etc. / corrective measure
1114 What is the role of mitosis in single-celled organisms? Reproduction
Long stamens / long stigmas / feathery stigmas / large numbers of 1115 Write notes on the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers. pollen grains / smooth pollen or light pollen / no showy colours or no scent or no nectar or small petals or no petals
1116 True or false. Endosperm is a food reserve in some seeds. True
1117 Describe the role of the sporangium in the reproduction of Rhizopus. Release or production of spores
The part of the planet where life 1118 What is the biosphere? occurs
A survey which indicates if a species is 1119 What is meant by a qualitative survey? present or not
1120 True or False. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. True
1121 Name the organ that is attached to the kidney by the ureter. Bladder
1122 True or False. All vitamins are fat soluble. False What medical term is used for the group of disorders in which certain cells 1123 Cancer lose normal control of mitosis? Name another organism that you have studied in your biology course that 1124 Yeast belongs to the same kingdom as Rhizopus.
1125 What is meant by saprophytic nutrition? Living on dead matter Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial Advantage – simple/fast/ same as parent / avoids 1126 competition propagation. Disadvantage – lack of variation / diseases inherited Economic importance: Crop damage / example of viral crop disease / animal disease / example of viral animal 1127 Write notes on the economic and medical importance of viruses. disease / human medical costs Medical importance: Human diseases / examples of viral human diseases / used in medical research
1128 True or False. Alleles are different forms of the same gene. True
1129 Name one substance excreted by the kidneys. Urine / Urea / Water / Salt
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Buds Aphids Ladybirds 1130 Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels. thrushes hawks
Name a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in the human alimentary canal. amylase – mouth / duodenum / small 1131 Where in the alimentary canal does this enzyme act? State the enzyme’s intestine – maltose product(s). Maltase – small intestine – glucose
1132 Suggest a possible cause of one of the group of cancers. Named carcinogen
1133 Give one beneficial use of fungi. e.g. Antibiotic Production
1134 True or False. Lipids are made of amino acids. False
Reabsorption of useful substances takes place in the kidney. In what part does cortex / medulla / nephron / 1135 this occur? convoluted tubule / loop of Henle
Cortex or Bowman’s capsule or 1136 Name the site in the kidney where filtration takes place. glomerulus Suggest a reason why eating too much fast food could be bad for your Obesity or High Blood Pressure or Constipation 1137 (low fibre) or Vitamin deficiency or Mineral health. deficiency, high cholesterol, clogged arteries
1138 What is the first stage process of respiration called? Glycolysis
1139 Which has the bigger lumen (cavity), an artery or a vein? Vein
1140 Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1141 Name the two main types of reproduction. Sexual & Asexual Name the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are located at the 1142 Metaphase equator of the cell and before they begin to separate. On right hand side of body below the 1143 State the precise location of the liver in the human body. diaphragm and beside/over the stomach
1144 Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure. Dialysis / transplant
Water has many functions in the human body. State any one of these Solvent or Transport or Medium for 1145 functions. reactions or Reactant
1146 True or False. Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour. True
Tuber = A swollen end of an underground stem or root 1147 Distinguish between tuber and bulb. Bulb = modified bud, swollen, underground, overlapping fleshy leaves and reduced stem State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Biuret test (copper 1148 Test for the presence of protein sulphate and sodium hydroxide solutions).
1149 Explain the term fertilisation. Fusion of gametes to produce a zygote State a function of each of the following components of a cell. (i) Ribosome, Ribosome: protein synthesis 1150 Cell membrane: Retains cell contents. (ii) Cell membrane. Controls entry and exit of substances.
1151 To what are the chromosomes attached in the metaphase stage of mitosis? Spindle
1152 True or False. The liver produces bile. True
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1153 What is meant by the term ‘fauna’? The animals in a locality or region
1154 State the colour of iodine if starch is present. Blue-Black
1155 Which two elements always occur in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates? Hydrogen:Oxygen
1156 True or False. Cellulose is a protein. False
1157 What part of the flower produces pollen? The anther or stamen
The harmful addition to the 1158 Explain what is meant by pollution. environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life
ureter: duct that brings urine from the kidney to the bladder. 1159 Distinguish between ureters and urethra. urethra: duct which delivers urine from the bladder to the outside.
1160 Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells. What is plasma? Liquid part of blood
1161 Towards the end of mitosis, in what type of cell does a cell plate form? Plant (cell) or named example
1162 Chips contain starch. What chemical is used to test for the presence of starch? Iodine
1163 What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Traps or uses sunlight Name the stain that you used when examining an animal cell under the 1164 Iodine microscope.
1165 After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? Ovary
1166 What term best describes the shape of an enzyme? Folded
1167 True or False. Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units. True
1168 What is the function of white blood cells? Fight disease
1169 Name a structural carbohydrate. Cellulose, Chitin
Two (daughter) cells or identical (daughter) cells or 1170 Give one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. (daughter cells) same chromosome number (as mother cell) or can occur in haploid cells Growth or Repair or To make enzymes 1171 Give one function of protein in the human body. or Hormones or Antibodies or any named example of these Explain the following terms as used in genetics: species, Species: Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile 1172 offspring variation. Variation: Difference between members of species or population
1173 Give two methods of seed dispersal in plants. e.g. Wind, Animal
1174 In ecological studies what is a key? a guide to identification Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural 1175 Litter – reuse, recycle or industrial origin. Describe one way in which it might be controlled.
1176 Where in the body are white blood cells produced? e.g. bone (marrow)
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Produces bile – stored in gall bladder – 1177 State a role that the liver plays in the digestive process. secreted into pancreatic duct – emulsifies fats into fat droplets e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or 1178 Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition. earthworms or insects e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or earthworms or insects A meal in a fast-food restaurant consists of fish and chips with a glass of water 1179 Fish to drink. Give a good source of protein from this meal. Which food type may be identified in the laboratory by the use of Sudan III or 1180 Fat (or oil or lipid) brown paper?
To avoid competition or to avail of 1181 Why is it necessary for plants to disperse their seeds? suitable conditions
1182 Suggest a temperature at which human enzymes work best. 37°C
Metabolic – source of energy 1183 Give a function of carbohydrates other than a structural one. (glucose), energy storage (starch, glycogen) Darwin and Wallace Name the scientists who are associated with the 1. Individual members of a species are different from one another. 2. Offspring resemble their parents (variation is inheritable). 1184 Theory of Natural Selection and refer to any one 3. More offspring are produced than can survive and reproduce. observation that prompted its development. 4. There is a struggle for existence and some individuals have variations that make them better suited to survival than others. In the case of IAA state the following: 1. investigate effect on plant growth 1185 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. to determine its effect on growth 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. Some people may have the blood group B Positive (B+).What factor is present 1186 Rhesus in their blood that makes it positive?
Made in bone marrow of long bones, 1187 State a precise location in the human body where red blood cells are made. e.g. ribs, sternum.
Plants: Absorb nitrates / synthesise protein / absorb CO / Describe the role of (a) Plants and (b) Animals in the Nitrogen 2 1188 synthesise carbohydrate (or photsynthesise) / respire / die Cycle and in the Carbon Cycle. Animals: Consume plants / assimilate protein / assimilate. carbohydrate / produce nitrogenous waste / respire / die
1189 What is the advantage of dormancy to seeds? To overcome adverse conditions
1190 Give one role for a named mineral in plants. Role matching named mineral
1191 What is semen? Sperm (cells) and (seminal) fluid
Limited supply or words to that affect 1192 Why are elements recycled in nature? or reused
light energy 1193 Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll
The heart pumps blood around the body.1. Name the structure in the heart 1. Pacemaker; 1194 that controls the heartbeat. 2. Where is this structure located in the heart? 2. Right atrium Plasma: clear liquid portion of the blood Glomerular filtrate: liquid containing dissolved substances that pass from 1195 Explain the terms: plasma; glomerular filtrate. the glomerulus, in the nephron of the kidney, into Bowman’s capsule. Similar to blood plasma but without the proteins.
1196 What is the role of microorganisms in pollution control? Decomposition
1197 Give three conditions necessary for seeds to germinate. Water, O2, suitable temperature Name a chemical element always present in proteins but not in 1198 Nitrogen carbohydrates.
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What colour indicates a strong positive result of the Fehling’s or Benedict’s 1199 Orange or red test for reducing sugar? In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is 1200 Pyruvic acid converted to another substance. Name this other substance. Give an account of three functions of the transport / defence / fluid collection / (transport) of fats / (transport) of hormones / 1201 (transport) of excretory matter / nodes filter / bacteria or pathogens / produce lymphatic system. lymphocytes or antibodies / returns fluid to blood / absorbs fat / at lacteals
1202 What causes the sound of a heartbeat? Valves closing Name the part at which each of the following occurs: 1. Testis 1. Production of sperm cells. 2. Epididymis 1203 2. Maturing of sperm cells. 3. Sperm duct or prostate gland [allow seminal vesicles] 3. Mixing of fluid with sperm cells. 4. Urethra or sperm duct 4. Transport of semen.
1204 What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm? Respiration or to produce energy
Any harmful addition to the What is pollution? environment
hypha: a filament 1205 Distinguish between hypha and mycelium. mycelium: a mass of hyphae State two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical body cells e.g. from no nucleus / haemoglobin / shape 1206 comment / size comment / no the cheek lining. mitochondria / carries oxygen or CO2 Component of membranes (or of named membrane) or 1207 Give a role of lipids in cells. storage or energy or solvent or reference to steroid or (formation of ) phospholipid (or lipoprotein) State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Benedict’s (or Fehling’s) 1208 To test for the presence of reducing test. sugar
1209 Name the blood vessels that supply the heart cells with blood. Coronary or cardiac arteries
Survival of the fittest, e.g. best 1210 What is meant by natural selection? (adapted) survive
1211 Name the hormone responsible for sperm production. Testosterone The vast amount of waste generated is one of the consequences of the huge 1212 increase in the human population. Mention the three main ways in which Reduce / reuse / recycle waste can be minimised. sepal: protection / photosynthesis anther: pollen - production or storage or release 1213 State a role for each of the following: sepal, anther, stigma, ovary. stigma: receives pollen ovary: produces or contains ovule or embryo sac or female gametes/ becomes fruit / site of fertilisation Broken voice (or enlarged larynx) / body hair / 1214 State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male. more muscle / more bone enlargement of testes / enlargement of penis
In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given Kreb’s Cycle 1215 to this cycle? Where in the cell does this cycle take place? Mitochondria Solvent (or example of solvent) or reaction medium or Give a role of water in the human body other than as a 1216 transport or reactant (or example of reaction) or reference to component of cytoplasm and body fluids. temperature maintenance or reference to temperature regulation or lubrication qualified or protection qualified e.g. eat less fat / exercise regularly / 1217 Mention two ways to maintain a healthy heart. avoid excess stress / eat less salt / don’t smoke / avoid inheriting bad genes The two male gametes in the pollen tube are derived from the generative mitosis from haploid (generative nucleus) or 1218 nucleus. Do these gametes form as a result of mitosis or meiosis? Explain your chromosome number retained or two answer. (daughter cells) produced These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 56 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
1219 Give one cause of infertility in men. e.g. Low sperm counts
1220 What is a neuron? A nerve cell Suggest what could happen to biological diversity as the human population 1221 Decrease or increase or stays the continues to increase. same Why is the dark stage of photosynthesis given the alternative name of the 1222 Light is not necessary for this stage light-independent stage?
1223 Name a scientist who is associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin or Wallace What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human 1224 Testosterone male?
Photosynthesis / support / transport / 1225 Give one main function of the stem of a flowering plant. (food) storage
1226 How many common amino acids are found in proteins? 20 (common amino acids)
Prevention of fertilisation or 1227 Explain the term contraception. pregnancy
problems – may be toxic / non-biodegradable / pollute Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. groundwater / no land-fill available / costly / 1228 incineration (causes toxins) / valid example Suggest two ways of minimising waste. minimising – reduce or example(s) or recycle or example(s) or re-use or example(s Suggest two reasons why the human population Better nutrition or better food distribution or better farming or 1229 improved food preservation techniques / new technology or improved increased so rapidly from the mid-1800s. living conditions / or improved medicine or improved hygiene
too big (to pass into Bowman’s 1230 Explain why red blood cells are normally absent from glomerular filtrate. capsule) In the case of starch or skimmed milk agar plates state the following: 1. digestive or other enzyme activity 1231 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. supplies substrate or explained 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. Describe the difference in colour or depth of colour, if any, between the Cytoplasm paler or nucleus darker or 1232 nucleus and cytoplasm when the stained cell was viewed under the nucleus blue microscope.
Photosynthesis / transpiration / 1233 Give one main function of the leaf of a flowering plant. gaseous exchange / (food) storage
Pollination: Transfer (of pollen) from the anther to the stigma 1234 Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. Fertilisation: The fusion (union) of a male gamete and female gamete [or two haploid gametes] to form a diploid zygote.
1235 Name two methods of contraception. e.g. Natural, Mechanical
Two harmful effects (Any two viral 1236 State two harmful effects of viruses. diseases) In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective 1237 Allowing some substances to pass permeability through War / famine / contraception / birth rate 1238 Name three factors can that affect human population. or death rate or longevity / natural disaster / disease or health care Variation is essential for natural selection. Mutation can give rise to variation. 1239 Radiation, Chemicals, Chance Give two causes of mutation.
To what is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) converted under anaerobic conditions in: 1. 1. Ethanol + Carbon dioxide 1240 Yeast? 2. A human muscle cell? 2. Lactic acid These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 57 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
Anchorage / absorption (of water or 1241 Give one main function of the root of a flowering plant. minerals) / (food) storage
sensory: towards CNS or named part or from receptor or structural feature 1242 Distinguish between sensory, motor and interneurons (association neurons). motor: away from CNS or named part or to effector or structural feature inter: links two neurons
Single set of chromosomes or half the 1243 In genetics, what is meant by the term haploid? diploid number
Disorder: osteoporosis or arthritis Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Give a Cause: genetic / hormonal / dietary / injury or wear and tear 1244 possible cause of the disorder that you have named and Treatment: anti-inflamatory drugs / hormonal or named / dietary supplements / pain killers / muscle relaxants / physiotherapy / suggest a treatment for it. exercise
1245 What is meant by the term immunity? Defence against disease Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of Advantage: No (harmful) chemicals or specific (target pest) 1246 Disadvantage: Possible extinction (of a species) or may not be specific biological control of a pest organism. (or explained) or immunity develops or balance of nature disturbed Photosynthetic: using light to make food or obtain energy Distinguish between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic Chemosynthetic: Make food or obtain energy using a chemical 1247 reaction bacteria. Give an example of each type. Example 1: role or implied role e.g. volcanic pools Example 2: role or implied role e.g. in soil Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable Chloroplast / mitochondrion / 1248 nucleus / vacuole [allow cell membrane. membrane]
1249 Flowers are the organs of which type of reproduction in the plant? Sexual
thigmotropism: a growth response to touch 1250 Distinguish between thigmotropism and chemotropism. chemotropism: a growth response to substances or chemicals
Only expressed in homozygous state 1251 What is meant by the term recessive gene? or not dominant
Fossils / Anatomy / Embryos / 1252 Give one source of evidence for the occurrence of evolution. Genetics State a function of: Schwann cell: produces myelin (sheath) 1253 Myelin sheath: insulation or protection or 1. Schwann cells, 2. Myelin sheath. speeds impulse The skin is an important part of our immune system. Outline two ways in 1254 Barrier / sweat / scabs which the skin provides immunity. Give two possible effects on an ecosystem of the extinction of a Soil erosion / less nutrients / siltation / destroying aquatic 1255 ecosystems / decrease in consumer numbers / increase in plant species. numbers of other plant(s) / change of animal species The concentration of glucose is the same in plasma and glomerular filtrate. 1256 glucose) small or passes through Why is this?
1257 Which tissue transports water from the roots? Xylem In the case of cold alcohol (ethanol) state the following: 1. isolation of DNA 1258 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. to separate DNA 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.
Change (in the make-up) / in a gene or 1259 What is a mutation? DNA or chromosome
Movement of molecules (or substances) / from area of What is diffusion? In the case of a named molecule, give a precise high concentration to area of low concentration (or 1260 location at which it diffuses in the human body. along a concentration gradient) Named molecule and location
growth regulator / selective 1261 State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits. propagation
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Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to an acetyl 1262 group and in the process a small molecule is released. Name this small Carbon dioxide molecule. Describe a procedure for estimating rabbit numbers in an Capture-recapture: how captured / how marked / 1263 animal welfare comment / release same place / ecosystem. recapture / count / formula or calculation described To help the immune system, many people receive vaccinations during their ‘Safe dose’ of a pathogen / causing 1264 antibody production or causing an lifetime. What is meant by the term vaccination? immune response
1265 Which tissue transports food from the leaves? Phloem
1266 True or False. The cells produced by mitosis are identical. True
Change in a species (over time) or 1267 What is meant by evolution? (reference to) natural selection
In relation to Parkinson’s disease or paralysis give: Cause: injury / genetic / disease / lack of dopamine 1268 1. A possible cause, Treatment: physiotherapy / stem cell / dopamine or 2. A method of treatment. drugs qualified
1269 State a function of dermal tissue. Protection Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt 1270 Bacteria / lose water / by osmosis / concentrations in the preservation of food. inactivity or death
1271 Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide Give an example of an inorganic nutrient, necessary for phytoplankton 1272 Nitrate growth, that you would expect to find in lake water.
1273 Is xylem a living or dead tissue? Dead Antibiotics are usually not given to a person suffering from a viral infection. 1274 Antibiotics have no effect on viruses Suggest a reason for this. Name one of the scientists who first explained how evolution occurs by 1275 Darwin or Wallace natural selection.
Carries impulse / across synaptic 1276 Briefly explain the role of neurotransmitter substances. cleft / triggers impulse in next neuron State one way in which a transverse section through a monocotyledonous 1277 Vascular bundles scattered stem differs from a dicotyledonous stem.
1278 True or False. Meiosis gives rise to variation. True
1279 Name two forms of heterotrophic nutrition found in bacteria. Parasitic / saprophytic
Name and briefly explain any two processes Name: Root pressure / transpiration / adhesion / cohesion Explain: Root pressure: H2O in pushes H2O up 1280 involved in the upward movement of water in Transpiration: H2O out pulls H2O up (or creates tension) Adhesion: H2O attracted to walls
plants. Cohesion: H2O (molecules) attracted to each other or allows continuous stream
1281 Suggest a role of the lignin in xylem. Support
Biological (or protein) catalyst (or 1282 What is an enzyme? explained)
1283 Give one source of evidence for evolution. e.g. Fossils
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Absorb water/ absorb minerals / 1284 State two functions of a root. anchorage / food store / reproduction (qualfied)
Reabsorbed (a high threshold 1285 Why is glucose normally absent from urine? substance)
Antigen: causes antibody production. 1286 Distinguish between antigen and antibody. Antibody: a substance produced by the lymphocytes in response to a specific invading antigen Substances produced by micro- 1287 What are antibiotics? For what purpose are they used? organisms / inhibit (growth or reproduction) of bacteria or fungi
e.g. root pressure / cohesion / 1288 Name one process that causes water to move upwards through a plant. adhesion / transpiration stream
Narrow / continuous tube (no end walls or open ended) or pits / no cell
1289 Give two features of xylem that facilitate the upward movement of water. contents / attraction of H2O to walls / thick wall menstruation: shedding of endometrium / in absence 1290 Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation. of fertilisation or low level of progesterone disorder: Endometriosis or fibroids / comment
Manipulation or artificial / alteration 1291 What is meant by genetic engineering? of genes or chromosomes
1292 True or False. Mitosis always produces four new cells. False
1293 From what part of a seed does the root develop? Radicles (allow embryo)
(Enzyme) acts on only a particular 1294 What is meant by the specificity of an enzyme? substrate
1295 An organism which makes its own food is called a(n) … Autotroph
1296 Name the structures in the leaves, through which water exits the plant. Stomata
1297 In which of the vascular tissues will water now rise through the plant? Xylem Name two features of a plant cell which are not normally associated with an 1298 Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole animal cell.
Isolation / Cutting / Ligation / 1299 List three of the main procedures used in genetic engineering. Transformation / Cloning / Expression
In the case of alkaline pyrogallol or an anaerobic jar state: 1. to investigate conditions for 1300 1. An investigation in which you used it, germination 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. 2. to remove oxygen
1301 Name the four elements that are always present in protein. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Carrot / turnip / parsnip / root tuber / 1302 Give one example of a root modified for food storage. etc. Two products of the light stage of photosynthesis are vital for the dark stage. 1303 ATP, Hydrogen ions (Protons) Name each of them.
1304 Vascular tissue is one type of plant tissue. Name two other plant tissues. Ground / epidermal / meristematic Explain how the Active Site Theory may be used to explain the Substrate / matching enzyme’s active site / active 1305 site changes shape / (formation of) enzyme- specificity of enzymes. substrate complex / product(s) formed Osmosis / soil water more dilute or 1306 Explain how water enters root hairs and then passes to the vascular tissue. cytoplasm of the root cells more concentrated / cell to cell (by osmosis)
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e.g. Long-life tomatoes / Weedkiller- 1307 Give two examples of how genetic engineering is used. resistant crops
1308 True or False. Meiosis is never involved in gamete formation. False
1309 What is the point of entry of carbon dioxide to a leaf? Stomata
1310 Name the structures in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts
One cotyledon vs two cotyledons Plants can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Give Parallel venation vs reticulate venation/ 1311 any one difference between a monocotyledonous plant Flower parts in multiples of 3 vs flower parts in multiples of 4 /5. Scattered vs ring of vascular bundles in stems and a dicotyledonous plant. Fibrous roots vs tap roots Proteins are made in the ribosomes using a code from DNA. Name the 1312 mRNA molecule that carries the DNA code to the ribosomes. resistance: bacteria or fungi not killed by or inhibited by or Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and suggest 1313 immune to (antibiotic) how it may develop. how develops: natural selection has occurred or surviving strains multiply or misuse comment or plasmid transfer
Mitosis or cell division or growth or to 1314 What is the function of meristematic tissue? produce new cells
All organisms in an ecosystem are influenced by biotic and Biotic – concerned with the activities of living things 1315 abiotic factors. Explain the underlined words. Abiotic – concerned with the non-living part of the environment Following a period of heavy exercise an athlete may produce Sweating or water loss or dehydration / blood volume drops or concentration increases /detected by receptors / brain 1316 only a small volume of concentrated urine. Explain this alerted / ADH secreted / from pituitary / (stimulates) observation. reabsorption of water/ in distal tubule or collecting duct Immobilisation: attached to an inert Bioprocessing often involves the use of immobilised enzymes in a bioreactor. substance (or example of inert 1317 1. What does the term immobilisation refer to when used about enzymes? substance) or fixed to each other Bioreactor: vessel in which products 2. Explain the term bioreactor. are made by cells (or organisms) Antibodies or immunity / less danger of infection/ uterus contracts / 1318 Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding. may reduce risk of breast cancer / bonding / correct nutrients or easier to digest / suitable temperature / delayed ovulation
1319 True or False. Single-celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction. True
1320 Explain the term allele as used in genetics. Alternative form of a gene Give one example of a monocotyledonous plant and one example of a 1321 Example Monocot / Example dicot dicotyledonous plant. Name any two abiotic factors from an ecosystem you have studied and 1322 e.g. Temperature – thermometer; describe how you measured each one. Soil pH – pH meter
1323 Which of the two vascular tissues of plants is composed of living cells? Phloem To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage 1324 Carbohydrates belong?
1325 An organism that eats another organism is called a … Consumer or heterotroph
1326 What is usually found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell? Cytosol and Organelles Give one example of the use of immobilised enzymes in bioreactors. In your Enzyme / Substrate (must match 1327 enzyme) / Product (must match answer name the enzyme, the substrate and the product. enzyme or substrate)
1328 Explain the term genotype as used in genetics. Genetic makeup (of organism)
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formation: (placenta) formed from embryonic and uterine tissues 1329 Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta. functions: connected to embryo by umbilical cord / (placenta) produces hormones /example of transfer / example of a barrier Name one animal from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe one way in 1330 e.g. Grasshopper; green colour which it is adapted to its habitat.
1331 Give one function of ground tissue. Support or storage or photosynthesis
1332 Give two ways by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another. Wind / insects / birds In addition to carbon dioxide another small molecule is needed for 1333 Water photosynthesis. Name this other molecule.
1334 Name the liquid part of blood. Plasma
concentration gradient / root hair / osmosis / cell to cell / root Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how 1335 pressure / xylem / cohesion or explained / adhesion or water from the soil reaches the leaf. capillarity or explained / Dixon and Joly / transpiration or evaporation [accept water loss] / tension
Unit of heredity / functional section of 1336 Explain the term gene as used in genetics. DNA In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg) 1337 Ovary formed? Distinguish between a quantitative and a qualitative survey by writing 1338 Quantitative - The number of individuals present a sentence about each. Qualitative– Variety of organisms present Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds (Sucking or pumping) stimulates (pituitary) / production of hormone 1339 regularly from its mother’s breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the (or correctly named hormone) / milk will continue to flow. promotes milk flow
1340 Where precisely is vascular tissue found in the root? In the centre
1341 After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? Ovary Name a test or the solution(s) that is (are) used to detect protein in a food 1342 Biuret test source. Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide
1343 What type of asexual reproduction is shown in yeast? Budding
1344 Where in a human cell would you expect to find most DNA? Nucleus only - (allow chromosomes)
1345 The place where an organism lives is called its … Habitat Name one plant from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe how you e.g. 1. Daisy; 2. Throw quadrat / note 1346 if daisies present / random or repeat carried out a quantitative survey to determine its frequency. or calculate or scale up Composed of 90% water and dissolved substances, e.g. 1347 Give two components of plasma products of digestion waste products, hormones, plasma proteins, antibodies, enzymes, salts. Which of the tissue types (dermal, ground, vascular) has a different location in 1348 Vascular a young root?
1349 Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood back from the lungs. Left Auricle (atrium) Many seedless fruits, e.g. grapes, are available in shops today. State one way Genetic engineering / growth 1350 regulators / hormones / selective of forming seedless fruits. breeding
These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 62 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
Common cold is a viral disease / Suggest a biological explanation for the following: Doctors are reluctant to antibiotics do not affect viruses / 1351 (overuse of antibiotics) may lead to prescribe antibiotics to patients suffering from common cold-like symptoms. antibiotic resistance in bacteria (in patients) Treating a DNA sample / revealing a 1352 What is meant by DNA profiling? pattern / unique to species or individual or compare with other pattern
1353 Name a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells. Cellulose As a result of pollution, a species of plant disappears from an ecosystem. Plants and/or animal numbers 1354 Suggest two possible effects that the disappearance of this plant might have increase and /or decrease on the other plants and animals living in the area. A survey which records or estimates 1355 What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? the numbers of a species (in a particular ecosystem).
Give one location in a seed in which food is stored. Name a carbohydrate that Cotyledon / Endosperm 1356 you would expect to be present in this food store. Starch
1357 Which part of a flower usually develops into a fruit? Ovary
The numbers of organisms at each 1358 What is a pyramid of numbers? trophic level Sometimes artificial methods are used to propagate (reproduce) plants. Name 1359 Grafting/cutting/layering... any two methods of artificially propagating plants.
1360 In DNA profiling, what is used to cut the DNA strands into fragments? Enzymes
1361 Give the term used for the growth response towards light. Phototropism
e.g. Water is a good solvent, Water 1362 Give two reasons why water is important for all living organisms. maintains its temperature well
Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person who has suffered Adds fibre / fibre absorbs water / 1363 from constipation may be advised to increase the amount of wholegrain peristalsis encouraged / faster cereal in her/his diet. digestive transit
What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photolysis or split 1364 + photosynthesis? Protons or H / electrons / oxygen Pollen (grain) germinates or pollen tube produced / grows through Describe in detail the events that follow the arrival of a 1365 style / generative nucleus divides by mitosis / to form 2 (male) pollen grain at the stigma up to and including fertilisation. gametes / entry into embryo sac / one (gamete) fertilises the egg (cell) / one fertilises the polar nuclei. The fusion (union) of a male gamete 1366 What is meant by fertilization? and female gamete [or two haploid gametes] to form a diploid zygote.
1367 Give two good sources of protein in the human diet. Lean meat, fish, eggs
e.g. Forensics / paternity or maternity 1368 Give two applications of DNA profiling. testing
Getting rid of waste / made in the 1369 Explain the term excretion. body
A biological or organic or protein 1370 What is an enzyme? catalyst.
sperm: up to 7 days ova: up to 2 days. sperm nourished in 1371 Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova. female tract or longer survival time means greater chance of fertilisation
Square frame used for taking a 1372 What is a quadrat frame? random sample of plants in an area
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Water lost by exhaling (or by Suggest a biological explanation for the following: After a long session of sweating) / less water in blood / ADH 1373 heavy exercise, an athlete’s urine is likely to be concentrated and low in secreted / causes collecting ducts (or distal tubes or kidney) / to reabsorb volume. water
Many species of plant have mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. Suggest Greater variation or prevents 1374 how such plants could benefit from this. inbreeding
For photosynthesis, maximises the 1375 Why is phototropism of benefit to plants? amount of sunlight that falls on leaf
Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. Give two causes of e.g. Viruses / radiation / (cigarette) 1376 cancer. smoking / named pollutant
1377 The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the … Sun
1378 On what structures in the cytoplasm are enzymes made? Ribosome
1379 Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. Urea/water/salt / urine Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult Increasing population/ increasing consumption (prosperity) / 1380 too little recycling /opposition to incinerators/shortage of matter. Suggest two reasons for this. landfill sites/ illegal dumping/ NIMBY / cost Genetic / hormonal / lack of ovulation / disease of endometrium / collapsed 1381 Give one cause of female infertility. Fallopian tubes or abuse of alcohol or abuse of drugs / anorexia / menopause / contraception / hysterectomy / fibroids /obesity / STD / smoking /stress
1382 Name two methods of cross pollination. Wind / animal Explain the following terms, which are used in genetics: allele, homozygous, Allele: 1383 Homozygous: genotype. Genotype:
e.g. Chemotherapy / radiotherapy / 1384 Suggest a possible treatment for cancer. surgery Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person’s fingers may turn 1385 Arterioles / constrict / less blood (in white when exposed to low temperature for a period of time. fingers) / heat loss minimised
1386 Name an enzyme and its substrate. e.g. Catalase; Hydrogen peroxide
1387 Which type of division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in budding? Mitosis Name the parts of the kidney in which each of the following takes place: 1. Cortex 1388 1. Filtration 2. Medulla or Cortex 2. Reabsorption
1389 Name the group of substances that controls growth responses in plants. (plant) growth regulators
1390 Write the dental formula for an adult human. i2/2, c1/1, p2/2, m3/3
1391 Name the structure on which pollen must land to complete pollination. Stigma
1392 Name the two types of cell division. Mitosis / Meiosis
1393 The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the … Biosphere Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Give one possible 1394 e.g. Asthma; Use of Inhaler treatment for the disorder referred to. What is an amylase? Name a site of amylase action. What is the Amylase: enzyme – converts starch to maltose 1395 Site: Mouth or intestine approximate pH value at this site? pH: 7.5 These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 64 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal 1396 Named food or CO2 vein.
1397 Name an excretory organ in the body other than the kidney. Lungs/skin/liver
1398 Name the blood vessels that bring blood back from the lungs. Pulmonary veins
1399 Name the site of production of a pollen grain. Anther
1400 Which substance moves through cell membranes by osmosis? Water
The passing of small molecules into 1401 What is meant by absorption? the bloodstream from the digestive tract Pick a term from the list to match the following description: The role of the 1402 organism in the habitat. Niche List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. Component / Solvent / Medium / Reaction / 1403 Give one reason why the body needs water. Transport / (cell) shape / Temp. regulator / (allow reference to hydration) Identify X and Y in the following equation which is a summary of aerobic X = O2
1404 respiration. Y = CO2 C6H12O6 + 6X 6Y + 6H20
1405 What is a meristem? A region of mitosis in a plant Name any one hormone produced by the body. Give a deficiency symptom of Any human hormone 1406 Deficiency symptom must match the hormone named Hormone Name one other term used in biology to describe the movement of 1407 Diffusion or active transport substances through cell membranes. Iodoform test / sodium hypochlorite / potassium iodide / heat or 1408 How did you test for the presence of alcohol? warm / yellow (crystals) OR Dichromate test / potassium dichromate or sodium dichromate / acidified / warm / from orange to green
1409 Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver. Hepatic artery Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Any harmful 1410 addition to the ecosystem. Pollution List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.
What is the function of the petal? Give two ways in which it may be adapted To attracts insects for pollination 1411 for this function. Brightly coloured / nectary
1412 What is genetic engineering? Manipulation or alteration of genes In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization 1413 Fallopian tubes (oviducts) occur?
1414 Give one way in which water is lost from the body. Urination, sweating, exhaling Answer the following in relation to an activity you carried out to demonstrate (i) Labelled diagram, (ii) Same osmosis. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you used in your concentrations e.g. only water (in 1415 demonstration. (ii) Suggest a control that you might use in this activity. (iii) bag), (iii) e.g. increase (or decrease) in mass or volume of Visking tubing, (iv) State the result(s) of your investigation. (iv) Briefly explain the result(s) Water moved into (or out of) tubing referred to in part (iii). Give two advantages of using immobilised yeast cells in the production of 1416 Can be reused / are easy to extract alcohol. from the solution / pure product
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1417 Give one example of the use of hormone supplements. Any one use Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A problem 1418 associated with waste disposal. Smell List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. Animals who can maintain their own 1419 The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? temperature from heat generated by its own internal metabolism
1420 Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach? Above or to the right or behind
Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a fertilizer. Describe one method of waste management by reference to Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and dried / 1421 fertiliser or pig feed. agriculture, fisheries or forestry. Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches / wood products.
1422 Describe the role of the sweat glands in relation to body temperature. Sweat / evaporates/ heat lost
Energy release (from food) / without 1423 Explain what is meant by anaerobic respiration. oxygen
If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions, alcohol (ethanol) and 1. Conditions where there is no 1424 another substance are produced. 1. What are anaerobic conditions? 2. Name oxygen present the other substance produced. 2. Carbon dioxide Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found 1425 in our digestive system. Suggest what would happen to these enzymes in an Denaturation 80 °C wash. Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A way to 1426 minimise waste. Recycle List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.
1427 The central nervous system is made up of two main parts. Name each part. Brain/spinal cord
1428 Where would you find rods and cones? Retina of eye Name the test or name the chemical used to test a sports drink for the 1429 Benedict’s reagent, Fehling’s A & B, presence of glucose (reducing sugar). Clinistix
1430 Where is bile stored after it has been made in the liver? Gall bladder
1431 Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur? Cytoplasm
Support / conduction (xylem and 1432 Give two functions of a stem. phloem) / sometimes storage Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found 1433 in our digestive system. Why is 40 °C the recommended temperature for Optimum temperature these washing powders? Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Wise 1434 management of an ecosystem. Conservation List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.
Support / movement / protection / 1435 State two functions of the human skeleton. blood formation Name a disorder of the nervous system. Give one cause of the disorder and 1436 Named disorder/cause/treatment suggest a means of treating the disorder.
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bacteria living in the colon produce
1437 Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system. vitamin B2 and vitamin K
1438 Name the part of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebrae. Spinal cord Name the two substances produced by the yeast in the process of 1439 Ethanol (alcohol) / carbon dioxide fermentation.
1440 In which part of the flower is pollen produced? Anther Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A possible cause 1441 of pollution. Burning Fuel List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found To break down food-based (or other 1442 in our digestive system. Many of these enzymes are extracted from bacteria. biological) stains Suggest why such enzymes are included in washing powder.
Emulsify fats (or explained) or 1443 Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process. neutralise (or comment on pH)
Name the test or give the chemicals used to test a sports drink for the Biuret test 1444 presence of protein. Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide
The inability to produce offspring / 1445 What does the term infertility mean? gametes
The release of energy from 1446 What is anaerobic respiration? carbohydrate without using oxygen
1447 How did you know that fermentation had ceased? Bubbling stopped
1448 Suggest some ways of minimizing waste. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
1449 State a function of vascular tissue. Transport / Support
Name two processes that occur in plant or animal cells that require the use of Photosynthesis, Respiration, DNA 1450 enzymes. replication. Etc. What happens to the small arteries (arterioles) in the skin when the external 1451 Constrict / reduce blood flow / less temperature drops? heat lost M/O: Production of human insulin Give one example of genetic engineering involving an animal and one Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors 1452 example involving a plant. Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency Give two further functions of the liver, other than the Storage of (fat-soluble) vitamins (or glycogen or named 1453 mineral) / deamination / heat generation / detoxification / manufacture of bile. plasma protein production / cholesterol production Where does each of the following events take place: 1. Ovary 1454 1. Ovulation 2. In oviduct (not in uterus) 2. Fertilisation
1455 Name the gas released during photosynthesis. Oxygen Where in the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed? State 1456 Small intestine one way in which this part of the system is adapted for absorption. Folds / villi / length
1457 Name the two types of vascular tissue in plants. Xylem, phloem
The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) concentration to 1458 Define the term osmosis a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M or The movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient across a S.P.M.
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Give a detailed account of how enzymes work, (Enzymes have) active site(s) / induced fit / complementary shape to substrate / 1459 particular to small number of substrates / enzyme-substrate complex / products referring in your answer to their specificity. formed or products released / enzyme unchanged (or can be reused)
1460 What is the main source of body heat in endotherms? Respiration / metabolism
1461 Give two ways in which pollen may be transported to another flower. Wind / insect
The vertebrae form part of the axial skeleton. Name the vertebrae found in: 1. 1. Cervical 1462 The neck, 2. The small of the back. 2. Lumbar (i) named aquatic plant, (ii) Increased Answer the following questions in relation to an investigation that you carried or decreased lamp-beaker distance OR out to study the effect of light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on Different concs of NaHCO3, (iii) Temperature / CO2 conc. OR the rate of photosynthesis. (i) Name the plant that you used, (ii) How did you Temperature / light intensity, (iv) Water bath if temperature/ (same) 1463 vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration? (iii) Name one lamp at same distance if light intensity factor that you kept constant during the investigation. (iv) How did you keep / same conc NaHCO3 if CO2 conc., (v) Count bubbles / per unit time, (vi)
that factor constant? (v) How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis? (vi) Greater light intensity or higher CO2 What was the result of your investigation? conc./ → higher rate of photosynthesis In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by the 1464 In a glass vessel / Test tube (Allow term in vitro in relation to fertilisation? ‘outside body’)
1465 True or False. The base Uracil is found in DNA. False
1466 Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human Medulla oblongata registers blood CO2 levels. 1467 More CO2 results in faster (breathing) or less breathing rate. CO2 results in slower (breathing)
1468 Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place? Cytosol
Rods: monochromatic vision (dim 1469 Give one function of rods and one function of cones. light) Cones: colour vision Water entering root hair cell; water 1470 Give an example of osmosis in plants. moving from cell to cell in transpiration
1471 Enzyme activity is affected by … Temperature or pH
1472 Name the three bones that form the human arm. Humerus, radius, ulna
1473 True or False. Chloroplasts contain DNA. True
Inability to ovulate / blocked 1474 Give one cause of infertility in women. oviducts / menopause or age / weight / excessive exercise … Cause / symptom / treatment / prevention Write a short note (about five lines) on one of the Arthritis: e.g. injury /disease / inflammation / affects joints / impairs 1475 movement / joint replacement / dietary supplement /etc. OR following: arthritis or osteoporosis. Osteoporosis: e.g. loss of bone tissue / bones brittle / common in older women / HRT / calcium deficiency / pain / exercise / lack of exercise
1476 Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis. Light (stage)
Carbon dioxide levels are usually higher in venous blood than in arterial Venous blood has collected CO2 / from 1477 respiration (or cells) / arterial blood has blood. Why is this the case? been cleared of CO2 (in lungs)
Feeding level, i.e. the position of an 1478 In ecology what is meant by a trophic level? organism in a food chain
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1479 Enzymes trapped in an inactive material are referred to as … Immobilised
Provides bulk / can prevent overeating / gives muscles something to 1480 State a benefit of dietary fibre. push against / keeps gut contents moving / absorbs water / keeps faeces soft / easier to egest / prevents constipation. True or False. The microscope lenses closest to the stage are the eyepiece 1481 False lenses.
1482 A catabolic reaction in an animal. E.g. … Respiration As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in 1483 Implantation / Frozen vitro fertilisation. What is the next step for the embryo?
The process of breaking down food 1484 What is meant by the term digestion? into soluble molecules
1485 Give a feature of a capillary which allows the rapid uptake of carbon dioxide. Wall one cell thick or thin wall
one (diploid) nucleus divides to form 4 1486 Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of meiosis. different (haploid) (daughter) nuclei
1487 Term for the substance with which an enzyme reacts. Substrate During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two 1488 Chlorophyll pathways. Where do the energised electrons come from?
1489 True or False. Sodium alginate is used to immobilise enzymes. True
1490 Where is FSH produced? Pituitary
Seed or zygote or embryo or food 1491 What forms in the carpel after pollination and fertilization? reserve
1492 Name the liquid part of the blood. Plasma
1493 Name a structure found in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced. Mitochondrion
Gene located on X- chromosome or on 1494 In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage? Y-chromosome
1495 Give an advantage of using immobilised enzymes. Reusable
1496 What is meant by an enzyme? Biological catalyst
1497 True or False. Plant cell walls are fully permeable. True
Soluble / for transport / allow ”glucose 1498 Why does digestion occur in seeds during germination? for respiration‟ In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general formula 1499 Carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name is given to this group of compounds?
1500 Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen? No Different lifestyle factors have an effect on the health of our circulatory 1501 Any two factors system. Name any two of these factors. Brain sends message to muscles / intercostal muscles contract / 1502 Outline the details of the process of inhalation. diaphragm contracts / ribcage moves up and out / diaphragm moves down / volume of thoracic cavity increases / pressure drops / air in These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 69 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
Name another type of microscope that gives greater detail than a light 1503 Electron microscope microscope.
Myosin in muscle 1504 Give an example of a protein that has a structural role. Collagen in skin
1505 True or False. Animal cells do not have membranes. False
1506 Name a fungus, other than yeast, that you studied during your course. Rhizopus
1507 What is the function of the cornea? Allows light to enter eye
1508 An anabolic reaction in a plant. E.g. … Photosynthesis From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make 1509 Water (or H2O) compounds of general formula Cx(H2O)y?
1510 Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
1511 Name two compounds that leave the plant through lenticels. Water / Carbon dioxide
1512 Does the aorta carry blood towards or away from the heart? Away from
1513 True or False. An organ is a group of systems. False
Biotic: these are the living features of an ecosystem that affect the other 1514 Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors. members of the community Abiotic: the non-living features of an ecosystem that affect the community
1515 Name the blood vessel that joins the ileum to the liver. Hepatic portal vein
Material [or described] supplying food 1516 What is a nutrient medium? or material allowing growth
1. Free from all types of micro-organisms. 1517 Give two meanings for the term sterile. 2. Incapable of producing fertile gametes
Plant cells have a wall / large vacuole / 1518 List two differences between a plant cell and an animal cell. chloroplast Name the structures found in stems, equivalent to stomata in leaves, which 1519 Lenticels are involved in gaseous exchange in plants. State a precise role for each of the following in 1. supplies carbon for the formation of carbohydrate 1520 2. supplies hydrogen or protons (H+) or electrons or photolysis or photosynthesis: 1. Carbon dioxide, 2. Water. described [allow formation of carbohydrate or named once]
1521 State a function of the contractile vacuole of Amoeba. Water balance / Osmoregulation
Blood from left ventricle must be 1522 Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle? pumped further / greater pressure Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second 1523 Adenosine Triphosphate (or ATP) stage reactions in photosynthesis. The DNA molecule is composed of two strands held together by paired bases. 1. Adenine 1524 1. Which base can link only to thymine? 2. Guanine 2. Which base can link only to cytosine? An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined Factors relating to the soil [which 1525 affects the distribution of organisms in term. a (terrestrial) ecosystem]
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Holds cell together / selectively 1526 Give two functions of the cell membrane. permeable / displays antigens Comment on the amount of energy released in the first stage of Very little (4 ATP) released during Glycolysis when one 1527 molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of respiration. pyruvate. 2 ATP used to start the process.
Name: Parkinson’s disease; 1528 Name a disorder of the nervous system and give a possible treatment for it. Treatment: Drugs
Movement / Feeding / Egestion / 1529 State a function of the pseudopod of Amoeba. Homeostasis
1530 What type of lens is used to correct long sight? Convex lens
1531 Name the arteries that supply the heart wall with blood. Coronary / Cardiac
Production or development of follicle 1532 Give one function of FSH. (egg) or (stimulate) oestrogen production Period of reduced metabolism (or 1533 What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? period of reduced activity) or period of no growth.
1534 Which organelle is known as “the powerhouse of the cell”? Mitochondrion
“The same amount of DNA is present in nuclei of cells taken from the liver, chromosome contains DNA mitosis maintains same chromosome 1535 heart, pancreas and muscle of a rat.” Use your knowledge of DNA and mitosis number or cells derived from mitotic to explain this statement. division There are probably more people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease now than 1536 Larger population or more people ever before. Suggest a reason for this. living into old age
1537 Give one difference between a plant cell and an amoeba. Plant Cell has Cell Wall
1538 For what is ATP an abbreviation? Adenosine triphosphate Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative Quantitative: A survey which records or estimates the numbers of a species 1539 (in a particular ecosystem). surveys in an ecosystem. Qualitative: A survey which indicates if a species is present or not
1540 What is the role of valves in the heart? To prevent backflow of blood
1541 What name is given to the first stage of respiration? Glycolysis
1542 Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? To allow passage of materials In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed? Colon or rectum or stomach or duodenum or ileum 1543 Stores faeces or expels faeces or digestion or digestion Give another function of this part of the digestive system. or digestion (Allow Intestine) A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps 1544 Tuna for her lunch. What food in the student’s lunch is a good source of protein?
1545 What do you think is meant by the term “degenerative illnesses”? Getting worse Give one way in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to Survival or germination delayed until conditions suitable for 1546 growth or greater time for embryo development (or greater plants. time for dispersal) or reduced competition
1547 A fat-soluble vitamin. E.g. … Vitamin A, D, E, K
An enzyme which is fixed to an inert 1548 What is meant by immobilisation? material by chemical or physical means.
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The lymphatic system is another series of vessels carrying fluid in the body. 1549 Returns fluid to blood / transport / Give any two functions of the lymphatic system. lymphocytes(Immunity)
1550 Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? To allow passage of materials
Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA 1551 Explain what is meant by the term DNA profiling. is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code. A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps 1552 Crisps / “Butter” (on bread) for her lunch. What food in the student’s lunch is a good source of fat? Most animals move too fast or are too 1553 Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations? big / use capture-recapture method / can be used if animal is slow moving Memory / learning / emotion / speech / vision 1554 State three functions of the cerebrum. / intelligence / movement / language / smell / hearing / logic / personality / taste Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem) Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, Edaphic factor: Factors relating to the soil [which affects the 1555 distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial) ecosystem] edaphic factor, symbiosis. Symbiosis: A relationship between two species living in close proximity involving benefit to one or both Suggest one way in which knowledge of dormancy is useful to (Optimum) storage conditions or (optimum) sowing (or 1556 ploughing) time or (maximise) the growing season or seed farmers and gardeners. treatment before sowing (or examples)
The conversion of nitrogen into 1557 What is meant by nitrogen fixation? nitrates Draw labelled diagrams of two pieces of apparatus that you used to collect 1558 Apparatus / Named animal / Diagram animals and in each case name the apparatus and an animal collected.
1559 In what structures in the lungs does gaseous exchange take place? Alveoli or Air sacs
1560 Name one water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin B or C
The process of converting ammonia 1561 What is meant by nitrification? into nitrites and/or nitrites to nitrates
1562 Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place? Mitochondria Distinguish between the position of the cerebellum and the position of the 1563 The cerebellum – hind brain and cerebrum in the human brain. cerebrum – forebrain
stores or provides energy for cell 1564 What is the role of ATP in cells? activities
1565 Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat. Large plants, e.g. ash, oak, etc.
Quantitative surveys e.g. distribution, 1566 What is a quadrat used for in your ecology studies? frequency, cover
Water: for enzyme action (or example of enzyme Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are all required for the action) or as a solvent or transport of materials or bursting the testa [allow washing away inhibitors] 1567 germination of seeds. In the case of each of these factors describe Suitable temp: required for (optimum or increased) its effect on the process of germination. enzyme activity Oxygen: needed for (aerobic) respiration
1568 Name one structural protein in humans. Keratin / Myosin / Collagen
Thin walls / moist surfaces / 1569 Give one feature of the alveoli that allows efficient exchange of gases. surrounded by capillaries/ large surface area / expandable Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in 1570 Hydrogen bonding DNA.
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Give an account of how neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are secreted by the neuron into (or crosses) the synaptic cleft. 1571 They react with receptors on the next neuron and set up the impulse in this neuron. work. They are inactivated by enzymes and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron
1572 A reducing sugar. E.g. … All monosaccharides and maltose
1573 Name the nutrient medium that you used. Nutrient agar
Wise management of natural 1574 In ecology, what is meant by the term conservation? resources
1575 Where in a cell does this first stage of respiration take place? Cytosol
Energy (storage) / Insulation / Cell 1576 Give one function of fat in the human body. Membranes/(Storage of fat soluble) vitamins/Protection
To make (nitrogen) available or 1577 What is the function of the nitrogen cycle? described / for use by organisms
1578 What is the function of the larynx? To make sound Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to each of the 1579 1. Radicle following parts of the seedling? 1. The root 2. The shoot. 2. Plumule Name the type of particle whose movement in and out of neurons is an 1580 Ion essential feature of nerve impulse transmission. Lack of randomness / insufficient quadrats / 1581 State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem. species identification / carelessness / human error / unsuitable equipment To prevent extinction / (to maintain) 1582 Suggest why conservation is important in an ecosystem. biodiversity / (to maintain) the balance of nature
Yes if respiration is aerobic 1583 Does the second stage of respiration require oxygen? No if respiration is anaerobic
1584 What term is used to describe all the chemical reactions in the human body? Metabolism What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other 1585 Predator animals?
(calcium or sodium) alginate or other 1586 Name a substance that is used to immobilise enzymes. correct
Impulse from brain / (intercostal) muscles contract / diaphragm 1587 Outline the steps involved in inhalation. contracts / thoracic cavity increases or rib cage up and out or diaphragm flattens / pressure drops / air in
A pair of muscles that work with 1588 Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair. opposing actions
DNA extracted or explained / DNA cut into 1589 What are the stages involved in DNA profiling. fragments / using enzymes / fragments separated / on basis of size / pattern analysed
Any harmful addition to the 1590 What is meant by the term pollution? environment Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother Meiosis / 4 (or tetrad ) / haploid / micospores / 1591 (divides by) mitosis / tube and generative nucleus / cells. pollen grain matures (or wall forms) famine or food availability / birth control / war / disease / 1592 Give four factors that influence the size of the human population. birth rate / death rate or longevity / degree of medical care / natural disaster or example
Organisms capable of interbreeding 1593 What is meant by the term species? and producing fertile offspring
1594 A polysaccharide. E.g. … Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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The method by which plants make 1595 What is meant by the term photosynthesis? their own food
To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of Pyruvate 1596 respiration? Is oxygen required for this conversion? No oxygen required
1597 Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone. Tendon
e.g. Air pollution / water pollution / 1598 State any two types of pollution associated with waste disposal. ground pollution
1599 Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs. Pulmonary vein
Fusion of gametes or formation of 1600 What is meant by the term fertilisation? zygote
epiglottis: to close off trachea or 1601 State the function of the following: epiglottis, larynx. described larynx: to make sound
1602 From what structure in the carpel does the seed develop? Ovule
1603 A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis. Name this gas. CO2 / Water Vapour Explain the following terms as used in genetics: 1. heterozygous, 2. incomplete Heterozygous: 1604 Incomplete dominance: dominance, 3. phenotype. Phenotype: Name a group of organisms in which the XY chromosome pair gives rise to a 1605 Birds or butterflies or moths different sex than in cattle.
1. Give one example of a waste associated with agriculture or forestry or 1. Example of waste; 1606 fisheries. 2. State how the named waste is managed. 2. How waste is managed Asthma Name a breathing disorder. Name: Bronchitis Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles and mucus Cause: bacteria, viruses and irritants such as ______and state: 1. secretion cigarette smoke and air pollutants 1607 Prevention: avoid of pollen, house mites, dog A cause, 2. A means of prevention, Prevention: avoid smoky atmosphere and cat dander or vigorous exercise Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial 3. A treatment Treatment: steroid tablets or inhalers Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of 1608 Very large amount / much greater respiration. than in the first stage Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering Generative nucleus / mitosis / two male gametes (or nuclei) / 1609 one fuses with egg / to form zygote / other (male gamete or plants. nucleus) fuses with (two) polar nuclei / to form diaphragm contracts / lowers / intercostal Describe briefly the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in 1610 muscles contract / rib cage up/ volume of inhalation. In your answer refer to volume and thoracic air pressure. chest (cavity) increased / decreased pressure / air in / to equalise pressure
1611 Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts
Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, 1612 Give two applications of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology
1613 Give three ways to minimise waste. e.g. Reduce / Reuse / Recycle
1614 What term is used to describe the allele pair Pp? Heterozygous
enzyme can be reused / can be recovered / 1615 Give two advantages of using immobilised enzymes. pure product / comment on cost or efficiency or stability or longer lasting Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA 1616 What is meant by DNA profiling? is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.
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Name a compound to which pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be converted, in the In animals: lactic acid 1617 In plants (yeast): ethanol and carbon absence of oxygen. dioxide Give a role for each of the following parts of a Sepals: protect flower (or bud) or photosynthesis or attract insects 1618 Anthers: produce pollen flower: sepals, anther and stigma. Stigma: traps (or catches) pollen [allow where pollen lands if qualified]
light energy 1619 Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll Name the process involved in the passage of gas between the alveolus and 1620 Diffusion the blood.
e.g. To consume waste e.g. sewage 1621 Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. breakdown
Name and outline the procedure used for analysing the DNA samples that DNA profiling revealed the presence of horse meat in products labelled as beef. Would the Cut (DNA into fragments) / with 1622 (restriction) enzymes / separate result be the same if the beef were contaminated with pig meat? Explain your fragments / on basis of size / analyse answer. results (or explained)
1623 What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten? Prey State two ways in which the energy that is released during respiration is used 1624 Movement / metabolism / protein in the human body. synthesis / assimilation
1625 A trace element in the human diet. E.g. … Iron, copper, zinc
1626 In DNA profiling, what are used to cut DNA strands into fragments? Restriction enzymes
Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll. What is the role of chlorophyll To absorb light / to convert light to 1627 in photosynthesis? chemical energy Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food 1628 True / Energy lost at (or between) chains are usually short. levels or described
1629 Explain the term habitat as used in ecology. Where an organism lives Name the molecule, formed from DNA, which carries the instruction to 1630 mRNA manufacture proteins.
capillary network / moist surface / thin 1631 Give three ways in which an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. walled / elastic wall Name the main gas transported in the pulmonary vein. How is this gas 1632 Oxygen transported? Transported as oxyhaemoglobin Testing (people) for the presence of a (specific) 1633 What is genetic screening? gene or To establish presence or absence of gene(s)
1634 State two locations in the seed where food may be stored. Cotyledon / endosperm
A biological (or organic or protein) / 1635 What is an enzyme? catalyst
Application: Making lactose-free milk Give one application of a named immobilised enzyme. In your answer, refer to 1636 Enzyme: Immobilised lactase substrate, enzyme and product. Substrate: Heat-treated skimmed milk Product: lactose-free milk
1637 True or False. The term abiotic refers to the living factors in an ecosystem. False
Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The False / Usually eaten by 2nd level 1638 herbivores in an ecosystem normally live long lives. consumers (or carnivores)
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1639 Where in a cell are proteins manufactured? Ribosomes
Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, 1640 Give two applications (uses) of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in 1641 Comment on the difficulty of defining viruses as living organisms. host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle
the ability of the body to resist 1642 What is meant by the term immunity? infection
Enzyme: any enzyme 1643 Name any one enzyme, and its substrate, and its product. Substrate: must match enzyme Product: must match substrate or enzyme
1644 Where does meiosis occur in the human male? Testis
1645 True or False. Grazing food chains begin with animals. False If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the Starvation or death / migration / 1646 decline in population / increased predators. competition / change food source Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The only remaining natural ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land True / Use causes change or no abuse 1647 or no economic value or above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for which mankind has no False / Valid reason use.
1648 Name the biomolecule that is the major component of meat. Protein Other than the secretion of hormones, how does an endocrine gland differ 1649 ductless or secretes into blood stream from an exocrine gland?
1650 Name the plant from which you isolated DNA in your practical studies. Kiwi The rate of activity of enzymes can be affected by various factors. Name any 1651 Temperature / pH two factors that can affect enzyme activity. What is homeostasis? Note one reason why it is important in the Maintaining a constant internal environment 1652 Reason: allows normal metabolic activities or keeps human body. temperature suitable for enzyme reactions
1653 Explain the term producer as used in ecology. Organism that makes its own food The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these 1654 radicle / plumule parts, apart from food stores, and give a role for each of them. develops root / develops shoot Substances produced by bacteria or fungi 1655 What is an antibiotic? [accept micro-organisms] to treat infections [kill other bacteria or fungi]
The production of a (particular) 1656 What is meant by the term gene expression? protein (using the gene’s code)
True / Premature death of parents or poor Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. living conditions or poor health care (or 1657 HIV / AIDS has orphaned many children in sub-Saharan Africa. example) or poor education or an example of a cultural reason Animals whose body temperature 1658 What is meant by an ectotherm? varies with the environmental temperature Enzymes are sometimes immobilised in industrial processes. What is meant by 1659 Attached to a (inert)substance/ the term immobilised in relation to enzymes? trapped / in beads
1660 A carbohydrate is composed of carbon, hydrogen and … Oxygen
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1661 What is the primary source of energy for plant cells? Sun / light For what precise purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol (alcohol) in your 1662 To separate the DNA isolation of DNA? chemical transmission / slower 1663 State two ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action. action / longer lasting effect / many target organs
1664 Where is sperm stored in the human male? Epididymis
Interbreeding population producing 1665 Explain the term species. fertile offspring
1666 To which kingdom do bacteria belong? Monera or Prokaryotae
Can be reused / pure product / 1667 Give one advantage of using immobilised enzymes. cheaper
1668 What are the two main biochemical components of a virus particle? Protein coat / nucleic acid
Role or ‘occupation’ of organism (in its 1669 Explain the term niche as used in ecology. habitat)
1670 An example of a water-soluble vitamin is … Vitamin B, C
1671 A chemical that is used to show the presence of starch is … Iodine Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the 1672 The decaying of a dead organism underlined term. Feel (or locate) pulse (or observe breathing) 1673 How did you measure pulse rate or breathing rate? / Count heart beats (or breaths) for stated time / Repeat and find average. Dormancy: a period of rest before growth Following dispersal, the seed undergoes a period of dormancy. Advantages: Ensures springtime germination / maximises 1674 What is dormancy? Suggest two advantages of dormancy. the growing season for the new seedling / in desert plants – ensures water for further growth
1675 What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem? The Sun
1676 Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers? Base or bottom
1677 Calcium and iron are examples of essential … Minerals / elements
recognition / produce antibodies / 1678 Outline briefly the role of B lymphocytes in the human immune system. specific to antigens or in response to antigens In the case of a named hormone give: 1. a deficiency symptom, 2. a Hormone: Thyroxine 1679 1. Child – slow growth, mental retardation corrective measure. 2. thyroxine tablets
Stimulates male primary & secondary sexual 1680 State two functions of testosterone. characteristics / sperm formation
1681 The liquid in which chemical reactions take place in the cell is … Cytosol When you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate or 1682 The resting (pulse) rate or resting breathing rate what did you first establish? (breathing) rate Explain the following terms used in ecology: 1. Biosphere – Everywhere life is possible 1683 1. Biosphere 2. Habitat – A place where organism(s) live 2. Habitat.
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Name two groups of micro-organisms in the soil which are responsible for 1684 Bacteria / fungi decomposition.
Carbohydrate / monosaccharide / 1685 Glucose is an example of which type of biomolecule? sugar
Pyramid showing any inversion (at 1686 Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers. least two levels). Any two named organisms in inverted relationship Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral 1687 Antibiotics have no effect on viruses infection. Suggest a reason for this.
1688 Fats are made from fatty acids and … Glycerol
Predator: An animal (or organism ) which kills and eats an animal (or organism or prey) What is meant by each of the following in ecology: Habitat: The place where an organism lives 1689 Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem) predator; habitat; niche; biosphere; ecosystem? Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment
At the base / of the aorta or the 1690 Where did you find the semilunar valves during the dissection of the heart? pulmonary artery
A survey in which the number of a 1691 What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat? particular species/organism is counted
Active: When the body produces its own antibodies 1692 Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Passive: The body receives ready-made antibodies to combat infection giving short lived protection
1693 Proteins always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and … Nitrogen True or false. If the eyepiece lens of a microscope is marked X10 and the 1694 False objective lens is marked X4, the total magnification is X14.
e.g. 1. Treatment of diabetes 2. 1695 Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements. Contraception
1696 What is the function of flagella on bacteria? For movement or propulsion
The study of the structure and 1697 Genetics is the study of … function of genes and their transmission from parents to offspring
Pooter / Beating tray / Pitfall trap / 1698 Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem. Net…
Briefly describe how you carried out the dissection to expose the tricuspid Cut through the right side of the 1699 valve. heart / using a scalpel
1700 In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX; in a man they are … XY
1701 An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A / D / E / K
Cause: low sperm count / low sperm 1702 Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure. mobility / endocrine gland failure Correction: IVF
1703 If the diploid number in a cell is 46, the haploid number is … 23
1. Name of a hormone-producing 1. Name a hormone-producing gland in the human body. gland 2. Where in the body is the gland located? 2. Location of named gland 3. Name a hormone that this gland secretes. 3. Hormone secreted by named 1704 gland 4. State a role of this hormone. 4. Role of hormone 5. Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of this 5. Description of deficiency symptom [Accept named hormone. condition] These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 78 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
1705 In order to make proteins, DNA is first transcribed as messenger ... mRNA
Organism that kills & eats others 1706 What is meant by the term predator? (allow kills its prey) When dissecting a mammalian heart where, precisely, did you locate the 1707 Between the right atrium and right tricuspid valve? ventricle
1708 Name any two of the main bacterial types (shapes). Cocci / rods / spirals
Benedict’s (solution) / Fehling’s 1709 A solution used to test for the presence of glucose is … (solution)
1710 A change in the genetic material of an organism is called a … Mutation
1711 Name two diseases caused by viruses. Measles / mumps / rubella / AIDS True or false. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not have 1712 True chloroplasts. What term is used to describe the glands that secrete hormones in the human 1713 Endocrine (or ductless) body?
Management of an ecosystem (not 1714 What is meant by the term conservation? natural resource & not protection)
1715 Give one main function of the leaf. To make food Where do scientists usually publish the results and conclusions of their 1716 Scientific journal(s) investigations?
1717 True or False. Anabolism is the breaking down of large molecules. False
vaccination introduces antigen / 1718 “Vaccination gives rise to active immunity”. Explain this statement. causes antibody production to gain immunity to that infection
1719 By which method do bacterial cells reproduce? Binary fission In certain situations a person is given a specific antibody rather than being
vaccinated. 1. passive 1. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? 2. infection may already have occurred or possibility of dangerous 1720 2. Under what circumstances might an antibody, rather than a vaccination, be infection or no vaccine available or given? vaccine too expensive 3. short term 3. Comment on the duration of immunity that follows the administration of an antibody.
1721 Is an enzyme a lipid, a protein or a carbohydrate? Protein
1722 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Allele. Allele – alternative form of a gene
automatic / response to a stimulus / 1723 What is a reflex action? involuntary (or not controlled by brain) The extent of our basic knowledge or the basis of investigation 1724 Give one example of a limitation of the scientific method. or our ability to interpret results or application to the natural world in state of change or accidental discoveries
1725 Name the group of biomolecules to which enzymes belong. Proteins
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reproduction or seed dispersal (a 1726 What is the role of the fruit? source of food for animals)
1727 Give a function of ligaments. Joins bone to bone Name the tube-like tissue found in the stem in which water moves through 1728 Xylem the plant.
They live (respire) without or in the 1729 Some bacteria are anaerobic. What does this mean? absence of oxygen
Heterozygous–two alleles / Tt (2 1730 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Heterozygous. genes not acceptable)
1731 True or false. Humans receive oxygen from the air they inhale. True
1732 True or False. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. True
Focus using coarse focus or focus using 1733 Describe how you examined the cells using the microscope. lower power focus using medium (or high) power (or using fine focus)
1734 Give one example of a reflex action. e.g. coughing, blinking, sneezing etc.
1735 Where in a cell are enzymes produced? Ribosomes Name the element, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is always 1736 Nitrogen found in protein. bacteriophage or used in genetic 1737 Give an example of a beneficial application of a virus. engineering or vaccine production or vector (in disease treatment)
Phenotype – genotype expressed / 1738 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Phenotype. genotype +environment
A survey which records or estimates 1739 What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? the numbers of a species (in a particular ecosystem).
1740 True or False. Nutrition is the way living organisms get rid of waste. False
To protect the sample from drying out 1741 Explain why a coverslip is used. or to protect the lens from the stain
1742 What are pathogenic bacteria? Disease causing organisms/bacteria
1743 Suggest an advantage of reflex actions. Protection or fast (response)
1744 Give one main function of the root. Anchorage / absorption / storage
1745 What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems? The sun In humans, brown eye (B) is dominant to blue eye (b). Two parents, one heterozygous for eye colour and the other with blue eyes, start a family. (i) (bb) 1746 (ii) One Parent – (B) / (b) (i) What is the genotype of the blue-eyed parent? Other Parent - (b) (ii) What are the possible gametes that each parent can produce?
Structural: growth, repair, muscle, hair, nails 1747 State one reason that your body needs protein. Metabolic: enzymes, immunity (antibodies) True or False. In science, a hypothesis is an educated guess based on 1748 True observations. These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 80 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
1749 Give a function of synovial fluid. lubricate a joint / reduce friction
1750 Outline how you used the coverslip. At angle / how lowered
1751 Name a producer. Any named green plant
1752 Name a disorder of the human nervous system. Paralysis or Parkinson’s
1753 Give two example of the economic importance of bacteria. Any two examples Explain, in terms of what happens to body cells, what is meant by the term 1754 Control over cell division is lost cancer.
A non- living feature of an ecosystem 1755 What is meant by an abiotic factor? that affects the community
1756 True or False. In experiments the factor that is changed is called the variable. True / False
1757 What is a tissue? Group of similar cells What stain did you use on the animal cells when examining them under the 1758 Methylene blue light microscope?
A unit of DNA which codes for the 1759 Explain briefly what is meant by a gene. production of a specific protein
1760 True or false. Cell membranes let only some molecules pass through. True
In the case of a disorder of the human nervous system state: Paralysis or Parkinson’s 1. Relevant cause 1761 1. A possible cause. 2. Relevant means of prevention 2. A means of prevention or a treatment. or treatment
Any two causes e.g. Radiation / 1762 Give two possible causes of cancer. Smoking …
1763 State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem. Greenfly – colour (camouflage)
1764 What is the purpose of a control in scientific experiments? To compare (with the experiment)
non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in 1765 Explain why it is difficult to classify viruses as living organisms. host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle The allele for brown eye (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eye (b). Allele: An alternative form of a gene 1766 Dominant: One allele masks the Explain each of the underlined terms. expression of the other Describe how you obtained a sample of cells when preparing animal cells for 1767 Rubbed inside cheek with swab examination with a light microscope.
1768 Name two foods in which you found protein. Lean meat, fish, eggs
a square frame with internal dimensions of one metre or half a 1769 What is a quadrat frame? metre. May or may not be sub-divided with wires or string. Used for taking a random sample of plants in an area
Some people choose to be screened to determine their risk of getting a Checking / for presence of specific 1770 particular type of cancer. What is meant by genetic screening? gene Haploid: (A nucleus having) one set of chromosomes (or one copy of each chromosome) 1771 Distinguish between the terms haploid and diploid. Diploid: (A nucleus having) Two sets of chromosomes (or two copies of each chromosome)
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The second stage / in the 1772 Which stage of respiration releases more energy? mitochondria
The controlled release of energy from 1773 Explain briefly what is meant by respiration. food within a cell. A 24 hour process.
1774 Give the two main chemical components of a virus. Protein coat / nucleic acid On a microscope the eyepiece lens is marked 10× and the objective lens is 1775 marked 40×. A cell is viewed through these lenses. The image of the cell is 0.8 0.002 mm mm in diameter. What is the actual diameter of the cell?
1776 Name two tissues found in animals. Dermal, vascular, muscular, nervous, Blood samples taken from a crime scene were put through a process called DNA profiling. During the process cells were broken down to release the DNA, 1. Enzyme which was then cut into fragments. The fragments were then separated. 1777 2. Size 1. What was used to cut the DNA? 3. Paternity or maternity / taxonomy / evolution 2. On what basis were the DNA fragments separated? 3. Give an application of DNA profiling other than solving crime. Name the process that converts the principal source of energy into chemical 1778 Photosynthesis energy in plants.
Homozygous: alleles the same 1779 Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous. Heterozygous: alleles different
Biuret reagent / coper sulphate & 1780 What reagent or chemicals did you use to test for protein? sodium hydroxide
1781 True or false. Human chromosomes are found in the nucleus. True
Abiotic factor Measured with .. Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe Temperature, Light Thermometer, Light (Lux) meter, 1782 how you measured each one. intensity, Air speed, Water Anemometer, Flow meter, Hygrometer, current, Humidity, pH Universal indicator or probe How did you obtain a thin piece of a sample of the cells and prepare it for Cut or peel /with what / onto slide / 1783 into water //safety point / stain / examination under the microscope? cover slip / detail on cover slip
1784 State the function of the coarse focus knob on a microscope. Focus with low power
Entry / Use cell’s components / 1785 Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. Synthesis / Assembly / Release
1786 What does animal plankton feed on? Plant plankton (phytoplankton)
Genotype: genetic make-up or genes (alleles) present 1787 Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype. Phenotype: expression of genotype (and environment) or physical make up
1788 Where in the nucleus would you find genes? On the chromosomes
Autotrophic: Organisms that are capable of making (synthesising) their own food Distinguish between autotrophic and 1789 from inorganic compounds, e.g. all chlorophyll containing plants heterotrophic nutrition. Heterotrophic: Organisms that cannot make their own food. Depend on other organisms as sources of food, e.g. all animals, saprophytes and parasites What stain did you use on plant cells when examining them under the 1790 Iodine solution microscope?
TB/ syphilis/ cholera/ tetanus/ sore 1791 Give examples of two harmful bacteria. throat/ names of bacteria/ etc. In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination Iodine (or biuret) (solution) / negative 1792 result beneath seeds indicates the absence how did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place? of (or digestion of) starch (or protein) These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 82 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
In stage 1 of respiration, glucose is partly broken down. Where in the cell does 1793 Cytosol this happen?
Give one way in which viruses are beneficial and one way in which Beneficial – Disease control / specific example 1794 they are harmful. Harmful – Cause diseases / specific example Distinguish between the terms Segregation: only one (member) of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) enters a gamete 1795 Independent assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) can combine (or segregation and independent assortment. transmit) with either member of another pair (in gamete formation) Living plant cells making the soft parts 1796 What is meant by ground tissue? of leaves, e.g. pith, cortex and spongy tissue. Describe how you applied the stain to cells when examining them under the 1797 With a dropper / Under coverslip / microscope. method
The growth of individual cells outside 1798 What is meant by tissue culture? an organism.
Removal of the waste products of 1799 What is meant by excretion? metabolisms
decompose dead organisms or recycle 1800 Why are saprophytic bacteria important in nature? nutrients In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination 1801 Same set-up and procedure with what control did you use? boiled seeds Food and waste storage, 1802 Give a function of ground tissue. photosynthesis and also give strength and support.
Transcription: making of (m)RNA using DNA (template) 1803 Explain the terms transcription and translation. Translation: making a protein using (m)RNA (code) The objective lenses on a microscope are usually labelled 40X, 10X, and 4X. 1804 4X / Low Power Which objective lens should you begin with when using the microscope?
1805 Name the vein connected to the lungs. Pulmonary vein
controlling the osmotic pressure 1806 What is meant by osmoregulation? within an organism by regulating the amounts of salt and water present Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic 1807 Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen respiration. Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen From the glomerulus into the capsular 1808 Where does filtration of blood take place within the kidney? space of Bowman’s capsule in the cortex
to prevent bacterial growth or 1809 Suggest a reason why sterile conditions are needed in tissue culture. contamination In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination 1810 Starch or milk or protein what substance, to be digested by the seeds, was added to the medium? Give one cell structure that you observed under the microscope that indicated 1811 Cell Wall / Chloroplast / (Large) that the cells you were looking at were plant cells. Vacuole
1812 In which structures in the cell does translation occur? Ribosome
pollination – transfer of pollen 1813 Distinguish clearly between pollination and fertilisation. fertilisation – fusion of gametes or of sex cells
1814 Name the artery connected to the kidneys. Renal artery
1815 Name the small gaps between neurons. Synapses
1816 State three factors necessary for the germination of a seed. Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water
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The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, carrying out experiments, To verify results /(statistical) 1817 recording results, and forming conclusions. Why is it a good idea to repeat an reliability/ minimise error experiment many times? Name the substance that is used as a medium on which to germinate the 1818 Agar seeds in the investigation to show digestive activity. A type of heterotrophic nutrition 1819 What is saprophytic nutrition? where an organism obtains its food from dead or decaying organic matter
1820 How many bases in sequence make up a codon in mRNA? Three
1821 What is a meristem? A region of mitosis in a plant
formation of carbohydrates (food) 1822 Briefly explain chemosynthesis. from inorganic compounds without sunlight
1823 Name the vein that joins the intestine to the liver. Hepatic portal vein
1824 Why is a control used when carrying out experiments? To compare (with experiment)
1825 Name the gas needed to release energy to make a skin graft. Oxygen
1826 Name two products excreted by the human. Urea, carbon dioxide, salt, water At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination 1827 Disinfectant or named disinfectant. the seeds were sterilised. How did you sterilise the seeds? Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein 1828 Start / Adding an amino acid / Stop synthesis. Name these three possible outcomes.
Is the beginning of the growth after a 1829 What is germination? period of dormancy
1830 State a location in the seed where food is stored. Cotyledon / endosperm For what purpose did you use Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution in the 1831 To check for Glucose / reducing sugar course of your practical activities?
1832 What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food? Host
1833 Give the precise location of the heart in the human body. Thorax / slightly left of sternum
1834 Suggest the most suitable temperature to make skin cells grow for a skin graft. 37°C At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination 1835 To kill (or inhibit) any microorganisms the seeds were sterilised. Why is this necessary? (or bacteria and fungi)
1836 What does the letter ‘t’ stand for in tRNA? Transfer
medulla or Loop of Henle or 1837 Where does reabsorption of salt take place within the kidney? convoluted tubule
For what purpose did you use an anaerobic jar in the course of your practical To see if O2 is necessary for 1838 activities? germination / to limit or reduce O2
1839 Give a location for a meristem. Tip of shoots or roots
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1840 Name one organ of excretion, other than the kidney, in the human body. Lungs, skin
1841 Neurons produce neurotransmitter substances. What is their function? to carry impulse/ across synapse (gap)
1842 What structure(s) protects the heart? Pericardium / rib cage During translation one end of a tRNA molecule attaches to an mRNA codon. 1843 An amino acid What is usually attached to the other end of the tRNA molecule?
Water / oxygen / suitable temperature 1844 Name the three factors necessary for seeds to germinate. (or warmth) For what purpose did you use a cover slip in the course of your practical To examine a specimen / to reduce 1845 evaporation / to hold specimen in activities? place / to protect lens or microscope
Controls opening and closing of 1846 Give a function of the guard cell. stomata
1847 An organ for churning of food to chime is the … Stomach
1848 Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine produce … Vitamins B and K
1849 Biomolecules of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are examples of … Carbohydrates
1850 What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? Mitosis For what purpose did you use a buffer solution in the course of your practical 1851 To keep pH constant activities?
1852 Name a part of a seed in which food for germination is stored. Cotyledon or Endosperm
(DNA) opens (or unzips) / new strands 1853 What are the two main events in the replication of DNA? (made)
1854 Name the upper chambers of the heart. Atria or auricles
Component of cytoplasm and body fluids / excellent solvent / most chemical reactions take place in water / reactant in photosynthesis / product of respiration / 1855 Give two functions of water in a living organism. given off to the atmosphere in transpiration / component of sweat and urine / involved in osmosis / helps control the shape of cells / needed for germination
1856 Is energy release a feature of anabolic or catabolic reactions? Catabolic
1857 How do fats differ from oils at room temperature? Fats are solid, oils are liquids
For what purpose did you use Methylene blue in the course of your practical To stain (animal/plant) cells / nucleic 1858 activities? acids Name the test or give the chemicals used to detect the presence of protein in 1859 Biuret test a food sample. Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide
1860 Name the base in DNA that pairs with cytosine. Guanine
Enters Kreb’s Cycle (or explained) or
1861 Briefly describe the fate, under aerobic conditions, of Acetyl Co-enzyme A. (broken down) to CO2 and H2O
1862 Name a structural polysaccharide. Cellulose, chitin
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1863 Name the valve between the upper and lower chambers on the left-hand side. Bicuspid valve
1864 Name two gases that enter or leave the leaf. Oxygen and carbon dioxide For what purpose did you use sodium alginate in the course of your practical 1865 To immobilise enzymes (or yeast activities? cells) /to make beads
1866 To what organ does the ureter link the kidney? Bladder
1867 Give an example of a reflex action in humans. Knee jerk or ankle kerk
Growth of a plant in response to a 1868 What is a tropism? stimulus What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken 1869 Acetyl Co-enzyme A down under aerobic conditions?
1870 Waves of contractions passing along the gut is … Peristalsis
1871 Give one other application of tissue culture apart from skin grafting. Cancer research, plant propagation
(To examine the effect of) growth 1872 For what purpose did you use IAA in the course of your practical activities? regulators (on plants) / to stimulate plant growth / to inhibit plant growth.
1873 What is the average resting human heart rate? 72
Give the names of the two processes involving DNA which take place during uncoiling / transcription / replication 1874 interphase. or duplication
Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of 1875 Explain the term diploid number. chromosomes.)
1876 What is a plant growth regulator? Controls the growth (of a plant)
1877 What type of teeth grinds food into smaller pieces? Premolars and Molars Name two substances, other than carbon dioxide, into which pyruvate may be 1878 Lactic acid, Ethanol broken down under anaerobic conditions in cells. For what purpose did you use freezer-cold alcohol in the course of your 1879 To bring DNA out of solution / to practical activities? isolate DNA
1880 To which main blood vessel does the renal artery link the kidney? Aorta What term is used to describe a group of disorders of the body in which cells 1881 Cancer lose the normal regulation of mitosis?
Exercise / stress / anxiety / drugs / 1882 Give two factors which cause an increase in heart rate. infection As a result of her observations a scientist may formulate a … She will then 1883 progress her investigation by devising a series of … and then carefully Hypothesis / Experiments / Data analysing the resulting …
1884 For which purpose did you use brown paper or Sudan III in food testing? Test for fat (or lipid or oil)
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Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. 1. Any valid plant e.g. Ash / Privet 1885 … 1. From what plant did you obtain the yeast? 2. (nutrient) Agar 2. Name the nutrient medium on which you grew the yeast. Photosynthesis, respiration, (active) 1886 Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells. transport, mitosis (or named phase of mitosis)
Insulation of neurons / speeds up 1887 Give a function of the myelin sheath. impulse transmission
1888 Name an enzyme that turns fats to fatty acids and glycerol. Lipase
For convenience of study, mitosis is divided into four stages. List these in Prophase / Metaphase / Anaphase / 1889 order. Telophase
1890 Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 E + 6CO2 + 6H2O
1891 Name the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart muscle. Coronary arteries Outline the steps you followed to get the yeast cells onto the nutrient Leaf (or leaf section) stuck to lid / tweezers / 1892 stuck with what /of Petri dish / Yeast-side down / medium when investigating the growth of leaf yeast. dish left agar-side down / 24 hours. For which purpose did you use Biuret solution or alkaline copper sulphate in 1893 Test for (soluble) protein food testing? Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and 1894 Ovary LH? High-energy molecule (or bond) or easily 1895 Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells. broken down or easily re-formed or reusable or energy easily released Give two biological advantages of gives a baby all the nutrients it needs in exactly the right proportions for optimum 1896 development / is a source of antibodies which are passed on to the baby to protect it breastfeeding. against allergies and illness / can cause a cessation of menstruation
1897 Why are reflex actions important in humans? fast response or defence against injury
A nerve cell which carries an impulse 1898 What is the role of the motor neuron? from the CNS Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. 1. ≥ 72 hours / 3 days 1899 1. How long did it take for the yeast to become visible on the nutrient 2. Pink colonies / spots medium? 2. How did you recognise the yeast?
1900 Name the fluid present in the ureter. Urine For which purpose did you use petroleum jelly in the investigation of the 1901 Attach leaves (or leaf parts) growth of leaf yeast on agar plates? Explain why the walls of the lower chambers of the heart are thicker than the 1902 They have to pump blood further walls of the upper chambers.
1903 True or False. In multicellular organisms mitosis is primarily used for growth. True
1904 What is a habitat? The place where an organism lives
1905 Name the process by which the gases move in or out of the leaf. Diffusion
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Describe one aseptic technique you carried out during the investigation of the Swab bench with disinfectant / 1906 sterilise instrument / Petri dish face growth of leaf yeast. downwards on bench
Temperature, Light intensity, Air 1907 List three abiotic factors that you investigated. speed, Water current, Humidity, pH
1908 In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted. Greenfly / colour – camouflage
For which purpose did you use antiseptic wash solution in the investigation of To prevent contamination or 1909 the growth of leaf yeast on agar plates? described
1910 What substance emulsifies fats? Bile
1911 Name the two vascular tissues found in a vascular bundle. Xylem / phloem
1912 True or False. Mitosis is a source of variation. False
1913 Name the coloured part of the eye. Iris
1914 The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol? Cytoplasm without the organelles
1915 Why is a control especially important in biological investigations? As a standard for comparison
auxin or IAA or NAA or ethylene 1916 Give an example of a growth regulator that promotes growth. (ethene) For which purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol while extracting DNA from 1917 To separate (or see) the DNA plant tissue?
This is the pH at which an enzyme 1918 What is meant by an enzyme’s optimum pH? works best at.
1919 What is the function of the pupil in the eye? To allow light in
1920 True or False. Centromeres give rise to the nuclear spindle. False
A community of living organisms 1921 What is an ecosystem? interacting with one another and their environment Dermal: protection or example of protection e.g. Give one function of each of the following: 1. Dermal tissue, 2. 1922 water loss, infection or comment on Turgor Ground tissue Ground: food storage / storage of waste / photosynthesis / strength / support
1923 From your study of ecology explain the term fauna Animals
Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the disease / pollution / toxins / smell / 1924 population expands. Outline three problems associated with waste disposal. unsightly / other valid named problem Explain the following terms which are used in genetics: Homozygous: Has identical alleles [for a trait] 1925 Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele homozygous, recessive, phenotype Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism
1926 In which part of the eye would you find the rods and cones? The Retina For which purpose did you use washing-up liquid or other detergent while 1927 (Detergent) breaks down membranes extracting DNA from plant tissue? If a scientist wished to determine the effect of a certain herbicide on weed 1928 growth she would include a control in the investigation. Suggest a suitable no herbicide or implied control in this case.
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1929 True or False. The nuclear membrane disappears in the early part of mitosis. True
1930 Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy? Small amount
Interconnected food chains or more 1931 From your study of ecology explain the term food web than one species at each trophic level
reduce consumption / reduce 1932 Suggest two methods of waste minimisation. packaging / recycle / reuse
To detect colour / Colour vision / 1933 What is the function of the cones in the retina of the eye? Bright light
1934 In which of the vascular tissues does water transport occur? Xylem What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on 1935 they assort independently or greater different chromosome pairs? variation
For which purpose did you use an aquatic plant such as pondweed rather than To see (or measure ) gas (or bubbles) 1936 a terrestrial plant when investigating the rate of photosynthesis? [negative for terrestrial plants]
1937 True or False. When a cell is not dividing it is said to be in prophase. False
Mechanical: Breakdown of food by physical means e.g. peristalsis 1938 Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion. Chemical: Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes
Bacteria living in the colon / produce 1939 What are symbiotic bacteria? vitamins B2 and K / body absorbs these vitamins Choose a term from the following list to match the description. 1940 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Oxygen A substance required for aerobic respiration.
Living (organism’s influence on 1941 From your study of ecology explain the term biotic factor another organism) Explain how the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of the large surface area (folding) or good blood 1942 supply or lymph supply or (lining) one cell products of digestion. thick or long or villi or microvilli
1943 Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place? Mitochondria
1944 State one way in which xylem is adapted for water transport. Narrow / tubes / continuous / hollow For which purpose did you use methylene blue or iodine solution when 1945 As a stain or to see more clearly examining cells with the microscope?
1946 True or False. In telophase of mitosis, a cleavage furrow forms in plant cells. False Choose a term from the following list to match the description. 1947 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Large The amount of energy released in aerobic respiration.
Removal of the waste products of 1948 What is meant by excretion? metabolism
When two or more organisms fight for 1949 What does an ecologist mean by competition? a resource that is in short supply
Relationship between (different) 1950 From your study of ecology explain the term symbiosis species in which at least one benefits
1951 From which blood vessel is the afferent arteriole derived? Renal artery
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Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the following are 1952 1. ileum or villi [allow duodenum or small intestine] absorbed into the blood. 1. The products of digestion, 2. Water. 2. Colon [allow any named part from stomach onwards] Choose a term from the following list to match the description. 1953 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Lactic acid A product of anaerobic respiration in muscles.
1954 True or False. Single-celled organisms use meiosis for asexual reproduction. False
auxin or IAA or NAA or abscisic acid or 1955 Give an example of each of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. ethylene (ethene)
Educated guess or (possible) 1956 What is a hypothesis? explanation
1957 In which direction does water transport take place? Up
Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a fertilizer. Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and dried / 1958 fertiliser or pig feed. forestry and describe how it is managed. Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches / wood products.
(Place) where a species (or an 1959 From your study of ecology explain the term habitat organism) lives Choose a term from the following list to match the description. 1960 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Water A product of aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration or production of 1961 What is fermentation? alcohol from starch and sugars
Any named (harmful) bacterium or 1962 Name harmful member of the Monera. named (harmful) effect of a bacterium
The use of replicates is an important aspect of scientific research. What, in duplicates of an experiment or 1963 this context, are replicates? procedure
Gene located on X- chromosome or on 1964 What is meant by sex-linked? Y-chromosome
1965 Why is a control normally used when carrying out an experiment? Comparison (with experiment) Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the 1966 Diffusion blood. Choose a term from the following list to match the description. 1967 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Alcohol A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast.
1968 Which organ is attached to the kidney by the ureter? Bladder
Organisms and their (interactions 1969 From your study of ecology explain the term ecosystem with) environment
An enzyme that has been destroyed 1970 What is a denatured enzyme? by excessive heat, pH, etc. This enzyme will not 'work' again Urea: protein or amino acid Urea and carbon dioxide are excretory products of the human body. In the Carbon dioxide: carbohydrate or 1971 case of each product name a substance from which it is derived. named example or fat or named example of fat or fatty acids Name a member of the Protista that catches and consumes smaller 1972 Amoeba organisms.
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Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is tongue or oesophagus or stomach or 1973 small intestine or named part of small involved in mechanical digestion intestine Choose a term from the following list to match the description. 1974 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Mitochondria The cell structures in which Stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place.
1975 Name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located. Thoracic or chest
landfill sites / sewage treatment plants 1976 Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. / digesters / compost heaps Answer the following in relation to a lipase: 1. Where is it secreted? 2. 1. pancreas 1977 2. duodenum or small intestine or ileum Where does it act? 3. What is the approximate pH at its site of action? 3. 7 - 9 inclusive
1978 From your study of ecology explain the term biosphere Part(s) of earth that supports life
From the glomerulus into the capsular 1979 In which part of the kidney does filtration of the blood occur? space of Bowman’s capsule in the cortex
Rhizopus (or bread mould) or other 1980 Name a multicellular fungus. named fungus
1981 True or False. The liver produces bile. True
1982 Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration? Yes
1983 Suggest where a scientist may publish the results of her investigations. (scientific) journal or named journal
1984 State one way in which heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body. Doesn’t tire [ Give two activities of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive digestion / production of vitamins / benefit immune 1985 system / compete with other micro-organisms [allow system. one reference to harmful activity]
1986 Where in the kidney is Bowman’s Capsule located? Cortex
1987 True or False. The semicircular canals in the ear are involved in balance. True
Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for Stomata + light or CO2 or potassium ions (K ) or 1988 photosynthesis. State a factor which influences the diameter of these wind or turgidity of guard cells or openings. water availability or high temperature Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found (Can be) unicellular or (can have) 1989 chloroplast or pseudopodia or in members of the second kingdom. Protista and Animalia. contractile vacuole or food vacuole
Removal of the waste products of 1990 Explain the term excretion. metabolism The genetic code is contained within the DNA of chromosomes. Briefly three bases (triplet or codon) / in sequence / 1991 (codes for) one amino acid /(base or triplet or describe the nature of this code. codon) sequence / codes for protein
Protein coat / Nucleic acid or DNA or 1992 What is a virus made up of? RNA Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell 1993 lower water concentration or higher you about the cell sap of these outermost cells? solute concentration
1994 True or False. The growth response of a plant to light is called phototropism. True
support / movement / protection / 1995 Give three roles of the skeleton. anchorage for muscle / gives shape / blood production
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Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to 1996 lack of oxygen or exercise or restricted engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration blood supply Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom Nucleus or mitochondrion or multicellular or 1997 eukaryotic or nervous system or digestive system not found in members of the second kingdom. Animalia and Monera. or reproductive system or muscular system Suggest two situations which may result in a drop in the water content of the infection / hot conditions or 1998 perspiration or exercise / high salt blood. intake / low water intake / diuretic(s)
1999 Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. Water / Salts / Urea
Attachment / (viral) nucleic acid into (host) cell / uses 2000 Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. host structures (or described) / part(s) replicated / virus assembly / release (or lysis)
2001 True or False. Tendons attach bone to bone. False During photosynthesis oxygen is produced. 1. water 1. From what substance is oxygen produced? 2002 2. light (dependent) stage 2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced? 3. respiration / (diffuses) to atmosphere 3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production. When the water content of the blood drops a hormone is released. 1. Name this hormone and the endocrine gland from which it is secreted. 1. ADH (vasopressin) / pituitary 2. distal tubule or collecting duct 2. Give a precise target area for this hormone. 3. in the blood 2003 3. How does the hormone reach the target area? 4. (makes walls) more permeable (resulting in) more absorption of 4. Explain the role of the hormone at its target area, when the water water content of the blood is low.
2004 Describe how minerals such as nitrates enter the root of a plant from the soil. Active transport
2005 What is meant by non-coding DNA? does not code for a protein or for RNA Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found 2006 Chloroplast or cellulose cell wall or in members of the second kingdom. Plantae and Fungi. named anatomical feature
+ In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products. 1. protons (H ) / electrons / oxygen 2. electrons pass to chlorophyll / ATP / 2007 1. Name these three products. protons stored / NADPH / used in dark phase 2. State what happens to each of these products. oxygen released into air/ respiration
2008 True or False. A motor neuron carries impulses to the brain. False During 2009 swine flu spread through the population of many countries. Younger people were more at risk of becoming ill with swine flu than older (Older people) previous exposure / 2009 antibodies (or active immunity or people. Using your knowledge of the immune system, suggest a reason for memory cells) this.
2010 Give two excretory organs in the human body other than the kidney. Skin, Lungs Give the part of the nephron in which each of the following takes place: 1. Bowman's capsule or glomerulus 2011 1. Filtration, 2. proximal tubule 2. Reabsorption of amino acids. transfusion/ to avoid reaction by 2012 Suggest a reason why it is important to know a person’s blood group. mother to foetus/ to prevent loss of foetus
2013 To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found Cell wall or hypha (or named hypha) 2014 or mycelium or named reproductive in members of the second kingdom. Fungi and Animalia. structure
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2015 True or False. Rhizopus is a member of the animal kingdom. False
vertebral column and skull (and rib 2016 Explain what is meant by the axial skeleton. cage)
Cells with common function (or with 2017 What is a tissue? common structure)
(DNA) contains thymine or RNA 2018 Give one structural difference between DNA and RNA. contains uracil
2019 Name a part of the flower from which fruit forms. Ovary / Carpel / Receptacle
Amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva. State the substrate and the starch 2020 product of this enzyme. maltose
2021 True or False. Xylem transports water in plants. True
movement of water (solvent) / along 2022 Osmosis has been described as a special case of diffusion. Explain why. concentration gradient / through a selectively permeable membrane
2023 Name a major blood vessel that returns blood in venules to the heart. Vena cava
Disorder: Osteoporosis / 2024 Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Treatment: Diet rich in Calcium and Vitamin D and medication Dermal or ground or vascular (or 2025 Name a tissue found in plants. Give a function of the tissue referred to. xylem or phloem) or meristematic. Function relevant to tissue
Suggest a reason why myxomatosis is no longer a major threat to the Irish natural immunity or Natural Selection 2026 rabbit population. or virus mutated large surface area / porous capillary walls/ (lining) one cell thick / 2027 Give two features of the nephron that aid filtration. efferent arteriole narrower than afferent arteriole or arterioles in arteriole out or arteriole to capillary network
2028 True or False. A potato is a modified stem. True
Animal dispersal / Winged / Wind / 2029 Give three examples of the ways in which fruits are involved in seed dispersal. Self dispersal / Water Dispersal / Human dispersal
1. provides or stores energy / reduction of CO2 or Give an account of the role of each of the following in glucose formation or for dark stage 2030 photosynthesis: 1. ATP, 2. NADP. 2. accepts electrons / hydrogen carrier / for the dark stage or glucose formation or for dark stage No red blood cells or no 2031 Give one way in which lymph differs from blood. haemoglobin / no platelets / no clotting (proteins)
2032 Name a cell organelle, apart from the nucleus, in which DNA is found. Chloroplast / mitochondria
Epithelial or Muscular or Connective 2033 Name a tissue found in animals. Give a function of the tissue referred to. or Nervous or named example. Function relevant to tissue attaches to (host) cell / introduces nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) / (host) 2034 Outline briefly how a virus replicates (reproduces). DNA inactivated / viral DNA or RNA replicated / using resources of host cell / protein coat formed / assembly (of virus)
Chromosome (allow chromatid) (Do 2035 Genes are found on what structures within a cell? not allow DNA)
1. formation of blood cells Give a function for each of the following: 1. Red marrow, 2. Cartilage, 3. 2036 2. protection (absorbs shock) or reduces Tendon. friction or allows bone elongation 3. joins muscle to bone Batch: fixed amount of nutrients added at beginning or Distinguish between batch and continuous flow food processing 2037 (bioreactor) emptied at end of production using micro-organisms in the food industry. Continuous: nutrients continuously fed into bioreactor or product removed continuously
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2038 Suggest why it is necessary for a plant to disperse its seeds. To avoid competition / colonisation
The use of one species to control the population of Advantage: environmentally friendly or specific or (may be) inexpensive another species is called biological control. Suggest Disadvantage: upsets balance of nature (or described e.g. predator 2039 population will fall when prey becomes scarce allowing prey to increase one advantage and one disadvantage of biological again or introduced species may become a pest or predator may change to control. a different prey) or (may be) expensive. Maintains a constant level of ECF or drains fluid or returns fluid to 2040 Give two functions of the lymphatic system. blood / manufacture of lymphocytes or maturation of lymphocytes / filtering bacteria / fighting infection / transport of named material
Cells grown on (or in) medium or cells 2041 Explain what is meant by the term tissue culture grown outside organism
To contract / to separate 2042 What is the function of the spindle during cell division? chromosomes / chromatid / to attach Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example in pair of muscles that have opposite 2043 effects or explained the human body. biceps and triceps or other example
2044 True or false. Stage 1 of respiration requires oxygen. False Name a group of biomolecules in the blood which are too large to pass 2045 Proteins through the filtration system of the nephron.
2046 Is the blood in the Aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated? Oxygenated Following dispersal most seeds enter a period of dormancy. What is 2047 a period of rest, inactivity or non- dormancy? vegetative state before growth
If a transverse section of an arteriole were viewed under the microscope state Narrow(er) lumen or thick(er) wall or 2048 one way in which it would differ from a transverse section through a venule. no valves Tissues grow by cell division. Name the type of cell division by which tissues 2049 Mitosis grow.
2050 Give one application of tissue culture. Appropriate application
2051 Name the nitrogenous bases whose first letters are A and C. Adenine and Cytosine
urea/ salt/ named salt/ lipids/ 2052 Apart from water, name one other substance which is found in sweat. hormones
2053 What is meant by sterile? Free from all organisms
2054 Name the container in which you grew the leaf yeast. Petri dish / (agar) plate Organs are found in both plants and animals. What is meant by the term 2055 A group of tissues / Structure organ? composed of two or more tissues State the location in the human body of the following muscles which are used Below the lungs and above the 2056 stomach for breathing: diaphragm, intercostals. Between the ribs Formation of bone / formation of soft tissue / 2057 Give any two functions of minerals in organisms. formation of fluid / formation of chlorophyll or haemoglobin / biochemical function of a named mineral
2058 To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? Protista or Protoctista
2059 Give an advantage of dormancy. Ensures springtime germination Give one reason why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of Left ventricle pumps blood around 2060 body. Right ventricle only pumps the right ventricle. blood to the nearby lungs These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 94 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
2061 True or false. Stage 1 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. True
Leaf / Root / Stem / Bud / Tuber / 2062 Name one organ found in plants. Flower/ bulbs/ Rhizome …
count number of breaths or number of 2063 How did you measure the breathing rate or the pulse? pulses / per unit time OR sensor (data logger)
2064 Where in the cell would you expect to find most DNA? Nucleus
Night blindness due to lack of Vitamin 2065 State a disorder due to a dietary deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin. A Is the cell of Amoeba prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give a reason for your Eukaryotic. Membrane-bound 2066 organelles or named membrane- answer. bound organelle
Is the beginning of the growth after a 2067 What is meant by the germination of seeds? period of dormancy
2068 Name the stage in the plant’s life cycle that follows dormancy. Germination
Any harmful addition to the ecosystem 2069 What is meant by pollution? (e.g. not acceptable)
The conversion of nitrogen into 2070 What is meant by nitrogen fixation? nitrates. Give an example of pollution which may result from domestic (household) or 2071 Littering industrial or agricultural activity.
2072 True or false. Stage 2 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. False
2073 Give one function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba. Osmoregulation or explained
2074 Name a fat-soluble vitamin. A, D, E, or K Describe briefly one way by which the skin helps to retain heat in cold (erect) hair / hair traps air / arteriole 2075 contracts (and keeps blood warm) / pores conditions. close / adipose (tissue) / Goose pimples
Any relevant activity but not naturally 2076 Name one human activity that causes pollution. occurring catastrophe
A structure made of DNA and protein 2077 What is a chromosome? which can be inherited.
2078 State one way in which it is possible to produce seedless fruits in horticulture. e.g. (Growth) regulators
stops back flow (of blood) / blood 2079 What is the role of the bicuspid valve? from atrium to ventricle
Ecosystem: Woodland 2080 Name two habitats from the ecosystem you have studied. Habitats: Rotting log / beneath a stone Suggest one reason why a contractile vacuole is more active in freshwater Freshwater more hypotonic or more 2081 H2O intake or reference to amoebae than in marine amoebae. concentration difference
A phospholipid has a phosphate or A 2082 How does a phospholipid differ from a fat? phospholipid has two fatty acids
1. e.g. Finding land for landfill sites 2083 State two problems associated with waste disposal in Ireland. 2. e.g. Litter / pollution or named form of pollution .
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For hair colour black (B) is dominant over brown (b). Seán is heterozygous 1. Black 2084 (Bb) and Máire is homozygous (bb). 1. What colour is Seán’s hair? 2. What 2. Brown colour is Máire’s hair? DNA contains the instructions needed to make protein. These instructions are 2085 Genetic called the … code.
In an autoclave @121 °C for 15 2086 How may apparatus be sterilised? minutes
light energy 2087 Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll Seeds may remain inactive for a period before germination. What term is used 2088 Dormancy to describe this period of inactivity?
2089 List two ways of minimising waste. Reduce / Reuse / Recycle Red hair in humans is recessive to all other hair colours. A red-haired woman 2090 and a black-haired man, whose own father was red-haired, started a family. 50% What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with red hair?
2091 Fat is broken down by X into Fatty Acids and Y. Identify X and Y. X = lipase, Y = glycerol
organisms have variations / that are inherited/ beneficial / 2092 Give a brief account of the Theory of Natural Selection. will reproduce/ struggle for existence / pass on these variations / ‘Survival /of fittest’ / origin of species
2093 True or false. Some of the energy released in respiration is lost as heat. True
2094 In what main part of a plant does most photosynthesis take place? Leaf
The way organisms change genetically 2095 What is meant by evolution? from pre-existing forms to produce new species over long periods of time
e.g. Breaks down waste / in sewage 2096 Give one example of the use of microorganisms in waste management. treatment plants
2097 What is the main source of light for photosynthesis? The sun In Dalmatian dogs the allele for brown spots is recessive to the allele for black 2098 spots. The two parents were heterozygous in respect of spot colour. What is 75% the % chance of obtaining offspring with black spots? The following biochemical reactions took place in some living cells: A B + C + 2099 Catabolism D. Is this an example of anabolism or catabolism?
2100 Suggest two ways to prevent or control pollution. Reduce, reuse, recycle
Bacteria / Monera / Lichens/ Clover / 2101 Name a group of organisms involved in nitrogen fixation. Legumes The haploid number of chromosomes is found in the human egg and sperm. 2102 Having one set of chromosomes Explain the underlined term.
2103 Carbohydrates always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and … Oxygen
1. liver Bile is involved in digestion in the human body. 1. Where is bile produced? 2. 2104 2. gall bladder Where is bile stored? 3. Where does bile act in the alimentary canal? 3. Duodenum / (small) intestine / ileum
2105 In which part of the flower is pollen produced? Anther of the stamen
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In roses there is incomplete dominance between the allele governing red petals and the allele governing white petals. Heterozygous individuals have 2106 50% pink petals. A plant with pink petals was crossed with a plant with white petals. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with white petals? During photosynthesis water molecules are split into three Electrons, Protons (H+), Oxygen Electrons – to chlorophyll / reference to energy / ATP 2107 products. Name each of these products. Describe what Protons / H (ions) - Pathway 2 / Dark Stage / general proton pool happens to each of the products. Oxygen – Respiration / Excreted
2108 Explain the term Biotic factor. A living factor in an ecosystem
The harmful addition to the 2109 What is meant by pollution? environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life
2110 Lipids are made up of fatty acids and … Glycerol
Removal of unabsorbed material from 2111 What is meant by egestion? From where does egestion occur? the body. From the rectum via the anus.
2112 True or false. Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. True
waste produced / must be disposed safely / 2113 Write a short paragraph (about 5 lines) on waste management. recycled / re-used / reduce / example of waste / how managed / role of micro-organisms In the fruit fly Drosophila the allele for full wing is dominant to the allele for vestigial wing. One parent was homozygous in respect of full wing and the 2114 100% other parent was heterozygous. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with full wing?
push food along gut / mechanical 2115 What is the role of peristalsis in the digestive system? digestion / prevents constipation
Relationship between two species 2116 Explain the term Symbiosis. involving benefit
2117 Name a fat-soluble vitamin. A / D / E / K
2118 Name the structures in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells. Chloroplasts
2119 Name one of the scientists associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin / Wallace
Transfer / of pollen / from anther to 2120 What is meant by pollination? stigma
2121 Where in the eye is the retina located? back of the eye
Respiration or fermentation or 2122 Give an example of a catabolic reaction in a cell. glycolysis [allow digestion]
2123 Name a structural carbohydrate found in plants. Cellulose
Allele: An alternative form of a gene 2124 Explain the terms: allele and dominant. Dominant: One allele masks the expression of the other
2125 Explain the term Competition. The struggle for a resource
exchange gases/ carbon dioxide out/ 2126 What is the role of alveoli in the lungs? oxygen in / increase surface area / diffusion
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The release of energy from 2127 What is meant by the term aerobic respiration? carbohydrate using oxygen Water enters the roots of plants by osmosis. movement of water through semi-permeable membrane / from region of high 2128 osmotic potential to low osmotic potential / from high concentration of water to Explain what is meant by osmosis. low concentration of water / from dilute solution to concentrated solution
2129 What process follows pollination in the life cycle of a flowering plant? Fertilisation
(Lean) Meat / Fish / Cheese / Eggs / Pulses 2130 Name one good source of protein in the human diet. (Do not accept Dairy Products)
Fat (or lipid or oil) unit (or molecule) 2131 What is a triglyceride? or glycerol and three fatty acids or ester
2132 In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
2133 Explain the term Trophic level. A living factor in an ecosystem
2134 Name the tissue that transports water from the root to the leaves. Xylem
Plasma: blood without cells/ watery liquid part of blood Role: carries dissolved substances / named substance / waste 2135 What is blood plasma? Give a role for blood plasma. / hormones / gases / blood clotting agent/ water / antibodies /
proteins / inorganic salts / fibrinogen / CO2 / Bicarbonate / Heat Indicate clearly whether each of the following statements refers to stage 1 or A. Stage 2 to stage 2 of respiration. A. Takes place in the mitochondria, B. Produces a 2136 B. Stage 2 large amount of energy, C. Takes place in the cytoplasm, D. Does not require C. Stage 1 D. Stage 1 oxygen. Fossils / comparative anatomy / 2137 Outline the evidence for evolution from any one named source. embryos / DNA changes / Horse / bones
Vitamins may be divided into two groups depending upon their solubility. Fat-soluble 2138 Name these two groups. Water-soluble
Stomach / ileum / intestine /villi / 2139 Where do the products of digestion enter the blood? (colon) / shoulder vein Give an example of a beneficial organism and of a harmful organism that Beneficial: Yeast for baking and 2140 brewing belong to the same kingdom as Rhizopus. Harmful: ringworm – parasitic fungus List three characteristics in each case of; 1. brightly coloured petals / anthers within petals, nectaries, 2141 1. An insect-pollinated flower, 2. feathery stigmas, anthers outside 2. A wind-pollinated flower. petals, petals absent or reduced
2142 Explain the term Niche. The functional role of an organism
Bronchitis Asthma Cause: bacteria, viruses and irritants Name a breathing disorder. Suggest a possible Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles such as cigarette smoke and air 2143 and mucus secretion cause of it and state how it may be treated. pollutants Treatment: steroid tablets or inhalers Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial
2144 To what group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? Proteins
Oil is liquid (at room temperature) or 2145 State one way in which an oil differs from a fat. fat is solid or oils are unsaturated or explained digest cellulose/ produce (release) vitamins/ 2146 State two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the alimentary canal. keep harmful bacteria at bay / immunity (reference to health) / formation of faeces Two types of cells that receive light are found in the retina. Name each of 2147 Rods and cones these.
These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 98 of 99 Name: ______Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
Name two types of cell found in the blood and give a function for each of red blood cell: carries oxygen (also 2148 carries carbon dioxide) them. white blood cell: defence
2149 What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? The sun
2150 How do these products of digestion pass into the blood? by diffusion (into villi ) / absorption
Parts of the earth where life (or 2151 Explain the term Biosphere. organisms) exists
2152 Give an example of a trace element. e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn or other correct
The action of the enzyme amylase on its substrate starch is an Substrate: the substance on which an enzyme acts to produce the product 2153 example of a catabolic reaction. Explain each of the underlined Catabolic: Chemical reaction where larger molecules terms. are broken down to smaller molecules The ABO blood group system has four blood groups. What are these four 2154 A, B, AB, O groups? The optic nerve is attached to the eye. What is the function of the optic 2155 carries message to brain nerve? Suggest two reasons why life on earth might not continue without 2156 Lack of oxygen / lack of food (energy) / photosynthesis. plants die / excess CO2 / animals die An enzyme which is fixed to an inert 2157 What is meant by immobilisation of an enzyme? material by chemical or physical means.
Small amount (needed) or indication 2158 In relation to the human diet, what is meant by a trace element? of e.g. < 0.01%
These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question. Page 99 of 99