AP Summative Content Review Exam

Literary Movements

1. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” by Jonathan Edwards is an example of which type of literature? A. Puritan literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Gothic literature. D. Modernist literature. 2. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an example of which type of literature? A. Puritan literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Gothic literature. D. Modernist literature. 3. “The Devil and Tom Walker,” by Washington Irving is an example of which type of literature? A. Puritan literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Age of Reason literature. D. Modernist literature. 4. Which one of the following literary movements best describes the authors who challenged white paternalism and racism, and who celebrated black dignity and creativity? A. The Enlightenment. B. Transcendentalism. C. Romanticism. D. The Harlem Renaissance. 5. “Upon the Burning of our House,” by Anne Bradstreet is an example of which type of literature? A. Puritan literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Gothic literature. D. Modernist literature. E. Harlem Renaissance literature. 6. Which author would be considered a writer during The Enlightenment Period, also known as The Age of Reason (1750-1800)? A. J. D. Salinger. B. Patrick Henry. C. F. Scott Fitzgerald. D. Edgar Allan Poe 7. Among the core beliefs of these writers was an ideal spiritual state that moved beyond the physical and empirical and was only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. This literary movement was called: A. Romanticism. B. Puritanism. C. Transcendentalism. D. The Enlightenment. 8. The intellectual and philosophical developments of a specific age in American history and literature aspired toward more freedom for common people based on self-governance, natural rights, natural law, central emphasis on liberty, individual rights, reason, and common sense. This literary movement was called: A. Romanticism. B. Puritanism. C. Transcendentalism. D. The Enlightenment. 9. This group of people wanted to purify, simplify the Protestant Church—they felt their light in America would be a beacon to the rest of the world. They were: A. Puritans. B. Romantic writers. C. Transcendentalists. 10. Though romantic in many aspects, the writings of Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman paved the way for which literary movement? A. The Enlightenment. B. Puritanism. C. Transcendentalism. D. Realism. 11. Two famous transcendentalist writers were: A. Edgar Allan Poe and Washington Irving. B. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. C. Patrick Henry and Benjamin Franklin. 12. Langston Hughes wrote the poems “A Dream Deferred,” and “The Negro Speaks of Rivers.” To which type of literature does his poetry belong? A. Puritan literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Gothic literature. D. Modernist literature. E. Harlem Renaissance literature. 13. “The Raven,” “The Fall of the House of Usher,” “The Cask of Amontillado,” “The Black Cat,” and “The Tell-Tale Heart” were all written by this gothic writer: A. Jonathan Edwards. B. Edgar Allan Poe. C. Ralph Waldo Emerson. D. Benjamin Franklin 14. “Three can keep a secret if two of them are dead,” and “a small leak can sink a great ship” are two aphorisms written by which American author? A. Jonathan Edwards. B. Edgar Allan Poe. C. Ralph Waldo Emerson. D. Benjamin Franklin 15. The Civil War era is associated with which literary movement? A. Romanticism. B. Realism. C. Transcendentalism. D. Modernism. 16. The Realist Literary Movement occurred during which years? A. 1450-1660. B. 1700-1770. C. 1800- 1860. D. 1850-1914 E. 1914-1939. 17. The Enlightenment era occurred around: A. 1450-1660. B. 1700-1770. C. 1800-1860. D. 1850-1914 E. 1914-1939. 18. The Modernist Literary Movement occurred around: A. 1450-1660. B. 1700-1770. C. 1800-1860. D. 1850-1914 E. 1914-1939. 19. The Transcendentalist writers were a part of what literary movement? A. Colonial literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Modernist literature. D. Realist literature. 20. The Romantic Literary Movement occurred around what era? A. 1450-1660. B. 1700-1770. C. 1800- 1860. D. 1850-1914 E. 1914-1939. 21. The Harlem Renaissance was a part of which literary movement? A. Colonial literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Modernist literature. D. Realist literature. 22. Ambrose Bierce wrote “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” during which literary movement? A. Colonial literature. B. Romantic literature. C. Modernist literature. D. Realist literature. 23. Dark Romantic poets were also called: A. Ex-patriots. B. Naturalists C. Gothic writers D. Realists 24. The Great Depression occurred during which literary movement? ? A. Realist B. Transcendentalist C. Modernist. D. Naturalist. 25. Rationalism belongs to which literary movement? A. Realist B. Transcendentalist C. The Enlightenment. D. Naturalist.

Match the Author to the Work

26. Walden A. Jonathan Edwards 27. “The Gettysburg Address” B. Patrick Henry 28. “A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim” C. Thomas Paine 29. “The Story of an Hour” D. Thomas Jefferson 30. The Catcher in the Rye E. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 31. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” F. Washington Irving 32. The Declaration of Independence G. Ralph Waldo Emerson 33. “Because I could not stop for Death” H. Henry David Thoreau 34. “The Lowest Animal” I. Edgar Allan Poe 35. “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” J. Walt Whitman 36. “The Black Cat” K. Lousia May Alcott 37. “Speech to the Virginia Convention” L. Emily Dickinson 38. The Crucible M. Abraham Lincoln 39. “To Build a Fire” O. Mark Twain 40. 1984 P. Jack London 41. “The Devil and Tom Walker” Q. Kate Chopin 42. “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment” R. T.S. Eliot 43. “The Crisis, No. 1” S. William Carlos Williams 44. “Incident” T. Ernest Hemingway 45. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” U. F. Scott Fitzgerald 46. “Harrison Bergeron” V. James Thurber 47. Night W. Countee Cullen 48. “Soldier’s Home” X. Mohandas Gandhi 49. “Hospital Sketches” Y. Elie Wiesel 50. The Great Gatsby Z. Arthur Miller 51. “Self-Reliance” AA. J.D. Salinger 52. Declaration of Sentiments of the Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention BB. George Orwell 53. Letter from Birmingham Jail CC. Nathaniel Hawthorne 54. “This is Just to Say” DD. Kurt Vonnegut Jr 55. “On Nonviolent Resistance” EE. Martin Luther King, Jr

Logos, Ethos, and Pathos

56. I am a husband, a father, and a taxpayer. I’ve served faithfully for 20 years on the school board. I deserve your vote for city council. A. Logos. B. Ethos. C. Pathos 57. Bob Dole wants to hurt the elderly by cutting Medicare. . A. Logos. B. Ethos. C. Pathos 58. “As a self-employed businessman, I have learned firsthand what it is like to try to make ends meet in an unstable economy being manipulated by out-of-touch politicians.” A. Logos. B. Ethos. C. Pathos 59. All men are mortal. Socrates was a man. Socrates is mortal. A. Logos. B. Ethos. C. Pathos 60. “We do not have enough money to pay for improvements to our railroads. And without improvements, this transportation system will falter and thus hinder our economy. Therefore, we should raise taxes to pay for better railroads.” . A. Logos. B. Ethos. C. Pathos 61. Send assistance because children are losing their mothers and fathers. Death by starvation is extremely painful. A. Logos. B. Ethos. C. Pathos

Literary Terms: abstract noun, alliteration, allusion, anachronism, antithesis, aphorism, assonance, cliché, concrete noun, epithet, euphemism, hyperbole, inversion, litotes, metaphor, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, paradox, pleonasm, simile

62. ______love, wisdom, nobility 63. ______Alexander the Great 64. ______His silken lies went unheard 65. ______One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day. 66. ______correctional facility, bathroom tissue, held back 67. ______pretty ugly, same difference, almost exactly 68. ______the judge’s adherents thought he could walk on water. 69. ______Sandy sells sea shells down by the sea shore 70. ______table, chair, candle 71. ______Caesar looked at his wristwatch and he knew Brutus was on his way. 72. ______murmur, fizz, hiss 73. ______It’s a dog eat dog world, like a fish out of water, quiet as a mouse. 74. ______That car goes about a thousand miles an hour. 75. ______What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young 76. ______No one, rich or poor, will be accepted 77. ______Stop he did. 78. ______He that lies down with dogs, rises up with fleas. 79. ______You’re as cold as ice 80. ______And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side 81. ______Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more

Anadiplosis, Antistrophe, Antithesis, Apostrophe, Archaism, Asyndeton, Chiasmus, Polysyndeton, Syllepsis, Zeugma

82. ______…we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground 83. ______He knowingly lied and we followed blindly. 84. ______He could listen as she spoke, or walk away, or sit down, or smile and pretend, or not. 85. ______heretofore, thou, hence, thee 86. ______The King stands to tax us again. He has threatened our livelihood again. He has enslaved us again. 87. ______In peace you are for war, and in war you long for peace. 88. ______Lust conquered shame, audacity fear, madness reason. 89. ______You have broken my heart in two. O’ Heaven, how shall I endeavor to live? 90. ______Now is the time for all men to fight: fight for freedom; fight for justice; fight today.

91. ______You held your breath and the door for me.

Rhetorical Fallacies:

Rhetorical fallacies, or fallacies of argument, don’t allow for the open, two-way exchange of ideas upon which meaningful conversations depend. Instead, they distract the reader with various appeals instead of using sound reasoning. Keep in mind that they often overlap. They can be divided into three categories:

Emotional fallacies unfairly appeal to the audience’s emotions.

Ethical fallacies unreasonably advance the writer’s own authority or character.

Logical fallacies depend upon faulty logic.

Please identify the fallacy that best fits the statement.

EMOTIONAL FALLACIES: Sentimental appeal, Red Herring, Scare Tactics, Band Wagon, Slippery Slope, Either/Or Choices, False Need 92. You know, Professor Smith, I really need to get an A in this class. I'd like to stop by during your office hours later to discuss my grade. I'll be in your building anyways, visiting my father. He's your dean, by the way. I'll see you later.

93. I think there is great merit in making the requirements stricter for the graduate students. I recommend that you support it, too. After all, we are in a budget crisis and we do not want our salaries affected.

94. If we force public elementary school pupils to wear uniforms, eventually we will require middle school students to wear uniforms. If we require middle school students to wear uniforms, high school requirements aren’t far off. Eventually even college students who attend state-funded, public universities will be forced to wear uniforms.

95. Either we go to Panama City for the whole week of Spring Break, or we don’t go anywhere at all.

96. Fifty million Elvis fans can’t be wrong!

97. Only guys who wear Axe will get the girl.

98. It is awful the way seal pups are killed with baseball bats for their fur. This is proof that Nordstrom department store is a bad place to shop.

ETHICAL FALLACIES: False Authority, Using Authority Instead of Evidence, Guilt by Association, Dogmatism, Moral Equivalence, Ad Hominem, Straw Person

99. Michael Jordan is selling men’s underwear. I should buy some because he is a professional basketball player.

100. I read somewhere that most cults are made up of vegetarians. We know that cults are filled with kooks and weirdos. John and Mary are vegetarians so they must be weirdos."

101. My dad always says, “Believe me. I’m your dad!”

102. Bill: "I believe that abortion is morally wrong." Dave: "Of course you would say that, you're a priest." Bill: "What about the arguments I gave to support my position?" Dave: "Those don't count. Like I said, you're a priest, so you have to say that abortion is wrong. Further, you are just a lackey to the Pope, so I can't believe what you say."

103. My teacher assigned a 20 page research paper. He is just like Hitler.

104. My mom always says, “I still think whales are just fish—so there!”

105. Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that."

LOGICAL FALLACIES: Hasty Generalization, Faulty Causality (Post Hoc), Non Sequitur, Equivocation, Begging the Question, Faulty analogy, Stacked Evidence

106. If such actions were not illegal, then they would not be prohibited by the law.

107. Sam is riding her bike in her home town in Maine, minding her own business. A station wagon comes up behind her and the driver starts beeping his horn and then tries to force her off the road. As he goes by, the driver yells "get on the sidewalk where you belong!" Sam sees that the car has Ohio plates and concludes that all Ohio drivers are jerks.

108. The rain came down so hard that Jennifer actually called me.

109. Forcing students to attend cultural events is like herding cattle to slaughter. The students stampede in to the event where they are systematically ‘put to sleep’ by the program.

110. All trees have bark. All dogs bark. Therefore, all dogs are trees.

111. My client killed Joe Smith, but the cause for his violent behavior was a life of eating Twinkies and other junk food which impaired his judgment.

112. We need to get rid of the Internet because pedophiles lurk in chat rooms, pornographic material is accessible and information on how to build bombs is available.

Capitalization and Apostrophe: Indicate which of the following punctuation is used appropriately.

113. A. High School. B. Highschool. C. Temple City high School. 114. A. Benjamin Franklin was never a president. B. Benjamin Franklin was never a President. 115. A. I take english. B. I take English. 116. A. Simon’s attitude is very disturbing. B. Simons’ attitude is very disturbing. 117. A. She wont pick up after herself. B. She won’t pick up after herself. 118. A. The children’s toys are all over the house. B. The childrens’ toys are all over the house.

Subject and Verb Agreement, Verb Tense Consistency

119. A. We always has a good time. B. We always have a good time. 120. A. In the future, we will drive cars in the air. B. In the future, we will drives cars in the air. 121. A. I never believes what he says, because he always lies. B. I never believe what he says, because he always lies. 122. A. Last night we ate pizza, rented a movie, and play video games. B. Last night we ate pizza, rented a movie, and played video games.

Basic Literary Terms Primarily Associated with Fiction:

123. The literary term that fits the notion of an incongruity between what is said and what is meant, or between an understanding or expectation of a reality and what actually happens is: A. conflict. B. plot. C. irony. D. symbol. 124. Elements of setting include culture, historical period, geography, and hour. A. true. B. false. 125. A broad idea, message, or lesson conveyed by a work, a message that is usually about life, society, or human nature best relates to which literary term? A. theme. B. plot. C. setting. D. irony. 126. The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning is best defined as: A. theme. B. plot. C. setting. D. irony. 127. A disparity of expression and intention, or when a speaker says one thing but means another, or when a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect are examples of: A. verbal irony. B. dramatic irony. C. situational irony. 128. The disparity of intention and result, when the result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect is an example of: A. verbal irony. B. dramatic irony. C. situational irony. 129. A disparity of expression and awareness, when words and actions possess a significance that the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or character does not is an example of: A. verbal irony. B. dramatic irony. C. situational irony. 130. A disparity between human desires and the harsh realities of the outside world (or the whims of the gods) is an example of: A. verbal irony. B. dramatic irony. C. cosmic irony. 131. The main character is a story is called the: A. protagonist B. antagonist. 132. The force against the main character is called the: A. protagonist. B. antagonist. 133. Characters who are one sided and less developed, and who tend to be minor characters are considered: A. round characters. B. flat characters. 134. Characters who are stock characters, such as the stereotypical air head, tough guy, class clown, etc. tend to be: A. round characters. B. flat characters. 135. Multi-dimensional characters, ones who tend to be more developed physically, mentally, and emotionally and are detailed enough to seem real, are known as: A. round characters. B. flat characters. 136. Characters that do not change in the story, ones that remain the same through the course of the story are known as A. dynamic characters. B. static characters. 137. Characters that go through a significant change during the course of the story, including changes of insight, understanding, commitment or values are said to be: A. dynamic characters. B. static characters. 138. The time, location, circumstances, and characters, everything in which a story takes place, and provides the main backdrop and mood for a story is known as: A. point of view. B. symbol. C. theme. D. setting. 139. The perspective from which a story gets told, or who tells or narrates the story is called: A. point of view. B. symbol. C. theme. D. setting. 140. This point of view is an outside voice that is able to go into the heart and/or mind of ONE character. It is called: A. the third person omniscient point of view. B. the third person limited omniscient point of view. C. the first person point of view. D. the objective point of view. 141. This narrative voice is a character in the story. He or she can only comment on the actions that take place from his or her perspective. It is called: A. the third person omniscient point of view. B. the third person limited omniscient point of view. C. the first person point of view. D. the objective point of view. 142. This point of view is like a video camera that only records what is seen and heard, but can go no further. It doesn’t make any commentary on the actions. It is called: A. the third person omniscient point of view. B. the third person limited omniscient point of view. C. the first person point of view. D. the objective point of view. 143. This narrative perspective is an outside voice that is able to go into the minds and/or hearts of several characters in a story. It is called: A. the third person omniscient point of view. B. the third person limited omniscient point of view. C. the first person point of view. D. the objective point of view. 144. Which of the following terms should be expressed in at least one complete sentence? A. theme. B. plot. C. setting. D. irony. 145. What happens in a story, the significant action that takes place in a story is best related to which literary term? A. theme. B. plot. C. setting. D. irony. 146. In a plot, which term best relates to the events leading up to the climax? A. exposition B. rising action C. climax D. falling action E. resolution 147. In a plot, which term best relates to the events which occur after the climax? These events start tying up loose ends. A. exposition B. rising action C. climax D. falling action E. resolution 148. In a plot, which term best relates to the turning point of the story? It is a high point and is usually somewhere in the middle of the story, but sometimes it is toward the end. A. exposition B. rising action C. climax D. falling action E. resolution 149. In a plot, which term best relates to the introduction of the setting and characters at the beginning of the story? A. exposition B. rising action C. climax D. falling action E. resolution 150. In a plot, which term best relates to the end of the story where all of the loose ends are tied up for the reader? A. exposition B. rising action C. climax D. falling action E. resolution 151. Problems or complications which arise within the plot can be both internal and external. They can also be mental, emotional, spiritual, or physical. A. True. B. False. 152. Person vs. person, person vs. self, and person vs. society are examples of: A. theme. B. conflict. C. symbol. D. irony. 153. Deus ex machine means: A. God from the machine. B. without machines 154. When a story ends without a clear resolution, this is called: A. dues ex machine. B. an indeterminate ending. 155. If the plot seems to be unjustly manipulated to provide an unrealistic and tidy ending with something “out of the blue,” the author may be accused of using: A. deus ex machina, or B. an indeterminate ending. 156. Suspense is what makes you want to keep reading to find out what will happen. Which two are elements of suspense? A. hope and pride. C. crime and punishment. B. mystery and dilemma 157. In literature, a device is used to provide meaning to the writing beyond what is actually being described. The term that best relates to this idea is: A. plot B. theme. C. symbol. D. character.

Latin Phrases and Words used in English Please define the following Latin Terms: 158. ad infinitum ______159. ad nauseam ______160. carpe diem ______161. in medias res ______162. memento mori ______163. per capita ______164. per diem ______

165. persona non grata ______166. post mortem ______167. sine qua non ______

Read the following passage carefully before you choose your answers. This passage is taken from a contemporary book about engineering and technology.

A major attraction at the Paris Exposition of 1867 was the locomotive America. Its cab was crafted of ash, maple, black walnut, mahogany, and cherry. Its Line boiler, smokestack, valve boxes, and cylinders were 5 covered with a glistening silvery material. The tender was decorated with the arms of the Republic, a portrait of Ulysses S. Grant, and a number of elaborate scrolls. Other machinery of the day exhibited similar characteristics. Steam engines were 10 built in “Greek revival” style, featuring fluted columns and decorated pedestals. On a printing press called The Columbian each pillar was a caduceus— the serpent-entwined staff of the universal messenger, Hermes—and atop the machine perched an eagle with 15 extended wings, grasping in its talons Jove’s thunderbolts, an olive branch of peace, and a cornucopia of plenty, all bronzed and gilt.¹ It is little remembered today that well into the late nineteenth century most American machine 20 manufacturers embellished their creations. While this practice pleased the public, some observers considered it anomalous. A writer in the British periodical Engineering found it “extremely difficult to understand how among a people so practical in most 25 things, there is maintained a tolerance of the grotesque ornaments and gaudy colors, which as a rule rather than an exception distinguish American machines.”² An exasperated critic for Scientific American asserted that “a highly colored and 30 fancifully ornamented piece of machinery is good in the inverse ratio of the degree of color and ornament.”³ By the beginning of the twentieth century, machine ornamentation yielded to clean lines, economy, and 35 restriction to the essential. “Form follows function” became the precept of a new machine aesthetic. Creators of exotic contraptions like the locomotive America were accused of being sentimentalists, ¹ John F. Kasson, Civilizing the Machine: Technology and Republican Values in America 1776–1900 (New York: Grossman Publishers, The Viking Press, 1976), Chapter 4, “The Aesthetics of Machinery,” pp. 139–180. ² “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition,” Engineering (26 May 1876), p. 427, cited by Kasson, see note 1 above. 3 “The International Exhibition of 1876,” Scientific American Supplement (17 June 1876), p. 386, cited by Kasson, see note 1 above.

hypocrites and worse. Yet in their reluctance to give 40 up adornment—ridiculous as it might have seemed— these designers were in fact expressing a discomfort we all share, an uneasiness in the face of mathematical severity. The new machine aesthetic, the admiration of 45 slickness and purity of line, spread from factories and power plants into every area of society. The term “industrial design” was first used in 1913, and by 1927 the famed Norman Bel Geddes was calling himself an “industrial designer.”4 During the twenties 50 and thirties practically every human artifact was repatterned in the new mode. Lamps, tables, and chairs; toasters, refrigerators, and clocks; plates, goblets, and flatware—all were simplified, trimmed, and reshaped. Even the humble pencil sharpener did 55 not escape; Raymond Loewy created a streamlined, chrome model in 1933. Along with the revolution in style, came many theories about why it was happening—admiration and emulation of the machine being only one. The new 60 simplicity, it was claimed, was democratic at heart, a rebellion against the baroque ornateness of older, autocratic societies. A more jaundiced view held that the new vogue was intended to distract the masses in hard times, or simply to help promote the sale of 65 products by giving the machine a good name. 4 Richard Guy Wilson, Dianne H. Pilgrim, Dickran Tashjian, The Machine Age in America 1918–1941 (New York: The Brooklyn Museum in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986), p. 85.

168. Which of the following best states the subject of the passage? (a) The senselessness of ornamentation (b) The development of modern machinery (c) A popular revolt against methods of industrial production (d) A change in the aesthetics of machine design (e) The historical development of aesthetics

169. In context, which of the following changes to the sentence in lines 5–8, reproduced below, would make it more parallel to the preceding sentences? The tender was decorated with the arms of the Republic, a portrait of Ulysses S. Grant, and a number of elaborate scrolls. (a) Change “The tender” to “Its tender” (b) Begin with “And thus” (c) Change “The tender was decorated with” to “The decoration on the tender was” (d) Begin with “Also Noteworthy,” (e) Change “The tender was” to “The tender, in addition, was”

170. Which of the following is being referred to by the abstract term “characteristics” (line 9)? (a) “boiler, smokestack, valve boxes” (line 4) (b) “The tender” (line 5) (c) “a number of elaborate scrolls” (lines 7–8) (d) “Steam engines” (line 9) (e) “a printing press” (line 11) 171. The tone of lines 18–20 (“It is . . . creations”) can best be described as (a) disbelieving (b) uncertain (c) objective (d) exasperated (e) relieved

172. Which of the following is an accurate reading of footnote 2? (a) An article by John F. Kasson appears on page 427 of Engineering. (b) “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition” was published in New York. (c) The article “Engineering” can be found on page 427 of “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition.” (d) “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition” is an article published in the May 26, 1876, issue of Engineering. (e) Engineering is an article cited by John F. Kasson.

173. Both of the writers quoted in paragraph 2 (lines 18–32) view elaborately decorated machinery as (a) amusingly imaginative (b) inherently impractical (c) typical of European inventions (d) reflective of the complexity of machines (e) likely to prove too costly to produce

174. Lines 39–43 (“Yet . . . severity”) imply that human beings share which of the following? (a) A preference for some sort of embellishment (b) A natural curiosity about ideas (c) An innate indifference toward designers and design (d) A fear of shifts in cultural styles and taste (e) A rejection of the principle of symmetry

175. The reference to the first appearance of the phrase “industrial design” (line 47) serves to (a) note how a new expression can be mocked by experts (b) explore the ways in which form is determined by function (c) support the authenticity of the movement toward ornamentation (d) detail the ways in which simplicity of form became overdone and outdated (e) highlight how two seemingly unrelated terms became popularly linked

176. The purpose of footnote 4 is to inform the reader that the quotation in line 49 (a) has been attributed to three different designers (b) was first cited in 1918 (c) was the inspiration for an exhibit at The Brooklyn Museum (d) is in an article in The Machine Age in America 1918–1941 written by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (e) appears in a book written by Wilson, Pilgrim, and Tashjian and published in 1986 177. The structure of lines 49–56 (“During . . . 1933”) can best be described as (a) an exaggeration followed by a series of qualifying statements (b) a movement from the particular to the general (c) an historical example followed by contemporary examples (d) a generalization followed by other generalizations (e) a claim followed by supporting details

178. The development of the passage can best be described as the (a) presentation of two conflicting ideas followed by a resolution (b) explanation of an historical issue leading to the examination of the same issue in contemporary society (c) chronological examination of an aspect of design during a particular time period (d) movement from European to United States views of the topic (e) examination of technological advances at a particular point in time 179. Taken as a whole, the footnotes suggest that (a) the author of the passage wants the text to present highly technical material (b) the author of the passage relies heavily on Kasson’s book (c) very little was written about the topic of machinery and ornamentation prior to 1976 (d) engineering magazines are an essential source for technical writers (e) except in rare cases, it is best to use the latest published work when documenting an idea or concept.