SBI 3U

Review - Internal Systems and Regulation

1. State the similarities and differences between the following terms:

 Macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients  Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems  Digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system  Ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion  Large intestine and small intestine  Liver, bile and fat  Respiration and breathing  Trachea and esophagus  Alveoli and capillaries  Bronchi and bronchioles  Veins, arteries and capillaries  Open circulatory and closed circulatory systems  Diastole and systole  Lubb and dubb  Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets  Systemic and pulmonary circulation 2. What four (4) things (macromolecules) do we need to put into our bodies on a daily basis? 3. Why are enzymes important? What are the factors that affect the rate of enzyme activity? Give examples of enzymes that work best in different pH levels. 4. List ways the physical/mechanical digestion and chemical digestion differ. 5. Explain how peristalsis moves bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach. What is the function of the epiglottis? 6. Why are villi and microvilli important to the function of the small intestine? What would be the result of a reduction in the number of villi? 7. What is the role of the liver in digestion? Explain the function of cholecystokinin.

8. Use a diagram of the digestive system to practice labeling all of the structures covered during this unit and explain the function of each structure.

9. What are the components of the gastric juice in the stomach?

10. Explain why the movement of food or liquids along the digestive tract continues whether you are standing up, lying down, or hanging upside down from a trapeze.

11. How are the cells of the small intestine protected from stomach acid? Explain the mechanisms and the chemicals involved. 12. Explain the breakdown of proteins in the small intestine.

13. Homeostasis (definition and examples).

14. Draw a diagram of the heart and label all the parts.

15. Briefly explain the pathway of de-oxygenated (oxygen poor) blood as it enters the heart through the vena cava and eventually comes out oxygenated (oxygen rich).

16. Cardiac Cycle ( SA node and AV node, Purkinje fibres)

17. Unborn babies do not need a pulmonary circulatory system because they obtain their oxygen supply via the umbilical cords of their mothers. The oxygenated blood enters their hearts and moves between the two ventricles through an opening in the septum. Then it is distributed to their body cells through the systemic system. The opening between the ventricles is supposed to seal off at birth, restoring the heart to a complete four-chambered one. What problems do you think the small number of babies in which the opening does not seal off would have? 18. Based on your knowledge of the circulatory system, answer the following questions: a) What name is given to the condition that results when the heart valves fail to close properly? b) What effect would this have on the individual with the condition? c) In what two ways can the heart compensate for this condition?

19. What is the structure and function of hemoglobin?

20. Why can the heart be considered a 'double pump' system?

21. a) Identify the four components of blood. b) Explain the role of each of the components of blood.

22. Use a diagram of the respiratory system to label all the structures covered during this unit and explain the function of each structure.

23. Explain how we breathe

24. Why are alveoli so important? 25. Briefly explain how gases are exchanged at the capillary/alveoli level in the lungs.

26. Donald is confused as to how the air (with O2(g) that he breathes in gets to his arm muscles. Briefly describe to Donald the path taken by air from the nose to the muscle cells in his arm.