Democracy and State Reform in Latin America

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DEMOCRACY AND STATE REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA

Spring 2012

Professor: Katrina Burgess Office Hours: Tuesday, 2:00 – 5:00 Classroom: Mugar 231 http://www.doodle.com/7ghqg5hawfafydi9 Time: Thursday, 3:20 – 5:20 or by appointment Office: 603B Cabot

Email: [email protected] Website: http://katrinaburgess.net/Home.html

Since the 1970s, the state in Latin America has been transformed by two processes: (1) democratization of the region’s political systems; and (2) structural reform of the region’s economies. The first part of the course provides an historical overview of these processes in ten Latin American countries: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, El Salvador, Bolivia, and Ecuador. The second part of the course addresses the region’s ongoing struggles to deepen democracy in the areas of participation, citizenship, public security, accountability, decentralization, social policy, and civil rights.

READINGS:

Course materials, updates, email lists, and discussion boards are available on the Trunk site for this course. For information about Trunk, go to https://trunk.tufts.edu/xsl-portal. Students should check the course site on a regular basis.

The following books, which can be purchased at the Tufts University bookstore or Amazon.com (click on title), are required:

 Frances Hagopian and Scott Mainwaring, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds. (2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

 Ioan Grillo (2011). El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency. New York: Bloomsbury Press.

The remaining required readings (and many of the recommended readings) are available on Trunk.

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REQUIREMENTS:

As in any seminar, student participation is essential to the success of this enterprise. To encourage lively and informed discussion, there are two in-class assignments:

1. Each student is required to prepare a typed page of “talking points” on the readings for five of the class sessions. The talking points should offer critical reflections on at least two of the readings. Instead of summarizing or synthesizing the readings, they should highlight puzzles, make comparisons, and/or identify contradictions, thereby stimulating class discussion. They can be in the form of a narrative, bullet points, and/or a table and will be graded on a pass/fail basis.

2. Each student will write a critical review essay (6-8 pages) on the required readings for a selected week. The review essays assigned during the first week of class should serve as a model for this exercise.

3. Each student will give a 10-15 minute presentation in class on one of the recommended readings (in a different week than assignment #2). The presentation should summarize the main points of the reading and discuss how they are related to the required readings for the same week.

The final assignment is a research paper on a topic of the student’s choice. The research paper should be 15-20 pages, double-spaced, plus references and appendices. Each student will be required to hand in a paper proposal with a tentative outline and bibliography on April 12. The final paper is due on Monday, May 7. Late papers will receive a deduction of 5 points per weekday.

GRADING:

Class Participation 10% Talking Points 15% Short Paper 25% Presentation 10% Final Paper (including proposal) 40%

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January 19: Democracy and State Reform in Latin America

Peter Smith (1998). The Rise and Fall of the Developmental State in Latin America. In Menno Vellinga , ed. The Changing Role of the State in Latin America.

Kurt Weyland (2004). Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America: A Mixed Record. Latin American Politics and Society 46(1): 135-157.

Read one of the following review essays:

Bryan McCann (2006). The Political Evolution of Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 41, No. 3.

Christopher Mitchell (2006). New Studies of Political Decentralization in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 41, No. 3.

Kenneth C. Shadlen (2006). Latin American Trade and Development in the New International Economy. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 41, No. 3.

Recommended:

Douglas Chalmers (1977). The Politicized State in Latin America. In James Malloy, ed. Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America.

Terry Karl (1990). Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America. Comparative Politics, Vol. 23, No. 1.

Marcus Kurtz (2004). The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy. World Politics 56: 262-302.

PART ONE: COUNTRIES

January 26: Brazil and Mexico

Kurt Weyland (2005). The Growing Sustainability of Brazil’s Low-Quality Democracy. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Wendy Hunter (2008). Brazil: The PT in Power. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Beatriz Magaloni (2005). The Demise of Mexico’s One-Party Dominant Regime: Elite Choices and the Masses in the Establishment of Democracy. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Andreas Schedler (2007). The Mobilization of Distrust. Journal of Democracy 18:1.

Recommended:

David Samuels (2006). Sources of Mass Partisanship in Brazil. Latin American Politics & Society 48:2.

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Susan Kaufman Purcell and John Purcell (1980). State and Society in Mexico: Must a Stable Polity be Institutionalized? World Politics 32:2.

Lynda Barrow (2007). Party On? Politicians and Party Switching in Mexico. Politics 27:3.

Diego Abente-Brun (2009). Paraguay: The Unraveling of One-Party Rule. Journal of Democracy 20:1.

February 2: Argentina and Chile

Steven Levitsky (2005). Argentina: Democratic Survival amidst Economic Failure. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Sebastián Etchemendy and Candelaria Garay (2011). Argentina: Left Populism in Comparative Perspective, 2003-2009. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Philip D. Oxhorn (1995). Chile’s Democratic Heritage and Authoritarian Experience: An Overview. In Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile. University Park: Penn State Press.

Kenneth M. Roberts (2011). Chile: The Left after Neoliberalism. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Recommended:

Juan Pablo Luna (2007). Frente Amplio and the Crafting of a Social Democratic Alternative in Uruguay. Latin American Politics & Society 49:4.

Juan Pablo Luna and Rodrigo Mardones (2010). Chile: Are the Parties Over? Journal of Democracy 21:3.

February 9: Peru and Venezuela

Martín Tanaka (2005). Peru 1980 – 2000: Chronicle of a Death Foretold? Determinism, Political Decisions, and Open Outcomes. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Maxwell Cameron (2011). Peru: The Left Turn that Wasn’t. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Steven Levitsky (2011). Peru’s 2011 Elections: A Surprising Left Turn. Journal of Democracy 22:4.

Terry Karl (1997). Oil and Regime Change: The Institutions of Pacted Democracy. In The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Margarita López Maya (2011). Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Populist Left. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

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Recommended:

Martín Tanaka (2011). Peru 2011 Elections: A Vote for Moderate Change. Journal of Democracy 22:4.

Stephen Levitsky and Maxwell Cameron (2003). Democracy without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori’s Peru. Latin American Politics and Society 45:3.

Margarita López Maya and Luis E. Lander (2004). The Struggle for Hegemony in Venezuela. In Jo-Marie Burt and Philip Mauceri, eds., Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict, and Reform. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Kenneth Roberts (2006). Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America: A Comparison of Fujimori and Chávez. Comparative Politics.

Henry Dietz and David Myers (2007). From Thaw to Deluge: Party System Collapse in Venezuela and Peru. Latin American Politics & Society 49:2.

February 16: Colombia and El Salvador

Ana María Bejarano and Eduardo Pizarro (2005). From “Restricted” to “Besieged”: The Changing Nature of the Limits to Democracy in Colombia. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Eduardo Posada-Carbó (2011). Colombia After Uribe. Journal of Democracy 22:1.

Elizabeth Jean Wood (2005). Challenges to Political Democracy in El Salvador. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Forrest D. Colburn (2009). The Turnover in El Salvador. Journal of Democracy 20:3.

Recommended;

Francisco Gutiérrez Sanin and Luisa Ramírez Rueda (2004). The tense relationship between democracy and violence in Colombia, 1974-2001. In Jo-Marie Burt and Philip Mauceri, eds., Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict, and Reform. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Suzanne Wilson and Leah A. Carroll (2007). The Colombian Contradiction: Lessons Drawn from Guerrilla Experiments in Demobilization and Electoralism. In Kalowatie Deonandan et al., eds. From Revolutionary Movements to Political Parties: Cases from Latin America and Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mitchell Seligson (2005). Democracy on Ice: The Multiple Challenges of Guatemala’s Peace Process. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Charles Call (2003). Democratisation, War and State-Building: Constructing the Rule of Law in El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies 35: 827-862.

Michael E. Allison (2006). The Transition from Armed Opposition to Electoral Opposition in Central America. Latin American Politics & Society 48(4): 137-162.

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J. Mark Ruhl (2010). Honduras Unravels. Journal of Democracy 21:2.

Fabrice Lehoucq (2010). Political Competition, Constitutional Arrangements, and the Quality of Public Policies in Costa Rica. Latin American Politics & Society.

February 23: DC CAREER TRIP

March 1: Bolivia and Ecuador

René Antonio Mayorga (2005). Bolivia’s Democracy at a Crossroads. In Hagopian and Scott, eds. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.

Raúl Madrid (2011). Bolivia: Origins and Policies of the Movimiento al Socialismo. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Liisa North (2004). State Building, State Dismantling, and Financial Crises in Ecuador. In Jo- Marie Burt and Philip Mauceri, eds., Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict, and Reform. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Catherine Conaghan (2008). Ecuador: Rafael Correa and the Citizens’ Revolution. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Recommended:

Kent Eaton (2007). Backlash in Bolivia: Regional Autonomy as a Reaction against Indigenous Mobilization. Politics & Society 35:1.

Moisés Arce and Roberta Rice (2009). Societal Protest In Post-Stabilization Bolivia. Latin American Research Review. Vol. 44, No. 1.

Leon Zamosc (2007). The Indian Movement and Political Democracy in Ecuador. Latin American Politics & Society 49:3.

Mark Becker (2011). Correa, Indigenous Movements, and the Writing of a New Constitution in Ecuador. Latin American Perspectives 38:1, pp. 47-62.

José Antonio Lucero (2008). Indigenous Political Voice and the Struggle for Recognition in Ecuador and Bolivia. In Bebbington et al., eds, Institutional Pathways to Equity. Washington, DC: World Bank.

PART TWO: THEMES

March 8: Participation and Citizenship

Kathryn Hochstetler and Elisabeth Jay Friedman (2008). Can Civil Society Organizations Solve the Crisis of Partisan Representation in Latin America? Latin American Politics & Society 50:2.

Benjamin Goldfrank (2011). The Left and Participatory Democracy: Brazil, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

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Deborah Yashar (2011). The Left and Citizenship Rights. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Francoise Montambeault (2011). Overcoming Clientelism through Local Participatory Institutions in Mexico: What Type of Participation? Latin American Politics and Society 53:1, pp. 91-124.

Recommended:

Jonathan Fox (1994). The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico. World Politics. Vol. 46, No. 2., pp. 151-184.

Kirk Hawkins and David Hansen (2006). Dependent Civil Society: The Círculos Bolivarianos in Venezuela. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 41, No. 1.

Imke Harbers (2007). Democratic Deepening in Third Wave Democracies: Experiments with Participation in Mexico City. Political Studies 55: 38-58.

Krister Andersson and Frank van Laerhoven (2007). From Local Strongman to Facilitator: Institutional Incentives for Participatory Municipal Governance in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies 40:9.

Jonas Wolff (2007). (De-)Mobilising the Marginalised : A Comparison of the Argentine Piqueteros and Ecuador’s Indigenous Movement. Journal of Latin American Studies 39: 1–29.

Jonathan T. Hiskey and Gary L. Goodman (2011). The Participation Paradox of Indigenous Autonomy in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society.

Jana Morgan et al. (2011). Dominican Party System Continuity amid Regional Transformations: Economic Policy, Clientelism, and Migration Flows. Latin American Politics & Society.

March 15: Accountability

Smulovitz, Catalina and Enrique Peruzzotti (2000). Societal Accountability in Latin America. Journal of Democracy 11(4): 147-158.

Anita Breuer (2008). The Problematic Relation between Direct Democracy and Accountability in Latin America: Evidence from the Bolivian Case. Bulletin of Latin American Research 27:1.

Stephen D. Morris and Charles H. Blake (2009). Political and Analytical Challenges of Corruption in Latin America. In Corruption and Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press.

Ana Laura Magaloni (2012). Arbitrariness and Inefficiency in the Mexican Criminal Justice System. In Paul Kenny and Mónica Serrano, eds. Mexico’s Security Failure: Collapse into Criminal Violence. New York: Routledge.

Recommended:

Guillermo O’Donnell (1994). Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy 5: 55-69.

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Monica Barczak (2001). Representation by Consultation? The Rise of Direct Democracy in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 37-59.

Erika Moreno, Brian Crisp, and Matthew Soberg Shugart (2003). The Accountability Deficit in Latin America. In Scott Mainwaring and Christopher Welna, eds. Democratic Accountability in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Leslie E. Anderson (2006). The Authoritarian Executive: Horizontal and Vertical Accountability in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society 48(2): 141-169.

Diane E. Davis (2006). Undermining the Rule of Law: Democratization and the Dark Side of Police Reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society 48:1, pp. 55-86.

Julio Ríos Figueroa (2007). Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico, 1994 – 2002. Latin American Politics & Society 49:1, pp. 31-57.

Another chapter from Stephen D. Morris and Charles H. Blake, eds. (2009). Corruption and Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press (on Ginn reserve).

March 22: SPRING BREAK

March 29: NO CLASS

Ioan Grillo (2011). El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency. New York: Bloomsbury Press, pp. 1 – 222.

April 5: Drugs and Public Security

Ioan Grillo (2011). El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency. New York: Bloomsbury Press, pp. 225 - 291.

Vanda Felbab-Brown (2005). The Coca Connection: Conflict and Drugs in Colombia and Peru. The Journal of Conflict Studies (Winter).

Mitchell Seligson and John A. Booth (2010). Crime, Hard Times, and Discontent. Journal of Democracy 21:2.

David Pion-Berlin and Harold Trinkunas (2011). Latin America’s Growing Security Gap. Journal of Democracy 22:1.

Recommended:

James Holston and Teresa P.R. Caldeira (1998). Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship. In Felipe Agüero and Jeffrey Stark, eds., Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America.

Kent Eaton (2008). Paradoxes Of Police Reform: Federalism, Parties, and Civil Society in Argentina’s Public Security Crisis. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 43, No. 3.

Shannon O’Neil (2009). The Real War in Mexico: How Democracy Can Defeat the Drug Cartels. Foreign Affairs 88.

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Paul Kenny and Mónica Serrano (2012). The Mexican State and Organized Crime. In Paul Kenny and Mónica Serrano, eds. Mexico’s Security Failure: Collapse into Criminal Violence. New York: Routledge.

Jennifer Holmes et al. (2006). Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department- Level Analysis. Latin American Politics and Society 48:3, pp. 157-184.

Robert Smith (2006). Mexican New York. Berkeley: University of California Press, Ch. 9.

April 12: Decentralization and Local Governance (Final paper proposal due in class)

Merilee Grindle (2007). Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Chs. 2-3, 6.

Donna Lee Van Cott (2008). Radical Democracy in the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chs. 2-3.

Recommended:

Allison Rowland (2001). Population as a Determinant of Local Outcomes Under Decentralization: Illustrations from Small Municipalities in Bolivia and Mexico. World Development 29:8, pp. 1373-1389.

Benjamin Kohl (2003). Democratizing Decentralization in Bolivia: The Law of Popular Participation. Journal of Planning Education and Research 23:2

Andrew Selee (2004). Exploring the Link Between Decentralization and Democratic Governance. In Joseph Tulchin and Andrew Selee, eds. Decentralization and Democratic Governance in Latin America.

Kent Eaton (2006). Decentralization's Nondemocratic Roots: Authoritarianism and Subnational Reform in Latin America. Latin American Politics & Society 48(1): 1-26.

Merilee Grindle (2007). Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Chs. 4-5.

Michael G. Donovan (2008). Informal Cities and the Contestation of Public Space: The Case of Bogota’s Street Vendors, 1988 – 2003. Urban Studies 45:1, pp. 29-51.

Paul Dosh (2009). Tactical Innovation, Democratic Governance, and Mixed Motives: Popular Movement Resilience in Peru and Ecuador. Latin American Politics & Society.

April 19: Social Policy and Poverty Alleviation

Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman (2008). Democracy, Economic Crisis, and Social Policy in Latin America, 1980 – 2005. In Development, Democracy, and Welfare States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Anthony Hall (2006). From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social Policies and Poverty Alleviation under Lula. Journal of Latin American Studies 38: 689-709.

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Michael Penfold-Becerra (2007). Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez’s Misiones. Latin American Politics & Society 49:4, pp. 63-84.

Jennifer Pribble and Evelyne Huber (2011). Social Policy and Redistribution: Chile and Uruguay. In Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left.

Recommended:

Tracy Beck Fenwick (2009). Avoiding Governors: The Success of Bolsa Familia. Latin American Research Review 44:1, pp. 103-131.

Sara Dwachter and Nadia Molenaers (2011). Who Takes a Seat at the Pro-Poor Table? Civil Society Participation in the Honduran Poverty Reduction Strategy. Latin American Research Review 46:3, pp. 112-132.

Simon Bohn (2011). Social Policy and Vote in Brazil: Bolsa Familia and the Shifts in Lula’s Electoral Base. Latin American Research Review 46:1, pp. 55-79.

April 26: Identity Politics and Civil Rights

Donna Van Cott (2006). Multiculturalism versus Neoliberalism in Latin America. In Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. Multiculturalism and the Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press.

Juliet Hooker (2005). Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies 37, 285-310.

Susan Franceschet and Jennifer M. Piscopo (2008). Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender 4, 393-425.

Omar Encarnación (2011). Latin America’s Gay Rights Revolution. Journal of Democracy 22:2.

Recommended:

Mark Anderson (2007). When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garifuna and Afro-Indigenous Politics in Honduras. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 12:2.

Bettina Ng’weno (2007). Can Ethnicity Replace Race? Afro-Colombians, Indigeneity and the Colombian Multicultural State. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 12:2.

Adriana Ortiz-Ortega and Mercedes Barquet (2010). Gendering Transition to Democracy in Mexico. Latin American Research Review, Special Issue, pp. 108-137.