Lesson Plan 2: Pre-Revolution (Goals 1

Lesson 1: Maritime Heritage Overview

Activity 1A - Shipwreck-in-a-Box

Discussion

Work in teams to create the story of a ship from a specific era important to the Outer Banks (i.e. the Revolutionary War or Civil War). Then use what you know of this ship to create a site of a shipwreck in a tub or aquarium filled with sand and water. Explore another team’s site to grid, tag, and excavate the artifacts. Record information about each item as you excavate. Analyze it and then present your findings to the other teams of marine archaeologists.

Study Questions

Work in teams to create the story of a ship from a specific era important to the Outer Banks (i.e. the Revolutionary War or Civil War). Then use what you know of this ship to create a site of a shipwreck in a tub or aquarium filled with sand and water. Explore another team’s site to grid, tag, and excavate the artifacts. Record information about each item as you excavate. Analyze it and then present your findings to the other teams of marine archaeologists. 1. Work in teams to create a story of a shipwreck: What kind of ship was it? What was it carrying at the time it sank? How and when did it happen? 2. Gather a variety of objects that represent what might have been on the ship. Make a detailed list of your artifacts, including size, shape, and material. 3. Cover each one with clay to represent the encrustations on artifacts encountered by marine archaeologists. 4. Cover the bottom of your container with a layer of sand. Fill with water. 5. Arrange your artifacts in and under the sand. 6. Move to another team’s site to explore and excavate their artifacts. (That team should keep the story it wrote secret for now-the new team examines only the artifacts.) 7. Use string tied to toothpicks to set up a grid in the sand around the site or main artifacts. Record the grid on graph paper, and then record the location where each artifact is discovered. 8. Use a data log to record a description of each item as you find it. Think about what information is important to include. 9. Use plastic utensils and water to carefully remove any encrustation found on the artifact. Record your findings. 10. Observe your artifacts and analyze your data log. Write a story that might be consistent with the artifacts you found. Present your findings and interpretations to the other teams of marine archaeologists. How closely does your story compare to the one devised by the team that created the site? Materials

• modeling clay • a variety of small objects with different shapes, including marbles, safety pins, hairpins, Popsicle sticks, coins, metal and rubbers washers, screws, pencils stubs, wrapped hard candy, beads, cheap jewelry, etc. • 40 x 80 cm plastic tub, disposable aluminum roasting pan, plastic shoe box, or aquarium • sand to make a 5- to 8-cm layer on bottom of container • water to fill container • plastic knives, spoons, forks • graph paper • string • toothpicks • pencil/paper • magnet

There is room for the development of “ship cards” which could be handed out to each team. These cards could relate relevant information regarding the assigned ship and site to be constructed from the Outer Banks. These would be to aid in the process of creating the site for time’s sake. Activity 1B - Ocean Words Origin

Discussion

Introduce the idea of language as a dynamic and important element in our culture. Ask each student to think of words or phrases that have entered our vocabulary because of computers in our society (off-line, download, user, memory, on-line). Discuss what these terms originally meant compared to their current meaning in every day language. Make a note that these terms are not just used in computer technology. Explain to the students the importance of the oceans in communities around the world, including our own. Because of this influence many of our words come from our ocean heritage. Mention and discuss the words/phrases mentioned in the Teacher Background. Divide the class into groups appropriate for the class setting. Pass out copies of the Ocean Word Origins Worksheet. Give the students about 10 minutes to brainstorm what they think the origin of each word is. Choose one member from each group to share their results with the class. Choose three of the words on the list, maybe those with the most discrepancy, write them on the board and have each group leader write their ideas for meanings. Have the class vote on the likely/funny word origins. For an extension or homework assignment, have the students create a story or article using ocean words and their meaning from the past or present.

Objectives

1. To understand word origins using ties between modern language and maritime cultures. 2. Identify how the modern meaning of several words have changed from the sense they originally had in maritime cultures. 3. Recognize how the ocean’s prominence in our culture has shaped our language. 4. Create a hypothesis about the original ocean related meanings of everyday words.

Discussion

Many of the words used every day have their origins in maritime cultures. Considering that it wasn’t until this century that continent to continent travel took place on ships, many of our ancestors traveled to the United States on ships. Thus, many of the first settlements founded were ports. These settlements depended on the ocean for food, trade, travel, and news from their home countries. It only makes sense that many words reflect this past and present ocean culture. Some phrases seem obvious. • Don’t give up the ship • Like a fish out of water • Take the wind out of his sails The name of our country is taken from an ocean map maker, Amerigo Vespucci, and the name of our nation’s capitol, District of Columbia, is named for the explorer Christopher Columbus. But many of the phrases and word origins are not obvious. • Full speed ahead • Out of commission • Batten down the hatches • Get the drift • Blow over • Keel over • Down the hatch • Make headway • Learn the ropes • Go off the deep end The oceans connect many lands and languages, allowing for words from different cultures to be integrated into our own modern language. For example: • “First Rate” was used in Britain to evaluate warships. • “Gung Ho” a Chinese expression used to describe ship crews when they had to rally together to make it through a tough situation and was adopted by Marine Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carison in WWII for a motto for his division. • “Learn the ropes” is a phrase that was used to explain the rigging and ropes of a ship and was the first thing expected of a new crew member to become familiar with. • “Gens/Jeans” is the name of sailors in southern Europe that wore pants made from a cloth from France. • “Nausea” comes from the Greek word for ship, naus, which currently can be defined as a queasy or upset stomach. Ocean Word Origins Worksheet

Name ______Subject ______Date ______Class ______

Directions: Try to figure out the original meaning of each word in the following list. Write your ideas in the space provided.

Questions:

1. Astronaut/Cosmonaut

Current Definition –

Maritime Definition –

2. Posh

3. Ostracism

4. Skyscraper

5. Strike

6. Abundance

Maritime Definition – 7. Overwhelm

8. Listless

9. Antenna

10. Salary

Maritime Definition – Answer Key:

1. Astronaut/Cosmonaut Current Definition - A person trained to make flights in space Maritime Definition - From nautes, which means sailor.

2. Posh Current Definition - Fashionable and expensive Maritime Definition - Meaning fashionable and expensive in modern language but has its origins from the docks of Boston. The trunks of the wealthy used to travel from Europe to America would carry the label “POSH”, short for “portside out, starboard home.” This phrase was used to indicate the side of the ship where the luggage should be placed to avoid exposure to the ocean sun.

3. Ostracism Current Definition - A group’s rejection of someone who is disliked Maritime Definition - Defined as “oyster shell” from the Greek word, ostrakon, the banishment was inscribed on oyster shells.

4. Skyscraper Current Definition - A very tall building Maritime Definition - The topsails of ships were called skyscrapers and later became the name for tall buildings.

5. Strike Current Definition - Refusing to work in order to get better working conditions or higher pay Maritime Definition - Meaning to lower or to take down, as a sail or an ensign (the ship flag) or a yard (the cross member of the mast). When the British mutinied in 1797, the sailors damaged the ships’ yards to prevent them from sailing to sea.

6. Abundance Current Definition - A great supply Maritime Definition - The Latin word, ab, means from and the Latin word, unda, means wave. Abundance came to mean plenty of waves or water.

7. Overwhelm Current Definition - For a person or situation to become overcome completely, feeling helpless Maritime Definition - Derived from the middle English term “to capsize”.

8. Listless Current Definition - Having no interest, motivation or drive in a situation Maritime Definition - During a strong wind, the ship would list (tilt at an axis) to the port (left) or starboard (right). If there was no wind, then there was no list and no movement for the ship. 9. Antenna Current Definition - The slender feeler on the head of an insect or metal object used to collect radio and television waves Maritime Definition - The Rom used this term to refer to the wooden horizontal beams that sails hung from. During the 16th century, the term was used to refer to the “horns” of an insect.

10. Salary Current Definition - A set amount of money paid to a person at regular times Maritime Definition - The Latin word, salarium, was the allowance of sea salt given to Roman soldiers with their wages. General Archaeology and History Vocabulary Words

Agriculture: the cultivation of domesticated plants, such as corn, beans, and squash, as primary sources of food. Anthropologist: a scholar who practices anthropology--the comparative study of human culture, behavior, and biology, and of how these change through time. Anthropology: the comparative study of human culture, behavior, and biology, and of how these change through time. Archaeology is often considered a specialty within anthropology. Archaeologist: a scientist who seeks to understand past human cultures by careful study of the artifacts and other evidence from archaeological sites. Archaeology: a method for studying past human cultures based on material evidence (artifacts and sites). Artifact: any object made, modified, or used by humans; usually this term refers to a portable item. Awl: a sharp pointed tool used to punch holes in skins and other materials. Base camp: A relatively larger, more stable camp site that serves as a base for a wide range of activities within a group’s territory. It may serve as a staging area for far-flung food-collecting, hunting, or quarrying expeditions. Chronology: an arrangement of events or periods in the order in which they occurred. Classification: a systematic arrangement in groups or categories according to established criteria. Context: the relationship artifacts have to one another and the situation in which they are found. Culture: the set of learned beliefs, values, styles, and behaviors generally shared by members of a society or group. The way the members of a group of people think and believe and live, the tools they make, and the way they do things. Cultural relativism: understanding other cultures in their own terms without making judgments about them. Data: information, especially information organized for analysis. Ethnocentrism: the attitude that one’s own traditions, customs, language, and values are the only right and proper way, and that those of other cultures are inadequate or wrong. Evidence: data that are used to support a conclusion. History: the study of past events and cultures using written records, oral traditions, and archaeological evidence as sources of information. Horticulture: the cultivation of gardens whose foods supplement those obtained from some other primary source, such as hunting, gathering, fishing, or shell fishing. Hypothesis: a proposed explanation or interpretation that can be tested by further investigation. Inference: a conclusion derived from observations. Lifeway: how a group of people live. Maritime heritage: the relationship between the land and the water. Midden: an area used for trash disposal; a deposit of refuse. Observation: the act of recognizing or noting a fact or occurrence; or the record obtained by such an act. Pendant: an ornament hung on a cord around the neck and worn as a necklace. Permanent village: A settlement that is continuously occupied by people throughout the year. Prehistory: the period of human experience prior to written records; in the Americas, prehistory refers to the period before Europeans and their writing systems arrived, covering at least 12,000 years. Semi-permanent village: a settlement occupied by people for several months each year, but not year round. Short-term camp: A camp occupied for a relatively brief period of time. Site: a place where human activities occurred and material evidence of these activities was left. Subsistence: the means of supporting life, usually referring to food and other basic commodities. Style: the combination of shape and decoration distinguishing a group of artifacts, such as pottery, found in specific geographic areas and dated to certain times; a particular way of doing something that is associated with a specific culture or cultural tradition.