Study Guide for Final Exam

Ms. De Santiago’s Class 6th Period January 14, 2016

Hi Folks,

So here is the information you should definitely know covering LOTF. Check out the questions and answers and be sure you know your characters inside and out.

As far as HOD goes, know those questions from the practice test you should have done and had me check. In addition there is some questions at the end of this that you should also be sure you can answer.

USE THE NOTECARD, IT IS YOUR FRIEND!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

If there is anything else come see me before school and I will help you review.

Good Luck to all of you! Ms. D

Part I. Lord of the Flies

Chapters 1 - 2 1. How did the boys happen to come to the island?These school boys have been ejected from a flaming airplane. It appears no adults have survived the crash.

2. What do the boys have that is the symbol of authority in the society they form?The conch shell is the symbol of authority. It shows who is boss and who has the right to speak.

3. What does the reader learn about Jack when he slashed the green candle buds? Jack's method of dealing with the world seems to be violent.

4. Why does Jack hesitate when he lifts his knife to kill the piglet, and what does he promise will happen next time he meets a pig? Jack's hesitation shows that he must learn to put aside his inhibitions, whether they are learned or natural. He promises that "next time there would be no mercy."

5. Who are the hunters, and what is their job?The choir boys have become hunters. Their job is to get food.

6. What does a little 'un think he has seen in the forest?He thinks he has seen a "snake-thing" which he later calls a "beastie."

7. How and why do the boys make fire?The boys make a fire to act as a signal for their rescue. They use Piggy's glasses as a "burning glass" to start the fire with the sun's rays.

8. Why does the boys' plan for rescue fail?The boys did not have a well-thought-out plan. They used too much wood for a small, controllable fire, and they never thought of a way to control the fire to keep it from getting out of hand. Most of their readily-available firewood was burned up, making keeping the fire going much more difficult.

9. Why is the chapter entitled “The Sound of the Shell”? This chapter is entitled “The Sound of the Shell”, for all of the boys on the island come together as a result of the noise Ralph makes by blowing into a sea shell. Piggy explains to Ralph that such a shell is actually called a conch and the boys eventually decide to use the conch as a symbol of authority and attention. Whenever a boy has the conch in his hand, he is able to speak to the rest of the group without interruptions. Although it is only a small tangible item, the shell may become a very important aspect of the boys’ survival on the island. 10. What is Ralph’s attitude toward Piggy in the first chapter? Ralph sees Piggy as a nuisance, but also realizes his usefulness. When Piggy first appears, Ralph constantly tries to walk away from him and does not answer his questions. Ralph is obviously a very independent boy and spends most of his time in a world of solitude. However, the boys have a “bonding” moment when they discover the noises they can make with the conch and even though Ralph is never overtly kind to him, Piggy is dedicated to Ralph.

11. What is the significance of Piggy’s plea to join the expedition? Piggy’s plea to join the expedition represents his desperation to “fit in” with the rest of the boys. This is presumably an issue that Piggy has dealt with back home, for his nickname suggests that he is often excluded from groups. He would love to walk by Ralph’s side and feel like a member of authority, but once again, his peers have stereotyped him as an outcast and left him behind.

12. Why is Ralph elected chief? Ralph is elected chief because he was the first boy to call all of the others together. Although he may not have any more survival experience than the rest, all of the boys feel an instinctive comfort with this person who sounded the conch. There seems to be a quiet appeal about Ralph that makes others contented.

13.What is the “scar” that is repeatedly mentioned? The scar mentioned in this story is mark on the island that the plane made when it landed or crashed. It is referred to as a scar perhaps because it is man-made rather than an act of nature. Later, but still in the first chapters of the novel, the man-made scar includes the burning of the mountainside from their first fire, and the destruction from there first boulder.

14. Why is Jack unable to kill the pig? Although Jack is one of the oldest characters in the story, he is still only a child. Ending the life of an animal can be traumatic for any human being, let alone one who has not yet experienced life. The thought of having a pig to eat may be initially appealing to someone on an island, but the moment at which the animal is breathing in front of the hunter causes one’s morals to overtake their instincts. Jack may be a strong boy, but he can not bring himself to end a life. 15. What do Piggy, Simon, and the littlun with the birthmark have in common? Piggy, Simon and the boy with a birthmark are all outcasts for their own reasons. Piggy is immediately excluded from important events because of his hilarious name and “nerdy” nature. Simon becomes the laughing-stock of the group when he faints in front of everyone and, according to Jack, he is “always throwing a faint”. The little boy with a large birthmark is obviously different from the rest of the boys in a physical way, but more importantly he is also a reclusive person. All three of these boys are estranged from the rest of the group in some form.

16. How is Jack presented to the reader? Jack enters the story leading a pack of boys in black cloaks in a disciplinary manner. The reader instantly thinks of him as the antagonist, for this dark image sweeps the tropical island with its presumed negativity. Jack shows some vulnerability when he accepts his loss to Ralph, but retains his stern authority by continuing to lead the choirboys. In the beginning, the reader is confused as to what kind of person Jack truly is, but Golding has certainly written a negative undertone to this character, perhaps foreshadowing events that are about to occur.

17. Why did Golding use British schoolboys? William Golding probably chose British schoolboys as his subject for a few reasons. Firstly, he had a lot of experience in dealing with schoolboys, for he was a teacher in Britain for many years. He must have witnessed many real-life situations that he was able to adapt within this story. Perhaps more importantly, Golding probably used young boys in his book because they represent innocence.Placing people who have yet to be shaped by the adult world in a serious survival situation creates a very interesting look at pure human psychology. The acts of these children are committed purely out of instinct, for they do not have adult knowledge to base decisions on.

18. How is Piggy revealed as most clearly tied to the world of adults? Piggy is most tied to the world of adults, for his Aunt has obviously led him through a very sheltered life. When Piggy reveals that his parents have died and he is left with a relative at home, the reader feels very sorry for him and begins to understand why he does not fit in with the other children. The way he describes his upbringing is also disturbing, for it seems that his aunt will not allow him to do anything remotely fun – including swimming. As a result of his sheltering guardian and his exposure to difficult adult situations, Piggy is very closely tied to the world of adults. 19. How is Piggy indirectly responsible for the blowing of the conch?

20. Piggy is indirectly responsible for the blowing of the conch because he told Ralph how to blow it. Apparently, Piggy had a friend who knew how to make a noise out of a seashell and Piggy was more than happy to share the information with his new pal. Of course, Piggy does not blow the conch himself, for he is a timid, reclusive boy who would rather be the sidekick of a stronger, more popular person.

21. CHAPTER TWO1. What question does the littlun with the birthmark raise?

During one of the first meetings with all of the boys together, the littlun with a birthmark asks Ralph what he is going to do about the large beastie within the jungle. He claims that this creature lurks in the dark and is clearly frightened of it ever appearing again. Although the other boys laugh at this seemingly ludicrous comment, the little boy remains serious about his claim. His intense sensitivity about the subject makes the rest of the boys wonder if there is actually a large, deadly beast on the island.

22. 2. How do Ralph and Jack answer the question about the beast?

Ralph immediately tells the boys that there is no beast on the island and that there is nothing to worry about. Jack, however, is slightly more curious – claiming that he will make sure that there is no deadly creature while he is hunting. Ralph becomes annoyed with such childish thoughts and, like a good leader, stands firm in his belief that there is no beast, making the rest of the boys feel slightly better about the situation.

23. 3. What is the significance of the chapter’s title, “Fire on The Mountain”?

This chapter is titled “Fire on The Mountain”, for the boys embark on their most important job since they have been stranded on the island: building a fire in order to catch the attention of rescuers. Most of the chapter revolves around the process of creating the fire and attempting to maintain it. Unfortunately, the fire gets out of control and spreads down the mountain into the jungle. The boys do not take this issue very seriously until Piggy brings up the fact that there may be littluns still in the jungle, presumably killed by the fire. The boy with the birth-mark is nowhere to be seen and, sadly, all of the boys realize that their fire has killed the poor child. The “Fire on The Mountain” has been one of the first troublesome issues on the island.

24. 4. How do they start the fire?

The boys are very quick to form a massive pile of wood and leaves as a first step in building the fire, but they soon realize that they do not actually know how to start a flame. To Piggy’s dismay, Jack grabs his thick glasses and uses them to reflect the sun’s rays, successfully creating a fire.

Chapters 3 - 4 25. Although Ralph criticizes the boys for their lack of cooperation, does he bear some of the responsibility for the failures of the group to achieve its goals? Why or why not?Ralph is partially responsible for their failures. He has the desire to bring a measureof civilization to the island, but he lacks the competence to do so. He believes life is much like a story book, and that although there will be obstacles, the clever boys will overcome them all, and they will emerge victorious in the traditional, happy ending. Ralph has an idealized view of life and can never actually get a grip on carrying out his plans.

26. How has Jack's personality developed during his stay on the island?Jack has degenerated from a superficially civilized school boy to a near animal level. He yearns to kill, yet he too is learning the vast difference between imagining himself a hunter and actually killing a living creature. Once he begins to kill and gets over his initial squeamishness, he will become ruthless.

27. Ralph says of Simon, "He's queer. He's funny." What kind of a boy is Simon?Simon is one of Ralph's most loyal and helpful workers. Yet, when he has some free time, he goes off by himself to find a place to be quiet and to think. Society, like the boys, distrusts those who are loners. The love of beauty and solitude is suspect.

28. After Maurice and Roger destroy the littluns' sand castles, Roger stalks the young boynamed Henry. When he begins to throw stones, why does he just throw them near him instead of directly at him? The old laws of church and school and family still hold him back.

29. What causes the hunters, who had promised to keep the fire burning, to neglect it and allow it to go out? Jack's immediate goal is to kill a pig; this is all he can think about. The building of a fire and the rescue are long-term goals. Savages cannot deal with long- term goals; they only live in the present, for instant gratification of their immediate needs.

30. Why does Jack paint his face?Jack's clay paint effectively blots out his real features, and he can become an anonymous savage.

16. CHAPTER THREE1. What is the significance of the title “Huts on The Beach?

This chapter is called “Huts on the Beach”, for Ralph is beginning to realize that shelter is one of the most important issues on the island. The children are having difficulty creating sufficient huts and this is causing their leader quite a bit of grief. It seems that the boys on the island are not focused enough to complete the fairly tedious job of building shelter.

17. 2. Why does Ralph reproach Jack?

Ralph criticizes Jack because the “hunters” are clearly not helping in the building of shelters in any way. Jack is spending all of his time attempting to catch a pig and, even though he has yet to be successful, he continues to commit his days to this job. Ralph has noticed that the hunting is not resulting in any food, so he has become quite upset that Jack has not helped in the shelter building process. Part of Ralph’s frustration comes from the fact that even the boys who begin to help him build have very short attention spans. It is a nearly impossible feat to make any of the children concentrate on a serious job for more than an hour.

18. 3. What two groups with different goals are emerging?

There are two groups of older children within this book, one of which is led by Ralph and one that is led by Jack. Ralph leads a group that includes Piggy and Simon, who are truly dedicated to the well- being of everyone on the island and are trying desperately to make proper decisions on behalf of all of the boys. Jack’s group has become obsessed with the act of hunting. All of the time they spend hunting – without any success – could be spent helping the rest of the boys by building shelters or thinking of ways to be rescued. It seems that, while Ralph and his group’s goals are focused on group survival, Jack’s goals are very short-term and are specifically about the gratification that would come from capturing an animal.

16. Why does Simon go to the bower?

Simon’s reason for traveling into the jungle alone is unclear, but it can be presumed that he is creating a personal agenda on the island. Jack and Ralph agree that Simon has been acting “queer” lately, and, although it is not certain, the boy could be planning his own escape from the island. This is an example of human instinct, for Simon is most likely thinking of a way that he can prevail over everyone.

17. CHAPTER FOUR1. What is the significance of the title “Painted Faces and Long Hair”?

This title describes the state of the children after quite a long while of surviving on the strange island. The words “long hair” is a hint to the reader that the time gap between the third and fourth chapter is quite significant, for the length of hair signifies the passing of time. The “painted faces” half of the title reveals its meaning in a scene in which Jack uses natural colors from charcoal and clay to camouflage himself in order to hunt a pig. Not only does this signify his growing obsession with hunting, but it shows how the boys are getting used to the nature and using it in their own unique ways. It is as if the children have now formed their own culture on the island.

18. Why does Roger, throwing stones at the littluns, aim just to miss?

Roger is throwing stones at his friends as a joke, for he enjoys bugging the other children, especially the littluns. The fact that he makes sure that he does not hit anyone else is quite intriguing, for there are no adults on the island who would condemn him for such an act. If he wished to, Roger could seriously injure anyone he wanted to, but the lasting effect of human morals and society’s rules are still implanted in his brain. Although he is on an island with all of the independence he can imagine, Roger – and the rest of the boys – maintain some of the rules they learned in a land that no longer exists. As Golding says, “ Roger’s arm was conditioned by a civilization that knew nothing of him and was in ruins”.

19. 3. What definite stand does Ralph make?

Ralph makes a definite stand to Jack, by reminding him that he is chief and that everyone should do as he says. He is very upset by the fact that Jack let the fire out during an opportunity to be saved and, in an outburst of emotions, says, “I was chief; and you were going to do what I said.” While the boys are all eating, Ralph also makes a definite stand by saying that he is about to call an assembly and that all of the boys must attend it when he blows the conch. Presumably, he is going to straighten out the issues that have been bothering him for a while.

20. 4. Why does Jack refuse to give Piggy meat?

Jack refuses to give Piggy meat because he resents his relationship with Ralph and because he sees Piggy as an outcast. By treating Piggy poorly, Jack feels a sense of power within the group of boys, for everyone seems to enjoy watching the poor boy suffer. Unfortunately, there is something fragile about Piggy’s personality that makes children want to pick on him.

Chapters 5 - 6 21. How does the author show us that Ralph is finally beginning to face the realities of their existence?The author tells us that Ralph does not really like to live a life where he has to watch where he walks; nor does he like filthy, frayed clothing or dirty, tangled, long hair. To Ralph, this adventure is becoming messy and real and scary.

22. Compare Ralph's treatment of the littluns with Jack's.Ralph tries to calm their fears and give them a sense of security. Jack intimidates them and frightens them.

23. What is Simon saying when he thinks the "beast" may be inside they boys themselves? He is trying to say that the dark side of the human personality can destroy mankind. Reason and imagination are the only checks men have to quell this "dark side."

24. What do Sam and Eric tell the boys they have seen? What is it actually?They tell the boys that they have seen a beast. It was actually the corpse of a parachutist. 25. Why do Ralph and Jack decide to go find the beast?They know that they must face the beast if they are to have any hopes of being free from their fears on the island.

CHAPTER FIVE1. What is the significance of the title “Beast From Water”?

16. This chapter is titled “Beast From Water”, for the children are continuing their discussions about a beast that possibly lives on the island. In this chapter, the discussion becomes more serious than before, for there are now many children who claim to have witnessed a beast. Percival, the littlun who stands in front of the boys to tell his account of the monster, claims that it lives in the water. Even though such a statement is most likely ridiculous, the amount of fear that fills the young children nearly convinces the older boys that such a creature may exist. The “Beast From Water” is an important aspect of the story, for it is revealing the vulnerability of everyone’s mind.

17. What is the paradox of the boy’s attitude toward the beast?

Percival, the little boy who claims to have seen a beast, shows a paradox in his attitude toward the creature, for, at one moment, he is crying with vindication about the beast, and soon after, he is fast asleep. It seems as though the little boys talk about the beast because it gives them a reason to cry about their sorrowful situation, but they forget about the monster once they are done feeling upset. There are truly no clear answers within this aspect of the story as to what is fact and fiction, but, at this point, it seems that the little boys are only imagining the creature they claim to see.

18. Why does Ralph call a meeting?

Ralph calls a meeting because he is extremely angered by the fact that Jack and his hunters let the fire out at a time when all of the boys could have potentially been saved by a passing ship. The meeting eventually has a very different meaning and significance when all of the boys begin speaking out of turn and questioning Ralph’s authority. In the end, most of the boys run off, forming their own group of rebels. What began as a concise meeting planned by Ralph turned into chaos.

19. Why does Piggy dissuade Ralph from giving up his position as chief?

Piggy dissuades Ralph from giving up his position as chief because Ralph is Piggy’s closest tie to authority on the island. Everyone seems to dislike Piggy and, if he wasn’t friends with the chief of the island, boys would have even more reason to pick on him and to never consider his opinions. Piggy definitely understands the fact that the only reason he is even slightly respected on the island is because of his somewhat close relationship with Ralph.

CHAPTER SIX:

20. What is the irony of the dead parachutist landing on the mountain?

The dead parachutist landing on the mountain is an ironic situation, for all of the boys have been recently frightened of a “beast” that roams the island. Although it is obviously not a beast, the sound and skewed view of the parachutist makes the boys feel like there is definitely a deadly creature on their land. The ironic relation is that the boys are assuming that the parachutist is the “beast” that has been engraved in their mind.

21. Why is Simon the only one to doubt the existence of a beast?

Simon doubts the existence of a beast because he is a “realist”. He is very skeptical that a beast could live on a mountain and leave no tracks, but he keeps most of his thoughts inside, for he is a very introverted person and perhaps intimidated by the presence of Ralph and Jack.

22. Why do Ralph and Jack both insist on going after the beast?

Ralph insists on going after the beast because he wishes to keep the rest of the boys safe. As a good leader, he wants to defeat the creature that has caused so many problems already. Jack may be concerned about safety as well, but he is probably more excited about the beast because it provides him with another creature to kill. From his recent success as a hunter, he has gained an even stronger obsession for hunting and, as a result, he would like to investigate the beast.

23. Why does Jack say that they don’t need the conch any longer?

Jack doesn’t believe that they need the conch any longer, for the boys are facing their most crucial battle yet – encountering the beast. In such a vital situation, Jack believes that rules are useless. However, his reason for Jack’s statement goes deeper, for he has always resented the conch. He wishes to have control and to be able to state his opinions whenever he wishes. The conch is holding Jack back in his attempt to be the most powerful person on the island. Chapters 7 - 8 24. How does Ralph react when a boar comes charging down the path? Ralph throws his wooden spear and scores a lucky hit. It does not deter the boar, but it does show Ralph a side of himself that he has refused to acknowledge. He exults in his ability to wound a living creature.

25. To what does Ralph's demonstration of his hunting prowess lead? Robert pretended to be an animal and snarled at Ralph. The boys got into a hunting frenzy, at first jokingly and then really jabbing and poking at Robert. They went out of control.

26. What did the boys see on the mountaintop?At first they saw a lump or a hump where no rock should be. Then, conquering his nausea, Ralph stood up and saw "something like a great ape." The wind blew and the billowing parachute lifted the head and torso of the "ape," showing them "the ruin of a face."

27. Why is the action of the story increasingly taking place in the near darkness or in the deep night when only the moon and stars give a little light? Darkness has always symbolized something evil as light has symbolized the "good." "The Prince of Darkness" is another name for the devil, evil.

28. How does Ralph's waning confidence in himself show in his words and actions?He has begun to bite his nails. He shudders involuntarily and twists his hands unconsciously. He has become bitter at the collapse of his dreams and plans. When Piggy asks, "What are we going to do?," for the first time Ralph answers, "I don't know."

29. Although he is not able to get the boys to vote Ralph out of office as chief, Jack manages to overthrow Ralph's authority anyway. How? He simply announces, "I'm not going to play anymore. Not with you." His statements reflect the notion that the predicament of the boys is an adventure, a game. With a typical child's reaction, he decides not to "play" anymore since he doesn't like the rules of Ralph's game. He goes off to "play" by himself, to get some of the kids to "play" his game.

30. Jack suggests a way to keep the beast happy. What is it?He suggests that they should give the beast part of each kill they make.

31. Describe Simon's strange encounter with the Lord of the Flies. Whether Simon's encounter is imagined, dreamed, or supernatural is not very clear. The content of the Lord's message, though, is central to the book. The Lord of the Flies explains to Simon that it is useless to try to kill the beast. "I am a part of you," he says. Golding seems to imply that no matter what name you give to evil, be it sin, the devil, neurosis, hate, violence, terrorism, or sheer wanton destruction, these traits are inside of man. The conflict between good and evil is inside each boy on the island as it is inside all of us. This book, which pictures the downfall of a small society on an unknown island, also gives a portrait of what it means to be human.

32. Who or what is the Lord of the Flies?The Lord of the Flies, represented by the pig's head, is evil.

Chapters 9 - 11 What does Simon find when he finally reaches the Beast? He discovers the truth that the beast is actually a dead pilot. The lines of his parachute have been tangled in such a way that when the wind blows and inflates the chute, it lifts the dead figure into a sitting position and thereby gives the figure a semblance of life. 2. What happens to Simon when he returns to the group?The hunters, doing their ritual dance, kill him. He is never able to deliver a coherent message to them. He stumbles off of the cliff and falls to the sands below. 3. As a result of the storm with its high winds and high tides, what happens to the bodies of Simon and the parachutist? They are taken out to sea. What does Jack plan to steal from Ralph and Piggy? He plans to steal fire from them. 5. What will Jack do if someone interferes with him?He says, "we will do our dance again," meaning the hunters will kill the one who interferes. 6. What happens to the conch and to Piggy?Roger releases the huge boulder and it shatters the conch which Piggy had been holding. It also shatters Piggy, who falls forty feet, landing on his back on a flat rock, somewhat like the ancient sacrificial victims were placed on an altar and offered up to some savage god. 7. What are Jack's plans for Ralph?He plans to hunt him down and kill him. 8. What course of action does Ralph take?Ralph has to either fight or flee. Not being able to defeat all of the hunters, he flees.

Chapter 12 33. What is Ralph's reaction when he encounters the pig's skull? "A sick fear and rage swept through him." He hits the skull with his fist and splits it open; it lies on the ground, still grinning at him.

34. Driven by fear and hunger, Ralph manages to make contact with Samneric who are standing guard at Castle Rock. Of what do they warn him? They warn him that the hunters are going to hunt him down tomorrow, and they tell him that Roger has sharpened a stick at both ends.

35. In what ways does the tribe try to hunt down Ralph?They roll boulders down the hill to try to hit him or cause him to run. Then they try to smoke him out. When he goes to the forest, they continue to try to track him down like a pig.

36. What or who saves Ralph in the end?His savior is a British naval officer who represents the adult, civilized world, a world combining the military (hunters) and civilians (civilization).

Part II. Heart of Darkness

Part I Vocabulary: Part 1: yawl: the smallest mast on a boat; mizzenmast: the farthest most mast on a three-masted ship; man-of-war: a warship; ensign: a commissioned officer ranking below a lieutenant; an emblem, badge, etc., that may show rank; aft: at or near the stern (back end) of a ship.

Questions: 1. The setting is a boat on the Thames River near Gravesend, England. They were in the Nellie on the edge of the sea. It was almost dusk. 2. Marlow is saying that at one time England was an unexplored place, a blank space on a map of the known world. He is drawing a comparison with Africa, which was at that time largely unexplored. Marlow is laying the groundwork for the story of his journey up the Congo River into unexplored Africa by asking his listeners to imagine what it must have been like to be among the first Romans to explore the British Isles and sail up the Thames. He is also placing the events he is about to recount within the framework of history. What happened in the Congo also happened in England, as at one time the natives of the British Isles were the “savages.” 3. Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s power or territory by establishing dominance over other nations through political, military, or economic means. Marlow felt most people colonized other lands because of greed, ambition, or lust for power. 4 . Marlow went to the Company seeking a position and was turned down. He then went to his aunt, who used her influence to help him get the job. 5. Marlow’s aunt thought of the work of the Company and Marlow’s job as noble missionary work for western civilization—that they would convert the African “savage” with new laws, culture, and clothing. She could only understand Marlow’s work in terms of nobleness, not curiosity or desire for adventure. 6. To the brickmaker, Marlow is perceived as the kind of man who will work and trade for virtuous reasons or causes instead of exploiting the natives. He sees Marlow as someone who comes highly recommended, has connections and influence, and whose goal is the civilization of the natives. In this way, he is seen as being similar to Kurtz. 7. He has accomplished something. He has been trying to instruct one of the native women about the station. He holds to the discipline expected of his position while all those around him seem to let discipline slip away. 8. It has sunk to the bottom of the river. It needs serious repairs before it can be taken up river. Two days before Marlow’s arrival, the steamer had struck stones on the river bottom under the command of a volunteer captain. (Marlow implies something suspicious about the circumstances, but does not go into it.) 9. a. The accountant describes Kurtz as a first-class agent; a remarkable person in charge of a very important trading post. Kurtz sends in more ivory than all the other trading posts together. He says Kurtz is someone who will go far in the Company. b. The manager calls Kurtz the best agent he had, an exceptional man of great importance to the Company. c. The brickmaker says Kurtz is a prodigy, an emissary of pity and progress, a universal genius. He speaks of Kurtz as an agent for the cause of bringing science and civilization to the natives. He also sees Kurtz as a man with influential people behind him. 10. The manager had worked in the region since his youth. He sees Marlow, like Kurtz, as having influential people behind him, and this probably causes him to worry about his position with the Company. 11. Marlow describes the manager as inspiring “neither love nor fear, nor even respect. He inspired uneasiness.” The manager was healthy, unlike others in the region. His behavior seemed to be a façade, all external, but inside him was all darkness. 12. Marlow is repulsed by the “philanthropic pretense,” the façade that Europe was overtly interested in making the Africans better people with better lives and better living conditions.