N1: INTENSIFIED CHEMISTRY UNIT N OUTLINE
UNIT N: SOLUTIONS TOPICS: This unit is designed to give you an understanding of: How solids, liquids and gases dissolve to form solutions The behavior of solutions How to quantify solubility of solvents at different temperatures How to calculate concentrations Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this unit, you will be expected to: 1. describe the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents; 2. identify and explain the factors that affect the rate of dissolving (i.e. temperature, concentration, and mixing); 3. describe the dynamic equilibrium that occurs in saturated solutions; 4. calculate concentration in terms of molarity; 5. use molarity to perform solution dilution calculations; 6. use a solubility curve to determine saturation values at different temperatures; 7. compare and contrast the properties of solutions with pure solvents (colligative properties such as freezing point, boiling point, and osmotic pressure). FRAMEWORK CHEMISTRY STRANDS: LEARNING CH.2 h; CH.4 e, g; CH.5 f STANDARDS: CLASSROOM N1: UNIT OUTLINE HANDOUT N2: Unit N Reading Notes MATERIALS N3: Supplemental problems in solution stoichiometry and molar dilution N4: CHAPTER 16 REVIEW ACTIVITY, MOLARITY CALCULATIONS B2: PERIODIC TABLE N5: UNIT STUDY GUIDE/Sample Questions with answers VOCABULARY/ You are expected to be thoroughly familiar with the following. You will find CONCEPTS/ definitions, explanations, and information about these in your reading (reference SCIENTISTS sections are noted). They will also be explained, discussed, and illustrated through classroom and lab activities. N1-1 Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures revisited (2.2: p. 45) N1-2 Soluble, Solutions—characteristics (2.2: p. 45; 16.1) N1-3 Solute, solvent (15.2: pp. 450—451) N1-4 Aqueous solutions and tinctures (15.2: pp. 450—451; class notes) N1-5 Gas solution (reading notes) N1-6 Solid solutions, alloys, amalgams (7.3: p. 203, reading notes) N1-7 Suspensions (15.3) N1-8 Colloids—dispersed phase and medium, emulsion, foam (15.3) N1-9 Tyndall Effect to test if a mixture is a solution (notes, 15.3) N1-10 Separating Mixtures: Filtration, centrifugation, decanting, evaporation, chromatography, distillation (2.2: pp. 45—47; reading notes)
N2-1 Solution concentration—molarity and associated calculations (16.2) N2-2 Preparation of a molar concentration solution (16.2, class notes) N2-3 Molar dilution calculations (16.2, class notes) N2-4 Molarity in stoichiometry calculations (class notes)
N3-1 Solutes: Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes (15.2: pp. 452—453) N3-2 Factors affecting rate of solution (16.1) N3-3 Solubility and solution equilibrium (16.1)
Please turn the page Intensified Unit N Outline, Page 2 of 2
N3-4 Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated solutions (16.1) N3-5 Solubility (16.1) N3-6 Factors affecting solubility—solute-solvent interactions (16.1) N3-7 Effect of polarity on solubility (15.2, reading notes) N3-8 Dissolving ionic compounds in water: Hydrates and hydrated ions (15.2: pp. 454-455) N3-9 Nonpolar solvents (15.2 reading notes) N3-10 Liquid solutions, miscibility, and immiscibility (16.1) N3-11 Effects of Pressure on solubility (16.1) N3-12 Henry’s Law and gas solubility—effervescence (16.1) N3-13 Effect of Temperature on solubility—Solubility curves and solubility tables, calcs (16.1) N3-13 solvation (15.2, 16.1) N3-14 heat of solution and entropy (17.3: p. 525; 18.4: pp.568—572)
N4-1 Dissociation of ions in aqueous solutions and ion concentration calcs (11.3, reading notes) N4-2 Precipitation Reactions and solubility rules (11.3) N4-3 net ionic equations, spectator ions (11.3) N4-4 Ionization of compounds in solution (reading notes) N4-5 Hydronium ion (15.2: p. 453) N4-6 Strong and weak electrolytes (15.2: p. 453) N4-7 Colligative properties (16.3)) N4-8 Vapor pressure lowering (16.3) N4-9 Freezing point depression (16.3) N4-10 Boiling point elevation (16.3) N4-11 molal conentration (16.4—pp. 491-492) N4-12 van’t Hoff factor (reading notes,16.3—but not given that name in text)
EVALUA You will be evaluated via the following: TION: Daily homework quizzes based on reading and written assignments Unit Quiz—covers all objectives stated above. ASSIGNMENTS: #N-1 Reading: 2.2 (pp. 45—47); 7.3 (p. 203); 15.2 (pp. 450—451); 15.3 Written: p. 58: # 47; p. 457: #8 p. 465: #48—51
#N-2 Reading: 16.2 Written: A: From N3 W/S(Solution Stoichiometry and Molar Dilution Problems): # 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 B: From N3 W/S(Solution Stoichiometry and Molar Dilution Problems): # 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, and 12
#N-3 Reading: 15.2, 16.1, 17.3 (p. 525); 18.4 (pp. 568—572) Written: p. 457: #12 p. 465: #33; p. 499: #48; p. 581: #64; Chapter 16 Review Activity (in outline packet)
#N-4 Reading: 11.3; 15.2 (p. 453); 16.3; 16.4 (pp. 491-492) Written: p. 347: # 55; p. 465: # 40; p. 499: # 56—59, 61