Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve

Chapter 13 How populations evolve

13.1 Who was the first scientist to propose that life evolves?

Where did Darwin’s voyage take him?

How did fossils and the current thinking in geology influence Darwin’s observations?

What does the term descent with modification mean?

13.2 Darwin used his observations on artificial selection to make his inferences on natural selection. What were those inferences? Comment on the statements;

“Individuals evolve through their interactions with the environment”.

“Evolution is goal directed”.

13.3 Many people exclaim that natural selection cannot be real because it cannot be observed in our lifetime. Give the two examples in the reading of natural selection in action.

13.4 Why is the fossil record so valuable in explaining the theory of evolution? (explain from the standpointwhat perspectives are gained from fossils?) 13.5 Explain the evidence for evolution found in the following areas;

Biogeography-

Comparative anatomy-

Molecular biology-

13.6 Are crocodiles more closely related to reptiles or birds? Explain your thinking! 13.7 What is microevolution, and how does this tie into the idea that populations evolve rather than individuals?

13.8 Describe the significance of the following evolutionary forces;

Genetic variation-

Mutation-

Sexual reproduction-

13.9 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium looks at genotype frequencies, and states that these frequencies remain constant. What five conditions must exist for a population to remain in the H-W equilibrium? Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a recessive allele. About one out of every 400 African- Americans is afflicted with the disease. Use the H-W equation to calculate the percentage of African-Americans who are carriers if q2 is .0025? SHOW WORK!

13.10 What is a practical use of the H-W equation?

13.11 So what are the factors that alter allele frequencies in a population?

Natural selection-

Genetic drift-

Bottleneck effect-

Founder effect- 13.12 Natural selection leads to adaptive evolution.

Give an example of an adaptation that is a result of natural selection. How would the term fitness be explained from your example?

13.13 Natural selection altering the variation in populations.

For the polygenic inheritance pattern for mouse fur color, the three graphs below show three different effects of natural selection. For each graph, state the name given to the selection process and then explain what caused the shift from the original population. 13.14 Give an example of sexual dimorphism, and explain how choosing a mate for its call, display, or ability to physically dominate over another male would be advantageous to a female.

13.15 How can the rise in populations of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics be used to explain evolution?

13.16 How can genetic variability be preserved in a population if natural selection is so good at selecting for the most fit individuals? Give two examples.

13.17 Why can’t natural selection fashion the perfect organism?