Contributed By: USDA NRCS Bismarck Plant Materials Center s1

Plant Guide

current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, SILVER state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

BUFFALOBERRY Description Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) General: Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster Family). Silver buffaloberry is a deciduous thorny, thicket-forming Nutt. native shrub to small tree that is drought-hardy and Plant Symbol = SHAR winter-hardy. It has opposite branching. As the shrub matures, the thin bark becomes grayish-brown, Contributed by: USDA NRCS Bismarck Plant and starts to peel. Its height varies from 3 to 20 feet. Materials Center The leaves are silvery gray in color on both top and bottom. They are about 1 to 2 inches long and about 3/8 inches wide. The male and female flowers are found on separate plants. In early spring (late April), the yellow-colored male flowers are quite noticeable, while the female flowers remain inconspicuous. This species is insect pollinated, most commonly by honey bees and bumble bees.

The fruit is drupe-like, ovoid, about ¼ inch long and one-seeded. The seed is a small, shiny-brown achene that is very hard. The berries start to form in late may and ripen by late summer. Most of the fruit are reddish-orange in color. Rarely, yellow fruit are seen. The ripe berries remain on the shrubs and, if USDA NRCS Bismarck Plant Materials Center not eaten, dry berries may still be present the following spring.

Alternate Names Distribution: It is found primarily in the prairies and Buffaloberry, Bull berry. southern parklands of the Prairie Provinces of Canada and south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Uses Oklahoma with small populations in western Wildlife: Provides ideal cover and nesting sites for Minnesota and northwestern Iowa. It is most many birds. It is a preferred food source of many commonly found in the northern Great Plains. songbirds and sharp-tailed grouse. Seeds of this Precipitation in this region varies from 13 to 23 shrub are dispersed in the droppings of birds and inches. It is hardy to Zone 3. In its area of ungulates, but sprouting of the seeds seems to occur distribution, it appears to be indifferent to variations very rarely in nature. It is also a browse source for in climate. No evidence of ecotypic variation has big game animals, as well as rodents. been noted.

Windbreaks: This species is suitable for the outside Habitat: It is found growing along streams, in coulees rows of multi-row belts. In a single-row planting, it and on exposed, moist hillsides where it forms forms a low, dense barrier. thickets in which several woody species are represented. Silver buffaloberry is capable of fixing Recreation and Beautification: The grayish green nitrogen in root nodules that contain bacteria. This foliage and bright red fruit in the fall are colorful. nitrogen may be important to other species and in the The thorns and moderate suckering may make it less establishment and maintenance of shrub desirable for urban plantings. communities.

Status Adaptation Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Silver buffaloberry grows on most well-drained soils. Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s It is tolerant of non-saline to slightly saline, calcareous soils. It prefers full sunlight, often on United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Plant Fact Sheet/Guide Coordination Page National Plant Data Center northwest to east facing slopes. The shrubs are excellent bank stabilizers, once established. The harvested fruit should be macerated to remove the pulp from the seeds. The pulp is removed by Establishment floating, changing the water several times. Non- Nursery grown seedlings generally establish readily stratified seed should be sown about ½ inch deep in if planted free of competing vegetation, in locations mid-September. Cover the seedbed with sand to having 13 inches or more of annual precipitation. prevent soil crusting. When growing seedlings o Occasionally, establishment problems are reported indoors, stratify the seed for 90 days at 41 F in order for no obvious reason. Bare root seedlings should be to break dormancy. Seedlings can be transplanted planted in the spring, once the threat of frost is over. after two growing seasons. The optimum spacing is 4 to 6 feet between plants. Successful establishment has been documented from Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and direct seeding into native grassland. Seed should be area of origin) sown about ½ inch deep in mid-September (Knudson Seedlings of silver buffaloberry are available from et al. 2002). many commercial conservation nurseries. ‘Sakakawea’ was developed by the North Dakota Management Plant Materials Center, Bismarck. This cultivar Control of invading weeds and grasses is important. originated from open-pollinated seed collected in Shallow cultivation works best. Silver buffaloberry 1954 in Canada. Within this selection, 12 to 20 is reported to be a suckering plant. However, the percent of the plants produce yellow fruit. suckers do not seem to be strongly competitive. Browsing often sharply reduces the amount of Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation suckers. Cultivation can also be used to stop the Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office spread of shoots or suckers, if that is a concern. for more information. Look in the phone book under Shelterbelts which are regularly cultivated show little ”United States Government”. The Natural Resources sign of suckering. Suckering may be encouraged for Conservation Service will be listed under the wildlife plantings. Control of competing vegetation subheading “Department of Agriculture.” is still needed to allow for adequate growth of the buffaloberry plants. References Hladek, K.L. 1971. Growth characteristics and Pests and Potential Problems utilization of buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea Insect problems are not severe. White heart rot Nutt.) in the Little Missouri River badlands of disease is a common problem on older plants. If southwestern North Dakota. Fargo, ND: North diseased plants are pruned, the life of the planting can Dakota State University. 106 p. Thesis. be prolonged. Knudson, M., W. Duckwitz, R. Bergsagel, N. Jensen, Environmental Concerns D. Tober. 2002. Native shrubs for conservation-II. This plant is quite thorny and produces suckers. Care 12th Wildland Shrub Symposium, Laramie, WY. should be taken to prevent suckers from taking root Aug., 2002. in unwanted areas around homes and agricultural systems. The berries contain saponin which can Looman, J. 1984. The biological flora of Canada. 4. cause irritation of the digestive system. However, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt., buffaloberry. The small amounts can be consumed with little risk. Canadian Field Naturalist. 98:231-244.

Seeds and Plant Production PFRA. [n.d.] Fruit-bearing shrubs for multi-use Silver buffaloberry is a seed propagated species. The shelterbelts and orchards. Prairie Farm fruit ripens in late summer and should be picked Rehabilitation Administration. Indian Head, slightly under ripe when making jellies because of Saskatchewan. the higher pectin levels. The fruit is best harvested by shaking branches and catching the fruits in a sheet Prepared By & Species Coordinator: or flat pan spread on the ground. When eating fresh, Michael Knudson fruit that is harvested after a light frost has a sweeter USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center taste. Looman (1984) estimates that a mature plant Bismarck, ND may have in excess of 10,000 seeds. Edited: 13feb2006 jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site or the Plant Materials Program Web site

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