AP European History - Unit 3 Study Guide (Absolutism and Constitutionalism)

UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE: Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Absolutism Constitutionalism

Challenges to Absolutism

1. N______

2. C______

3. R______

4. T______

5. U______6. Louis XIV 8. Peter the Great 10. “The 7. of France 9. of Russia Fredericks” 11. of Prussia 12. 35. 55. 13. The “______King” 36. Boyars 56. Prussia-Brandenburg 14. 37. 57. 58. “The ______15. "L'État, c'est moi" 38. Ivan the Terrible had of the 16. already reduced the power Holy Roman Empire “ of the boyars a century 17. Un roi, une loi, une before, but Peter furthered 59. foi.” this trend toward 60. Devastated by the Thirty 18. absolutism. Years’ War 19. Fronde 39. 61. 20. 40. Table of Ranks 62. House of Hohenzollern 63. 21. 41. 64. Frederick William I 22. Versailles 42. 65. “The Great Elector” 23. 43. Russian Orthodox 66. 24. Church Reform 67. Power to tax by decree 25. Edict of Nantes 44. 68. 26. 45. 69. Kings of Prussia 70. Frederick I 27. 46. Westernization 71. Frederick William I 28. Gallicanism 47. 72. Frederick II “the Great” 29. 48. 73. 30. 49. Wars 74. Prussian Militarism 31. J.B. Colbert and 50. 51. Azov Campaigns 75. Prussia made up for its Mercantilism 52. Great Northern War small size by maintaining a large, 32. well-trained army. 53. 33. 54. Purpose: 34. War of Spanish ______Ports Succession 76. 77. All absolute monarchs maintained large standing armies. Constitutional societies, such as England, were highly suspicious about peacetime standing armies for this reason. 78. The Development of English Constitutionalism 79. During the Stuart Dynasty 80. 81. 1603 – Death of Elizabeth I, the “Virgin Queen,” ending the Tudor dynasty. James VI of Scotland, of the Stuart dynasty, was invited to reign in England, in addition, becoming James I of England. 82. 83. James I 85. 84. (r. 1603-1625) 86. 87. 88. 89. Charles I 91. 90. (r. 1625-1649) 92. 93. English Civil War (1641-1651) Cavaliers vs. ______94. (Puritans)

95. INTERREGNUM 98. 96. a.k.a., Protectorate 99. Oliver Cromwell - ______97. (1649-1660) 100. 101. 102. Charles II 104. “Restless he rolls from whore to whore 103. (r. 1660-1685) 105. A ______monarch, scandalous and poor.” 106. 107. -- From a poem by the Earl of Rochester, Charles II’s friend 108. James II 110. 109. (r. 1685-1688) 111. 112. 113. Abdicated 114. GLORIOUS 116. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS REVOLUTION 117. 118. 115. (1688) 119. 120. William III 122. John Locke publishes Two Treatises on Government (of Orange) and 123. 124. Mary II (Stuart) 125. 121. (r. 1689-1702) 126. Anne 128. Queen during the War 127. (r. 1702-1714) of Spanish Succession 129. 130. Childless 131. END OF STUART DYNASTY 132. 133. FACT: 134. The Stuarts were succeeded by the House of Hanover, a German noble house with blood ties to the House of Stuart: 135. 136. Hanoverian Dynasty (1714-1901): 137. George I, II, III, and IV, William IV, Victoria 138. Philosophers of Absolutism and Constitutionalism 139. Jean Bodin and Jacques Bossuet 140. (Divine Right Absolutism) 141. 142. Bodin and Bossuet both argued that sovereignty resides in a monarch and 143. 144. Charles I receiving a crown from a hand above. James I and Charles I tried to put Divine Right theory into practice in England. Charles I paid for this with his life. 145. 146. Louis XIV, on the other hand, ruled by this philosophy and lived to a ripe old age. 147. 148. Thomas Hobbes 150. John Locke 149. (Philosophical Absolutism) 151. (Constitutionalism) 152. Leviathan 154. Two Treatises on 153. Job 24 (Description of the Government Leviathan) 155. 156. BACKDROP: 158. BACKDROP: 157. English Civil War (Bloody) 159. Glorious Revolution (Peaceful) 160. 163. 161. 164. NATURAL RIGHTS: 165. 166. L______167. 168. L______169. 170. P______171. 172. Consent of the Governed / Right of Revolution 162. 173. WHERE HOBBES AND LOCKE AGREE: 174. 175. Hobbes and Locke both rejected “divine right” theory. Both wrote that the first people are born into a state of nature, in which there was no government. In this state of nature, people have no way of protecting themselves or their property. For this reason, people form governments. 176. The only way to keep people 177. People establish governments from destroying each other is to have an to protect their natural rights of absolute ruler that is so powerful that no LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY. one could ever think of challenging him. Governments are agents of the People choose a sovereign maintain people in this regard, and can only order by governing absolutely. People act with the CONSENT OF THE do not have a right to overthrow the GOVERNED. The people maintain sovereign, as that brings things back to their sovereignty and may the state of war. overthrow any government that fails to protect natural rights. 178. The Dutch Republic 179. 180. MERCHANT OLIGARCHY 181. 182. The Dutch Republic was governed by a council of wealthy merchants. 183. 184. COMMERCIAL GIANT IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 185. 186. Amsterdam, as can be seen on the map to the right, is a natural port city. 187. 188. The Dutch provided the cheapest shipping rates in Europe at the time and dominated European (and, thus, international) commerce during the seventeenth century. 189. 190. They also established one of the first modern stock markets, which helped to raise capital for commercial ventures. 191. 192. LIMITED RELIGIOUS TOLERATION (any toleration was rare at this time in Europe) 193. 194. The Dutch Republic was dominated by Calvinist merchants. While the Dutch did not allow public expression of competing religion, they allowed Jews and Catholics to practice their religions in private. This policy attracted Jews from other parts of Europe (where they were still being persecuted), who became active in the vibrant business community. The Dutch were some of the first people to figure out that religious intolerance is not good for business. 195. 196. Here is an interesting article about religious toleration in the Dutch Republic: 197. http://www.umassd.edu/euro/2007papers/bikk.pdf 198. 199. DUTCH GOLDEN AGE ART 200. 201. Dutch art tended to picture people in everyday situations, such as the paintings below. Note the Calvinist simplicity with which the subjects are dressed. 202. 203. 204. 208. 205.The 209. A Account Woman Keeper Holding a Balance 206.Nicolaes Jan Maes, Vermeer, 1656 210. 207. 1662 211.

212. 213. For more information on Dutch Golden Age Art: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting