Name Date Period Honors Envi Sci: Chapter 14 Notesheet – AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESOURCES

INTRO – MAINTAINING GRAIN STOCKS 1. What is food security?

2. What are world grain stocks? What is their purpose?

3. World grain stocks have dropped in the past few years…give three reasons.

LESSON 1 – WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS 4. How many people lack the food they need? Where do 2/3 of these people live?

5. Distinguish between undernourished and malnourished.

6. Give three examples of how malnutrition can negatively affect a person.

7. Define overnutrition. Where is overnutrition most common?

8. Give two examples of how overnutrition can negatively affect a person.

9. How many countries are considered food deficient? What does that mean?

10. Where do most of the world’s undernourished people live? (Give two regions.)

11. Give five reasons why sub-Saharan Africa produces less food per person today than 60 years ago.

12. List three possible solutions for resolving the world’s food problems.

13. Despite differences, what factor do most experts agree is the main factor triggering food shortages?

14. How did grain production compare from 1970 to 2011? Grain per person? Why the discrepancy?

15. What is the projected world population of 2050? What does that mean for farmers?

16. Why is poverty is the largest factor in undernutrition? (Give two reasons.)

LESSON 2 – THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF AGRICULTURE 17. List and define the two main types of agriculture. Which do most developed nations practice? Why? 18. List and define four types of subsistence agriculture.

19. Distinguish between monoculture and polyculture. For the following table, decide whether each statement describes industrialized agriculture, subsistence agriculture, or both. Place a check in the box(es) as appropriate. Industrialized Subsistence Agriculture Agriculture 22. Contributes to increased pest resistance 23. Contributes to soil degradation 24. Little to no reserves stored for hard times 25. Practiced in developed countries 26. Practiced in developing countries 27. Produce high yields 28. Produces only enough food for families with little extra 29. Requires large amounts of land 30. Requires large inputs of capital 31. Requires large inputs of energy from fossil fuels 32. Requires large inputs of energy from humans

LESSON 3 – CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURE 33. List the four current challenges of U.S. agriculture.

34. What threats face the United States’ prime agricultural land?

35. What did the Farm Bill of 1996 establish?

36. What is the difference between traditional and modern plant and animal varieties?

37. How does the loss of traditional varieties contribute negatively to the environment?

38. Describe one way countries are preserving species diversity.

39. How do the agricultural yields (between developed and developing nations) today compare to the 1940s?

40. What has contributed to the higher yields in developed nations?

41. How has the Green Revolution contributed positively to nations like Mexico and Indonesia?

42. How has the Green Revolution contributed negatively?

43. Give two reasons why grain production will have to increase in the coming years.

44. How do plant geneticists plan to satisfy these needs?

45. List two ways farmers can increase livestock yields. Give one drawback for each of the methods.

46. What is the FAO and WHO’s response to claims that hormones found in livestock are unsafe for human consumption?

47. What is the WHO’s response to claims that the use of antibiotics in agriculture decreases their effectiveness in humans? 48. How does industrialized agriculture negatively affect water?

49. How does industrialized agriculture negatively affect land? List four.

LESSON 4 – SOLUTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS 50. How has our traditional solutions to meeting the food needs of our growing population compromised our ability to meet the needs of the future?

51. How does sustainable agriculture differ from industrialized agriculture?

52. What would a sustainable farm look like? Describe its characteristics.

53. How is biological diversity maintained?

54. How is soil quality maintained?

55. Compare and contrast organic agriculture and integrated pest management.

56. How long does it take to improve a crop (genetically) using traditional breeding methods? How does genetic engineering improve upon that?

57. How is genetic engineering different from traditional breeding methods?

58. List some ways crops could be improved using genetic engineering.

59. What country is the top producer of GM crops?

60. How does GM crop production in developing countries compare to developed countries?

61. What are some genuine concerns about GM crops? LESSON 5 – CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL PESTS 62. List four different categories of pesticides, and their target.

63. List three benefits of pesticides.

64. Why is a monoculture a great place for a pest?

65. Describe the characteristics of a “perfect pesticide.”

66. What is the danger with a prolonged use of a pesticide?

67. How can a pesticide contribute to bioaccumulation? Biological magnification?

68. How did bioaccumulation negatively affect the Peregrine falcon population in the second half of the 20th century? 69. How can a pesticide indirectly harm organisms other than the target organism?

70. How many U.S. residents drink water that contains traces of FIVE herbicides? What is the danger of consuming this water?

71. List and briefly describe the seven alterative methods of controlling pests in table 14.1.

72. What are the two premises on which integrated pest management is based?

73. What are organic foods, according to the Organic Food Production Act?

74. What do each of the following terms mean, in terms of food:  CERTIFIED ORGANIC  USDA ORGANIC  HUMANELY RAISED AND HANDLED

75. Where does the U.S. rank in terms of land dedicated to organic agriculture? What country is 1st? Who is the leading U.S. state in terms of organic agriculture?