G u i d e t o I n t e g r a t i n g Q u o t a t i o n s & P a r a p h r a s i n g C o n t e n t ( M L A S t y l e )
Do not merely drop a quotation into your work without properly introducing it or integrating it fully into your sentence. You have three options
Introduce the quotation with a statement that puts it in context. A colon follows a formal statement or independent clause.
Example
Lynn Quitman Troyka warns us of the particular challenges of using quotations in research papers: "The greatest risk you take when you use quotations is that you will end up with choppy, incoherent sentences" (184).
Use a signal phrase followed by a comma or a signal verb followed by that to announce a quotation.
Example
- According to Lynn Quitman Troyka, - The narrator suggests that - As Jake Barnes says, - Frye rejects this notion when he argues,
Integrate the quotation fully into your sentence. The quotation and your words must add up to a complete sentence.
Example
We know the boy has learned a painful lesson when he says that his eyes "burned with anguish and anger" (Thomson 481).
B l o c k Q u o t a t i o n s Indent longer quotations (more than four lines) ten spaces from the margin. Notice that quotation marks are not used to enclose material that is set off from the text and that the parenthetical reference is placed after the punctuation following the quotation.
Example
Early in the novel, Nick reveals his fascination with the novel's central character:
Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction - Gatsby who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. (Fitzgerald 6)
Q u o t a t i o n s W i t h i n Q u o t a t i o n s Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation.
Example
Jack Miller contends that "major religions are examples of ‘noble lies’ aimed at uplifting human stature" (B8).
S h o r t e n i n g Q u o t a t i o n s Use an ellipsis of three dots to shorten longer quotations by removing non-essential words and ideas. To distinguish between your ellipsis and the spaced periods that sometimes appear in works, place square brackets around the ellipsis points that you add.
The quotation must fit grammatically into the sentence even with the ellipsis. Retain enough of the quotation so that it still makes sense in your essay and you do not distort its meaning.
Example
In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, "Medical thinking [...] stresses air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers" (101-102). A d d i n g M a t e r i a l W i t h i n Q u o t a t i o n s Use square brackets to enclose material that you add to or change within a quotation to allow it to fit grammatically into a sentence.
Example
The boy tells us that "while she [Mangan's sister] spoke she turned a silver bracelet round and round her wrist" (Jones 207).
Q u o t e E x a c t l y If you note an error of grammar or spelling in the original, follow it with the word [sic] in square brackets.
Example
Smith realizes his folly when he says, "I cant [sic] believe I just said that!" (39).
P a r a p h r a s i n g : U s i n g Y o u r O w n W o r d s When you paraphrase, you are taking information that you have read and putting it into your own words. Paraphrasing is done to demonstrate that you understand what the author wrote. When you paraphrase, you must also cite where you obtained the information. Make sure that you entirely reword the passage.
Example
Original passage from a magazine article
The tight labour markets in various regions across Canada are making it increasingly difficult for some organizations to hire people with the needed skill sets. Organizations may be forced to bring in underskilled workers because of the increasing shortage of skilled workers.
Paraphrasing the passage - Put the main ideas into your own words. Add a citation for the source.
The lack of an adequately trained workforce has meant that, in certain Canadian markets, organizations will hire people who do not have the necessary qualifications for the positions (Murphy 11).