Crusades to the East

Major Crusades to the East: Outremer (“Over the Sea”)

Philip II Augustus & Richard I Lion-Hearted (14th century chronicle)

First Crusade (1095-1099) Mission: Pope Urban II calls for crusade at Clermont (1095):  to defend Eastern Christians & make pilgrimages safer  to redirect knights’ aggression  to recapture the Holy Sepulcher

Leaders: Peter the Hermit (spring 1096)  first wave (“People’s Crusade”)  massacred Jews, plundered Eastern Christian territory  slaughtered by Muslims (Seljuk Turks) near Nicaea  French princes (fall 1096)  second wave  Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon  won battles at Nicea & Dorylaeum  7-month siege  captured Antioch (summer 1098)  captured Jerusalem (summer 1099)  established 4 crusader states/kingdoms in Holy Land & crusading orders of monks (Templars, Hospitallers) Results: only crusade to successfully capture Jerusalem

Second Crusade (1145-1148) Mission: regain crusader capital of Edessa  captured by Muslims (1144)

Leaders: Pope Eugene II  St. Bernard of Clairvaux Louis VII of France, Conrad III of Germany -bickering, ineffective leadership -major German defeat at Dorylaeum (1147) -siege on Damascus  forced retreat (1148) Results: tremendous failure  Christians devastated Third Crusade (1187-1191) Mission: retake Jerusalem  fell to Saladin’s forces (1187)

Leaders: Pope Gregory VIII  Frederick Barbarossa of Holy Roman Empire  Richard I (Lion Heart) of England  Philip II (Augustus) of France

Results: Richard captures Cyprus from Byzantine prince (1191) Philip & Richard  successful siege on Acre and kills Muslim hostages (1191) Richard takes Jaffa & negotiates Christian access to Jerusalem

Fourth Crusade (1198-1204) Mission: to defeat Egypt, center of Muslim power

Leaders: Pope Innocent III  very ambitious reformer o taxes clergy  outcry o violates Canon law  wives’ consent to go o Enrico Dandolo  Doge of Venice o Alexius IV  Byzantine prince o Boniface de Monferrat

Results: crusader contract with the Venetians  passage to Egypt o unable to pay the bill o agree to attack Xian city on Adriatic  Zara o Zara pillaged  despite pope’s message Isaac Angelus  pays Turks for brother, Alexius III o Alexius III  blinds Isaac, imprisons him & his son, Alexius (IV) o prince escapes to the west  offers crusaders money, men, provisions Venetians & crusaders sack Constantinople (April 1204) o Pope Innocent III infuriated  excommunicates everyone o Alexius III slips away  Emperor Isaac Angelus restored o crusaders unsatisfied  attack the city again o 3-day massacre further sours East & West relations

Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Mission: To defeat Egypt, center of Muslim power Leaders: Pope Honorius III  crusade called for by Pope Innocent III

Results: crusaders attack Damietta, on the Nile (1218)  Muslims offer kingdom of Jerusalem, Pelagius refuses  siege continues  takes Damietta (1221)  inland advance fails  retreat w/ no gains

Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) Mission: To retake Jerusalem & the Holy Land Leaders: Pope Gregory IX & Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Results: Frederick negotiates access to Jerusalem (except Temple area)  last 10 yrs, denounced by both Christians & Muslims