Supporting Online Material For s5

SUPPORTING ONLINE MATERIAL FOR

The Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator:

Flight and Post-Flight Conditions and Modeling of Instrumental Fractionation

By R.C. Wiens et al.

Operation Times

Operation times at the L1 Lagrangian point for the Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator are given in Table S1. Overall the instrument operated over 112 intervals. The table gives the start and stop dates of each interval, giving the fraction of the day to three decimals (1.4 minutes), and gives the duration of the interval it was powered on as well as the duration between operation times. The station keeping maneuvers initially took a large fraction of a day, but later were accomplished in about eight hours. While there are many outages due to crossing the high-speed wind threshold (> 800 km/s for most of the mission), most of their durations are less than twenty minutes. Activity associated with the October, 2003, (DOY295) solar storm, with wind speeds > 1850 km/s (Skoug et al. 2004), resulted in temporary malfunction of the spacecraft’s star tracker and the spacecraft placed itself in safe mode prior to the onset of high-speed wind. The Concentrator was off for a total of 12.4 days. Another outage of 6.3 days occurred on 2004 DOY28 when the maximum operable H rejection grid voltage dropped in response to hot spacecraft temperatures at perihelion. It was decided to lower the solar wind speed threshold from 800 km/s to 600 km/s to limit the amount of proton radiation to the target, as the principal occurrences for protons passing the H rejection grid were during high speed flows. Thereafter the maximum operational solar wind speed remained 600 km/s.

Solar Wind Angular Distributions

The Genesis spacecraft was pointed an average of 4.5 ahead of the Sun in order to compensate for the spacecraft’s forward motion which resulted in an apparent slightly forward velocity vector to the solar wind. Automated daily station- keeping maneuvers kept the spacecraft within 0.5 of this average pointing direction, as shown in Fig. S1. The resulting angle between the spacecraft spin axis and the instantaneous solar wind flow is shown in the bottom half of the figure.

Table S2 provides total fluences for each Genesis Ion Monitor (GIM) detector over the course of the Concentrator operation period. The ratios of the fluences, along with the orientation of each GIM channel, were used to determine the angular distribution of the solar wind over the course of the Concentrator operation period for each velocity bin. H Rejection Grid Voltages

Fig. 5 in the main text shows the maximum H rejection grid potentials over the course of the mission. The data from which the figure was produced is provided in Table S3.

Backscatter Modeling

As described in the main text, backscattering was modeled as a function of angle and energy using SRIM. The results were fit in three dimensions using Eq. 1. The coefficients are given in Table S4.

Relationship Between Velocity and Distribution on the Target

As the solar wind velocity changes, the focus pattern on the target also changes. This is because at higher velocity the acceleration grid does a poorer job of straightening the ion trajectories, resulting in a greater fraction of ions missing the target at high velocities and an overall flatter spread for the ions that do hit the target. For oxygen the fraction hitting the target, of those ions that traverse all of the grids, starts near 82% for 350 km/s ions and drops progressively through 77%, 68%, and 63% for the next several velocity bins. The fraction rises slightly, to 65%, at 750 km/s because of the slightly better focusing properties for ions reflecting closer to the mirror electrode. The relative contributions of each velocity bin to each radial annular strip are given in Table S5 for oxygen ions. The pattern is remarkably the same for all elements up through Mg, and then for Si, S, and Ar the 750 km/s fraction drops to zero in all annular bins as the atomic mass increases.

Complete Results for Neon

Tables S6-S8 presents the complete modeling results for all three isotopes of neon, along with the statistical uncertainties of each velocity and radial bin. Using this one can see that the velocity-averaged results are consistent with mass- dependent fractionation. The uncertainties are mostly representative of the results for all of the different elements. Table S1. Operation intervals for the Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator.

Duration Time Start Day End Day days Off Reason Off 2001 339.972 2001 340.804 0.83 0.12 New Rej Grid Voltage 2001 340.920 2001 341.901 0.98 0.01 Monitor data unavailable 2001 341.913 2001 346.601 4.69 1.25 SKM-1A 2001 347.847 2002 9.771 26.92 0.01 New Mach # Table 2002 9.776 2002 16.628 6.85 1.00 SKM-1B 2002 17.627 2002 22.721 5.09 0.24 Rej Grid Test 2002 22.962 2002 31.840 8.88 0.05 New Rej Grid Voltage 2002 31.889 2002 42.797 10.91 0.05 WIND upload 2002 42.847 2002 79.719 36.87 0.38 SKM-1C 2002 80.097 2002 86.837 6.74 0.03 Rej Grid Test 2002 86.866 2002 86.872 0.01 0.05 Rej Grid Test 2002 86.922 2002 88.813 1.89 0.01 Upload Rej. Grid Patch 2002 88.826 2002 93.828 5.00 0.10 Rej Grid Test 2002 93.931 2002 95.899 1.97 0.01 New Rej Grid Voltage 2002 95.910 2002 107.817 11.91 7.15 Conc Safed 2002 114.963 2002 142.705 27.74 0.40 SKM-2A 2002 143.104 2002 143.444 0.34 0.32 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 143.760 2002 143.885 0.13 0.20 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 144.087 2002 144.163 0.08 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 144.177 2002 144.253 0.08 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 144.264 2002 144.365 0.10 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 144.382 2002 144.406 0.02 0.46 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 144.868 2002 144.889 0.02 0.20 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 145.087 2002 145.130 0.04 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 145.142 2002 145.188 0.05 0.05 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 145.233 2002 168.839 23.61 0.06 Rej Grid Test 2002 168.897 2002 175.703 6.81 0.02 Upload Rej Reset Patch 2002 175.726 2002 200.708 24.98 0.20 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 200.910 2002 200.958 0.05 0.07 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 201.031 2002 201.125 0.09 0.23 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 201.351 2002 201.361 0.01 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 201.385 2002 201.420 0.03 0.07 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 201.490 2002 201.517 0.03 0.04 Hi-Speed Wind 2002 201.556 2002 205.622 4.07 0.36 SKM-2B 2002 205.983 2002 268.642 62.66 0.30 SKM-2C 2002 268.941 2002 282.835 13.89 0.08 Rej Grid Test 2002 282.915 2002 308.983 26.07 0.00 ?? 2002 308.987 2002 344.972 35.99 0.29 SKM-3A 2002 345.258 2002 352.630 7.37 0.00 Lower max rej grid V 2002 352.635 2003 28.882 41.25 0.09 Rej Grid Test 2003 28.971 2003 37.507 8.54 0.56 SKM-3B 2003 38.069 2003 79.298 41.23 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 79.307 2003 94.708 15.40 0.06 Rej Grid Test 2003 94.772 2003 106.632 11.86 0.31 SKM-3C 2003 106.942 2003 129.223 22.28 0.31 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 129.535 2003 150.774 21.24 0.03 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 150.799 2003 154.093 3.29 0.05 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 154.139 2003 154.770 0.63 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 154.774 2003 154.792 0.02 0.08 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 154.871 2003 155.599 0.73 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 155.614 2003 159.467 3.85 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 159.470 2003 162.674 3.20 0.32 SKM-4A 2003 162.992 2003 187.872 24.88 0.04 Monitor data unavailable 2003 187.909 2003 198.833 10.92 0.08 Rej Grid Test 2003 198.910 2003 211.649 12.74 0.32 SKM-4B 2003 211.970 2003 212.456 0.49 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 212.473 2003 212.624 0.15 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 212.647 2003 212.976 0.33 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 212.997 2003 213.013 0.02 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 213.031 2003 213.448 0.42 0.04 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 213.488 2003 213.624 0.14 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 213.634 2003 267.633 54.00 0.32 SKM-4C 2003 267.949 2003 295.510 27.56 12.39 Conc Safed; S/C Safed 2003 307.904 2003 310.802 2.90 0.07 Rej Grid Test 2003 310.868 2003 323.737 12.87 0.30 SKM-5A 2003 324.040 2003 344.774 20.73 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 344.778 2003 344.894 0.12 0.03 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 344.926 2003 344.936 0.01 0.06 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.001 2003 345.062 0.06 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.073 2003 345.177 0.10 0.03 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.207 2003 345.215 0.01 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.240 2003 345.326 0.09 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.337 2003 345.389 0.05 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.406 2003 345.458 0.05 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.476 2003 345.799 0.32 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.808 2003 345.842 0.03 0.03 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 345.875 2003 347.255 1.38 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 347.260 2003 347.860 0.60 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 347.867 2003 347.906 0.04 0.07 Hi-Speed Wind 2003 347.979 2004 14.688 31.71 0.32 SKM-5B 2004 15.009 2004 28.547 13.54 6.32 Conc Safed 2004 34.868 2004 46.970 12.10 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 46.986 2004 47.168 0.18 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 47.182 2004 47.474 0.29 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 47.477 2004 47.566 0.09 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 47.569 2004 47.703 0.13 0.42 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 48.124 2004 54.978 6.85 0.01 Max v chg to 600 km/s 2004 54.988 2004 60.103 5.12 0.09 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 60.194 2004 60.205 0.01 0.91 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 61.115 2004 61.125 0.01 0.10 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 61.224 2004 61.234 0.01 1.62 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 62.856 2004 62.877 0.02 0.47 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 63.342 2004 63.354 0.01 0.37 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 63.728 2004 64.099 0.37 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 64.113 2004 69.955 5.84 1.03 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 70.981 2004 70.988 0.01 0.83 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 71.818 2004 71.827 0.01 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 71.846 2004 71.859 0.01 0.13 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 71.994 2004 72.021 0.03 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 72.031 2004 72.085 0.05 0.00 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 72.088 2004 72.108 0.02 0.24 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 72.348 2004 72.362 0.01 0.03 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 72.395 2004 87.515 15.12 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 87.524 2004 87.557 0.03 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 87.576 2004 87.726 0.15 1.52 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.247 2004 89.420 0.17 0.01 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.431 2004 89.444 0.01 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.463 2004 89.569 0.11 0.04 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.613 2004 89.639 0.03 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.656 2004 89.709 0.05 0.09 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.797 2004 89.825 0.03 0.02 Hi-Speed Wind 2004 89.840 2004 92.672 2.83 End of Collection Rej Grid = H rejection grid; SKM = station keeping maneuver; Conc = Concentrator; S/C = spacecraft; Max v chg = maximum voltage change Table S2. Total fluences, in arbitrary units, for each Genesis Ion Monitor channel electron multiplier (CEM) per 100 km/s velocity bin, with median angle from the spin axis for each detector. v (km/s) CEM 1 CEM 2 CEM 3 CEM 4 CEM 5 CEM 6 CEM 7 CEM 8

300-400 7.03e1 9.21e12 1.08e1 5.19e12 2.05e1 4.61e11 1.19e1 2.89e10 1 3 2 1

400-500 6.23e1 8.73e12 1.12e1 5.73e12 2.46e1 6.51e11 2.03e1 6.14e10 1 3 2 1

500-600 3.50e1 5.06e12 6.58e1 3.34e12 1.40e1 4.11e11 1.51e1 5.56e10 1 2 2 1

600-700 1.88e1 2.76e12 3.83e1 1.87e12 6.98e1 1.78e11 5.68e1 1.90e10 1 2 1 0

700-800 8.15e1 1.29e12 1.85e1 8.21e11 2.61e1 5.95e10 1.74e1 5.29e09 0 2 1 0

Angle (deg) 0.28 2.78 5.78 8.77 11.77 14.77 17.77 20.77 Table S3. Maximum H rejection grid voltages allowed by software.

Max Start Day Volts

2001 339.965 1300

2001 341.913 1500

2002 31.889 1600

2002 88.826 1880

2002 95.908 2060

2002 114.963 1980

2002 143.104 1880

2002 175.726 2060

2002 352.635 1980

2003 211.970 2120

2003 307.904 1980

2004 34.868 1650

2004 89.840 0 Table S4. Backscattering fit coefficients for various ions using Eq. 1. Unless otherwise noted, the substrate is SiC. Subscripts denote the power of the terms in the polynomial.

3He 4He 6Li 7Li 12C in Si 13C in Si 14N 15N 16O 18O 20Ne 22Ne 24Mg 26Mg 36Ar 38Ar

x0 4.97E0 4.98E0 4.50E0 3.09E0 4.46E0 3.32E0 9.66E-1 9.27E-1 1.26E0 5.90E-1 5.74E-1 3.80E- 2.20E-1 1.15E- 5.00E-2 5.46E-2

x1 1.30E-2 1.17E- 7.46E-3 6.79E- 0.00E0 -6.27E- -6.79E-3 -6.55E- -1.26E-2 -9.99E-3 -1.48E-2 1- -2.39E-2 1- -4.70E-2 -4.65E-2

x2 1.83E-3 1.83E-2 1.97E-3 5.85E-4 2.17E-3 5.96E-4 5.09E-3 5.07E-33 4.94E-3 4.93E-3 5.12E-3 4.96E-1.50E- 4.72E-3 3.45E-2.04E- 5.15E-3 5.13E-3

x3 9.80E-7 1.07E-3 9.61E-7 -1.53E-3 0.00E0 -1.57E-3 -1.68E-4 -1.68E- -1.68E-4 -1.68E-4 -1.68E-4 3- -1.71E-4 3- -1.82E-4 -1.83E-4

x4 1.93E-6 1.94E-6 1.83E-6 3.34E-4 1.90E-6 3.42E-4 3.14E-6 3.14E-64 3.13E-6 3.13E-6 3.13E-6 3.14E-1.70E- 3.16E-6 2.82E-1.34E- 2.62E-6 2.60E-6

y0 3.01E0 3.03E06 2.50E0 1.55E06 2.19E0 1.52E06 3.45E-1 3.53E-1 5.26E-1 1.96E-1 1.51E-1 1.03E-6 4.21E-2 1.17E-6 1.24E-3 1.11E-3

y1 1.13E-3 1.24E- 6.22E-3 2.84E- 4.85E-3 2.24E- 1.92E-2 1.88E-2 1.74E-2 1.60E-2 1.74E-2 1.30E-1 5.08E-3 1.37E-2 2.33E-5 2.13E-5

y2 9.69E-7 9.61E-3 7.33E-7 5.95E-2 6.93E-7 8.93E-2 4.35E-4 4.42E-4 3.08E-4 4.15E-4 4.36E-4 4.74E-2 4.62E-4 4.05E-3 1.65E-5 1.71E-5

y3 6.49E-5 6.45E-7 5.34E-5 1.25E-4 4.52E-5 -1.20E-4 -1.44E-5 -1.43E- -1.43E-5 -1.41E-5 -1.61E-5 4- -1.75E-5 4- -3.75E-6 -3.79E-6

y4 2.5E-7 2.45E-5 2.48E-5 8.51E-6 2.40E-7 8.53E-5 7.39E-7 7.39E-75 7.16E-7 7.13E-7 7.08E-7 7.00E-1.65E- 6.77E-7 6.93E-1.67E- 3.18E-7 3.15E-7 residu 8.39 7.077 9.85 9.777 9.76 7.847 5.76 4.72 8.13 7.33 4.95 4.417 6.13 6.947 3.92 3.49 al Table S5. Relative contributions of each velocity bin to each radial strip.

R (mm) 350 km/s 450 km/s 550 km/s 650 km/s 750 km/s Total

0-5 0.28 0.33 0.19 0.12 0.08 1.00

5-10 0.27 0.33 0.20 0.13 0.08 1.00

10-15 0.24 0.33 0.21 0.14 0.08 1.00

15-20 0.20 0.34 0.22 0.15 0.09 1.00

20-25 0.15 0.33 0.24 0.18 0.10 1.00

25-30 0.11 0.32 0.26 0.20 0.11 1.00 Table S6. Modeling results for all three isotopes of neon.

Radial Bin Ne-20 IONS ON TARGET Ne-21 IONS ON TARGET Ne-22 IONS ON TARGET 580 790 (mm) 368 km/s 475 km/s km/s 686 km/s km/s 368 km/s 475 km/s 580 km/s 686 km/s 790 km/s 368 km/s 475 km/s 580 km/s 686 km/s 790 km/s 0-5 158206 112814 67247 39247 53721 160866 114187 91687 59549 43867 160968 116355 70224 40364 43532 5-10 413887 309078 185058 106679 143976 415791 310617 250763 161841 114656 416883 312071 190321 109864 114189 10-15 461069 388455 243072 142669 185989 458405 388018 324069 216138 148071 456980 387526 244741 144969 146109 15-20 328714 337466 227360 141360 173627 324848 335907 299971 212709 137790 322542 333311 224503 142031 134504 20-25 176185 231390 170150 112648 132892 176293 229721 226095 168309 104875 175677 228804 168645 111701 103663 25-30 84108 140482 115341 78081 90237 84664 139236 153226 116400 71696 86523 138560 114100 77333 70239 102769 Total on tgt* 1632790 1541315 2 633748 795430 1631710 1539055 1371285 954310 632609 1630722 1538054 1031925 639006 623564 1.50E+0 1.25E+0 Total flown 2.00E+06 2.00E+06 6 1.00E+06 6 2.00E+06 2.00E+06 2.00E+06 1.50E+06 1.00E+06 2.00E+06 2.00E+06 1.50E+06 1.00E+06 1.00E+06 *includes a bin for 30-31 mm, out to the edge of the target assembly; the statistics of that bin by itself are insignificant Table S7. Calculated instrumental fractionation for neon isotopes, from results in Table S6

Velocit y- Averag Radial Bin d-21Ne (permil) d-22Ne (permil) ed 368 475 686 475 580 686 790 (mm) km/s km/s 580 km/s km/s 790 km/s 368 km/s km/s km/s km/s km/s 12.1 0-5 16.81 7 22.58 11.53 20.71 16.07 17.46 31.39 44.27 28.46 12.92 28.20 5-10 4.60 4.98 16.29 11.39 -4.56 7.17 7.24 9.68 28.44 29.86 -8.61 13.84 10-15 -5.78 -1.12 -0.08 9.97 -4.84 -0.82 -8.87 -2.39 6.87 16.12 -18.03 -0.78 15-20 -11.76 -4.62 -10.48 3.16 -8.00 -6.44 -18.78 -12.31 -12.57 4.75 -31.66 -12.70 20-25 0.61 -7.21 -3.40 -3.92 -13.53 -5.13 -2.88 -11.18 -8.85 -8.41 -24.93 -10.19 25-30 6.61 -8.87 -3.65 -6.16 -6.84 -4.96 28.71 -13.68 -10.76 -9.58 -27.02 -8.59 Total -0.66 -1.47 0.75 3.88 -5.87 -0.39 -1.27 -2.12 4.12 8.30 -20.08 -0.57

Table S8. Statistical uncertainties on the entries in Table S7.

Velocit y- Averag Radial Bin d-21Ne Uncertainty (permil) d-22Ne Uncertainty (permil) ed 368 475 686 475 580 686 790 (mm) km/s km/s 580 km/s km/s 790 km/s 368 km/s km/s km/s km/s km/s 0-5 3.60 4.25 5.19 6.58 6.57 2.23 3.60 4.31 5.63 7.29 6.53 2.31 5-10 2.21 2.55 3.11 3.99 3.94 1.34 2.21 2.56 3.36 4.43 3.93 1.39 10-15 2.07 2.27 2.68 3.45 3.47 1.19 2.07 2.26 2.88 3.79 3.43 1.22 15-20 2.44 2.43 2.75 3.44 3.58 1.28 2.43 2.41 2.94 3.77 3.52 1.30 20-25 3.37 2.92 3.20 3.83 4.07 1.57 3.36 2.92 3.41 4.19 4.04 1.59 25-30 4.90 3.75 3.88 4.60 4.97 2.05 4.98 3.73 4.13 5.02 4.90 2.10 Total 1.11 1.14 1.31 1.63 1.67 0.60 1.11 1.14 1.40 1.79 1.66 0.61