The Cold War WHAP/Napp

The Cold War WHAP/Napp Do Now: “The Cold War was one of the great postwar reconfigurations. The collapse of colonialism and the emergence of more than eighty new nations from colonial control to independence was another. This process of decolonization was in large part a legacy of the world wars and the global depression. The anti-colonial nationalists gained important new allies as the United States and the Soviet Union both added their voices. The Soviet Union had from its inception under Lenin declared its opposition to overseas colonialism, although its post-World War II holdings in central and eastern Europe and central Asia looked like its own form of colonialism close to home. The United States, too, especially under Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Truman, spoke out for an end of colonialism. These anti-colonialism stands had some effect. Churchill, for example, moderated his pro- colonial positions, especially in regard to India, in deference to his wartime colleagues.

In Southeast Asia, the Japanese had driven out the European colonial powers during World War II. At the end of the war, the Europeans tried to return but they faced nationalist opponents who wanted no more of colonialism. After World War II, the French attempted to reestablish colonial rule in Vietnam but met armed opposition and guerrilla warfare led by Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the communist Vietminh or Independence League. The Vietminh had established themselves in 1939 to fight against French colonialism. Then they had fought against the Japanese occupation. Now they were once again fighting the French. After the French lost the decisive battle of Dienbienphu in May 1954, they signed an armistice agreement with the Vietminh that partitioned the country at the 17th parallel. The Vietminh governed the north. In the south, the French transferred full sovereignty to a new anti-communist government and withdrew their troops. Civil war engulfed the south. The north, under a communist government, called repeatedly for the reunification of the country and supported communist insurgents, the Vietcong, against the government of the south. America, tragically misreading an essentially nationalist civil war as a Cold War battle, and unskilled in fighting guerilla warfare; committed increasing number of its own troops to supporting the government of the south in an ultimately doomed cause. It finally signed a peace agreement in 1973 and evacuated its last troops in ignominious defeat in 1975.

The Vietnam War intruded deeply and divisively into US domestic life. President Johnson buffeted by the anti-Vietnam War movement declined to run for a second term. The war ended only under President Richard Nixon in 1973. Nixon’s opening to communist China marked a turning point in US relations with communist countries as he visited China in 1972, recognized it diplomatically, and finally allowed it to take China’s Seat on the UN Security Council, replacing the government of Taiwan on that body.” ~ The World’s History 1- What were the two most significant developments of the post-World War II era? ______2- Describe how decolonization and the Cold War affected Vietnam. ______3- What were the causes and effects of the Vietnam War? ______I. The Cold War and Client States or Allies of the U.S.A. or the U.S.S.R. A. In Afghanistan, a Marxist party had taken power in 1978 B. Land reforms and efforts to liberate women alienated conservative Muslims C. Soviets intervened but were soon bogged down in a war they could not win D. (1979-1989): Afghan guerrillas (received U.S.A. aid) led to a Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and the rise of an Islamic Fundamentalist regime E. Also conflict in Cuba: Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis F. Yet some countries, such as India, took a posture of nonalignment (not allied) G. When the Americans refused to assist Egypt in building Aswan Dam in mid- 1950s, developed close relationship with Soviets but in 1972, Soviets expelled H. United States spearheaded Western effort to contain communism II. Cold War Surprises – Divisions in the Communist World A. Joseph Stalin died in 1953 and successor, Nikita Khrushchev, stunned country when delivered a speech in 1956 presenting Stalin’s crimes B. In Eastern Europe, Yugoslav leaders early on rejected Soviet domination C. Fearing spread of reform movements, Soviet forces invaded supposed allies in Hungary (1956-1957) and Czechoslovakia (1968) to crush democracy groups D. In the early 1980s, Poland was seriously threatened with a similar action E. USSR and China found themselves opposed: rivalry for communist leadership F. Chinese criticized Khrushchev for backing down in Cuban missile crisis, and to Soviets Mao was insanely indifferent to consequences of nuclear war G. Enmity benefited U.S.: 1970s – “triangular diplomacy” like signing arms control agreements with USSR and opening relationship with China H. Nationalism proved more powerful than communist solidarity III. “Miracle Year” – 1989 – And Profound Changes A. Popular movements in Eastern Europe toppled despised governments B. But climatic act occurred in 1991 in the Soviet Union C. Mikhail Gorbachev had come to power in 1985 intending to revive and save Soviet socialism from its accumulated dysfunction D. Glasnost or “openness” – perestroika (“economic restructuring”) – free market E. But exacerbated country’s many difficulties and led to its political disintegration on Christmas Day of 1991 IV. Failures of Communism A. Economically: forced to stand in long lines for goods of poor quality B. Morally: horrors of Stalin’s Terror and the gulag, Mao’s Cultural Revolution, and of genocide in communist Cambodia V. Reforms A. In China, after Mao’s death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping emerged as leader B. Deng’s economic reforms: dismantled collective farms and a return to small- scale private agriculture occurred leading to stunning economic growth C. But when a democracy movement surfaced in late 1980s, Deng ordered brutal crushing of its demonstration in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square D. Gorbachev’s perestroika (“restructuring), paralleled aspects of the Chinese approach by freeing state enterprises from the heavy hand of government E. Gorbachev’s Glasnost (“openness”) was a policy of free speech F. Gorbachev also abandoned Brezhnev Doctrine 1- What was a Client State during the Cold War? ______2- When did a Marxist regime come to power in Afghanistan? ______3- Why was it surprising that a Marxist regime came to power in Afghanistan? ______4- What nation supported Afghanistan’s Marxist regime? ______5- Why was the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan compared to the U.S. in Vietnam? ______6- Define nonalignment. ______7- Identify a country that embraced nonalignment during the Cold War. ______8- Decolonized nations also played Cold War politics. Describe Egypt’s choices. ______9- Define containment. ______10- How did Khrushchev stun the Communist world? ______11- Define “triangular diplomacy.” ______12- Provide an example of “triangular diplomacy.” ______13- What proved to be more powerful than communist solidarity? Why? ______14- Why was 1989 a “Miracle Year” in the Cold War? ______15- What happened in 1991 that surprised people around the world? ______16- Who was the last communist leader of the Soviet Union? ______17- Explain this leader’s policy of perestroika. ______18- Explain this leader’s policy of glasnost. ______19- Why did communism fail? ______20- Who was Deng Xiaoping? ______21- How did Deng Xiaoping change China economically? ______22- What happened at Tiananmen Square? ______23- What happened to the Brezhnev Doctrine under Gorbachev? ______

1. Which of the following is associated 3. Which communist states in Eastern with Khrushchev’s leadership of Europe broke away from the Soviet the Soviet Union? bloc before the 1980s? I. The brutal suppression of the (A)Yugoslavia and Bulgaria Hungarian uprising (B) Yugoslavia and Albania II. Official denunciation of Stalin’s (C)Yugoslavia and Romania dictatorial excesses (D)Yugoslavia and Hungary III. A declared willingness to establish (E) Yugoslavia and East Germany friendlier relations with the nations of the West 4. Which best characterizes IV. A sudden increase in the power of the weaknesses of the Soviet economy KGB after World War II? (A)I only I. Inflexible central planning (B) I or II only II. Low worker morale and productivity (C)I and IV only III. Raw-material shortages (D)I, II, and III (A)I and II (E) I, III, and IV (B) II and III (C)I and III 2. What made the launching of (D)I only Sputnik and the flight of Yuri (E) II only Gagarin MOST troubling to the United States? 5. Which Soviet leader was a leading (A)The blows to national prestige force in imposing economic, they represented. diplomatic, and political reforms (B) Triumphs in the “space race” after 1985 that contributed directly were technologically linked to to the demise of Soviet socialism? progress in the nuclear arms (A)Nikolay Bukharin race. (B) Leonid Brezhnev (C)Gagarin’s landing on the moon (C)Mikhail Gorbachev gave rise to fears that the USSR (D)Nikita Khrushchev would make territorial claims (E) Lavrenty Beria there. (D) Both Sputnik and Gagarin’s 6. How did Deng Xiaoping’s reforms spaceship were armed with differ from Mikhail Gorbachev’s? advanced laser weaponry. (A)Gorbachev allowed political and (E) Both Sputnik and Gagarin’s cultural liberalization, whereas spaceship were used to take Deng did not reconnaissance photographs of (B) Gorbachev allowed economic U.S. missile silos. liberalization, whereas Deng did not Thesis Practice: Comparative – Deng Xiaoping and Mikhail Gorbachev Analyze similarities and differences in the political and economic goals of Deng Xiaoping and Mikhail Gorbachev. ______