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What’s New in the National Police Library

March 2016

National Police Library Sunningdale Park Larch Avenue Ascot SL5 0QE

Tel: +44 (0)1256 602650 Email: [email protected]

Registered members of the National Police Library may borrow any of the material listed below, please cut and paste details and request by email from [email protected].

Please note that copyright rules apply to selections made from What’s New – only 1 article per issue may be supplied.

Signed Copyright Declarations must be submitted in advance of the supply of copies

Child Abuse

Australian prosecutors’ perceptions of the utility of child investigative interview protocols. BENSON, Mairi S; POWELL, Martine International Journal of Police Science and Management (Vol. 17 no. 4, 2015, p.216-229.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355715616958 This study found that prosecutors were generally supportive of the structure of interview protocols, but had concerns about the oath and truth-lie competency test, the ground rules, the practice narrative and eliciting a disclosure.

Development of a computational biomechanical infant model for the investigation of infant head injury by shaking. JONES, Michael David; MARTIN, Phillip S; WILLIAMS, Jonathan M; KEMP, Alison; THEOBALD, Peter Medicine Science and the Law (Vol. 55 no. 4, October 2015, p.291-299.) Combines radiological, kinematic, mechanical modelling and data from the literature to develop a model to investigate injuries.

Toxic knowledge: self-alteration through child abuse work. SIGAD, Laura I; DAVIDOV, Jonathan; LEV-WIESEL, Rachel; EISIKOVITS, Zvi Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 3, February 2016, p.481-499.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555868 Examined ways in which the private lives of professionals are affected by involvement with child abuse intervention and prevention.

Community Policing

Democratic policing, community policing and the fallacy of conflation in international police development missions. SHILSTON, Timothy International Journal of Police Science and Management (Vol. 17 no. 4, 2015, p.207-215.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355715618331 Argues that conflation results in an incomplete application of democratic policing in every case, and cultural inappropriateness in some.

Computer Crimes

Effect of a surveillance banner in an attacked computer system: additional evidence for the relevance of restrictive deterrence in cyberspace. WILSON, Theodore; MAIMON, David; SOBESTO, Bertrand; CUKIER, Michel Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 52 no. 6, November 2015, p.829-855.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427815587761 Finds that there is modest support for using a restrictive deterrence to mitigate system trespassing.

Crime Analysis

Spatiotemporal analysis of arson. GRUBB, Jonathan A; NOBLES, Matt R Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 53 no. 1, February 2016, p.66-92.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427815590858 Found that repeat incidents of arson are more likely in close proximity to an initiating event.

Crime rates of non-resident foreigners in Finland, 2009–2012. LEHTI, Martti Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention (Vol. 16 no. 2, 2015, p.194-202.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2015.1084078 Finds that days-of-presence-adjusted (DPA) crime rates are a useful tool to compare the criminality of different visitor groups, particularly for showing the patterns of professional property crime.

Crime Prevention

Monetary value of early developmental crime prevention and its policy significance. WELSH, Brandon C; FARRINGTON, David P Criminology and Public Policy (Vol. 14 no. 4, 2015, p.673-680.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12167 Discusses Dominguez and Raphael's article in this journal issue and stresses the importance of cost- benefit analysis in persuading government policy makers to invest in prevention programs.

Crime Scene Examination

Applying Hill's criteria to determine the validity of cause and effect associations in crime scene analysis. GARDNER, Ross M Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.803-812.) Describes Austin Bradford Hill's criteria for evaluating causal connection in medicine as they apply to crime scene reconstruction.

Criminal Behaviour

Consistency and specificity in burglars who commit prolific residential burglary: Testing the core assumptions underpinning behavioural crime linkage. BOUHANA, Noemie; JOHNSON, Shane D; PORTER, Mike Legal and Criminological Psychology (Vol. 21 no. 1, February 2016, p.77-94.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12050

This research finds that there is consistency in the way offences are committed, but for specificity, it suggests that patterns are not homogeneous across offenders or the type of MO considered.

Criminal thinking: a fixed or fluid process? MORGAN, Robert; BATASTINI, Ashley B; MURRAY, Danielle D; SERNA, Catherine; PORRAS, Claudia Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 42 no. 10, October 2015, p.1045-1065.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815578948 Studied whether criminal thinking and antisocial attitudes increase with greater proximity to a criminal act.

Proactive criminal thinking and the transmission of differential association: a cross-lagged multi-wave path analysis. WALTERS, Glenn D Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 42 no. 11, November 2015, p.1128-1144.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815582042 The results of this research support social learning and criminal thinking theories, where peer delinquency helps shape proactive criminal thinking, and proactive criminal thinking effectively mediates the relationship between peer delinquency and serious offending.

Offending and desistance: the importance of social relations. WEAVER, Beth Taylor & Francis Ltd 2015 ISBN: 9781315755915 INTERNET RESOURCE Link to full text via Dawsonera service: http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315755915 This book examines a group of six Scottish men as they change their lives and relationships to one another, develop new concerns and social ties and attempt to extricate themselves (and each other) from multiple cycles of imprisonment and release.

Criminal Investigation

Vulnerable and intimidated witness: a socio-legal analysis of special measures EWIN, Rob Journal of Applied Psychology and Social Science (Vol. 1 no. 2, 2015, p.31-54) INTERNET RESOURCE Link to full text: http://194.81.189.19/ojs/index.php/apass/article/viewFile/278/404 Vulnerable and intimidated witnesses are not identified in the early stages of most criminal investigations and trials, which is often detrimental to the trial outcome, attracts significant financial cost, and leaves victims to flounder. Options for witnesses such as Visually Recorded Evidence and 'Special Measures' are underused and there is still room for improvement which would benefit victims, witnesses and criminal justice agencies.

Change blindness and eyewitness identification: effects on accuracy and confidence. FITZGERALD, Ryan J; ORIET, Chris; PRICE, Heather L Legal and Criminological Psychology (Vol. 21 no. 1, February 2016, p.189-201.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12044 This research found that, although change blindness increases misidentifications, this was mainly misidentifing innocents who are not at risk of wrongful conviction.

Investigating unexpected child deaths: an audit of the new joint agency approach.

GARSTANG, Joanna; DEBELLE, Geoff; AUKETT, Anne Child Abuse Review (Vol. 24 no. 5, 2015, p.378-384.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.2271 Recommends that the joint agency approach should be used to investigate all unexpected child deaths, that final case discussions should not be unduly delayed and that bereaved parents be given the opportunity of a follow-up appointment with the paediatrician.

Enigmatic death in farm chopping machine: is this the perfect murder? GIOIA, Sara American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Vol. 36 no. 3, 2015, p.196-198.) Discusses a case in 2012 in Italy where a farm owner reported his wife missing and she was found in a chopping machine.

How does timing of recall affect eyewitness memory and psychological distress? MACKAY, Thomas L; PATERSON, Helen M Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (Vol. 30 no. 4, 2015, p.242-253.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9156-z An increases in anxiety is found after completion of the Self-Administered Interview (SAI) but this was not found to have an effect on PTSD symptoms at follow-up conducted one week later, irrespective of whether it was completed immediately or after a delay.

Cross-language applicability of linguistic features associated with veracity and deception. MATSUMOTO, David; HWANG, Hyisung C; SANDOVAL, Vincent A Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (Vol. 30 no. 4, 2015, p.229-241.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9155-0 Examines the use of linguistic features and grammatical structures associated with word usage for Statement Analysis and finds that the technique is useful across English, Spanish and Chinese.

Birds of a feather get misidentified together: high entitativity decreases recognition accuracy for groups of other-race faces. MCGUIRE, Mollie; PEZDEK, Kathy Legal and Criminological Psychology (Vol. 21 no. 1, February 2016, p.202-211.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12066 Increasing group entitativity (the degree to which members of a group are perceived as a coherent unit) decreased recognition accuracy for cross-race faces but increased recognition accuracy for same- race faces.

Communication in investigative and legal contexts: integrated approaches from forensic psychology, linguistics and law enforcement. OXBURGH, Gavin; MYKLEBUST, Trond; GRANT, Tim; MILNE, Rebecca Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law. Chichester Wiley-Blackwell 2015 377p. bibliogs. £36.99 ISBN: 9781118769225 3EC OXB This book offers best practice in the complex area of communication in forensic contexts, It includes the interviewing of victims, witnesses and suspects, and discourse in courtrooms and via interpreters. It includes sections on Communication, language and memory; Communicating with victims and witnesses; Communicating with suspects; Communicating in the courtroom and Specific communication tasks (including hostage negotiation, verbal lie detection and interpreter mediated police interviews).

Quality of Korean police officers’ investigative interviews with alleged sexual abuse victims as revealed by self-report and observation. YI, Misun; LAMB, Michael E; JO, Eunkyung Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (Vol. 30 no. 4, 2015, p.274-281.)

View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9157-y This study found that although most police officers believed that they adhered to recommended guidelines, few actually did.

Criminal Justice

Inconsistencies undermine the credibility of confession evidence. PALMER, Matthew A; BUTTON, Lizzie; BARNETT, Emily; BREWER, Neil Legal and Criminological Psychology (Vol. 21 no. 1, February 2016, p.161-173.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12048 This research shows that inconsistencies can undermine the credibility of confession evidence, in contrast to what has previously been found.

Criminal Justice System

Reoffending after release: does procedural justice during imprisonment matter? BEIJERSBERGEN, Karin A; DIRKZWAGER, Anja J E; NIEUWBEERTA, Paul Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 43 no. 1, January 2016, p.63-82.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815609643 Prisoners who felt treated in a procedurally just manner during imprisonment were less likely to be reconvicted in the 18 months after release, but no evidence was found for a mediating role of legitimacy.

Alternatives to custody. EPSTEIN, Rona Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 38, 17 October 2015, p.761-763.) Discusses a recent report by the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies which considers how community sentences have worked since 2000.

Integrated theory of specialized court programs: using procedural justice and therapeutic jurisprudence to promote offender compliance and rehabilitation. KAISER, Kimberley; HOLTFRETER, Kristy Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 43 no. 1, January 2016, p.45-62.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815609642 Presents an integrated model for specialized court programs that incorporates therapeutic jurisprudence and procedural justice concepts.

Examination of criminal justice curricula in Colorado: searching for evidence-based practices. MATTHEWS, Brandon Journal of Criminal Justice Education (Vol. 26 no. 4, 2015, p.357-370.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2015.1045534 Identified only three institutions offering elective courses covering EBP and none required a core course on the topic.

Criminal Law

Arrival of EU law in criminal proceedings. BLACKSTOCK, Jodie; TINSLEY, Alex Archbold Review (No. 8, 21 September 2015, p.5.) Gives a brief history of 1995-2009 and the situation now that the UK is participating in EU policing and prosecution procedures. It discusses the European Supervision Order as an alternative to remand in custody/bail.

‘Dangerous dogs’: different dog, same lamppost? BLEASDALE-HILL, Lydia; DICKINSON, Jill Journal of Criminal Law (Vol. 80 no. 1, 2016, p.64-76.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315623684 Discusses whether dog type-specific provisions and an extension of legislation to cover private spheres will achieve protection of the public.

Offence of participating in activities of organized crime group: section 45 of the Serious Crime Act 2015. CAMPBELL, Liz Archbold Review (No. 10, 14 December 2015, p.6-9.) Examines the key elements of the new offence of participation in the activities of organized crime groups introduced in the Serious Crime Bill.

FGM/Cutting: Contextualising recent legal developments. JEFFERSON, Michael Journal of Criminal Law (Vol. 79 no. 6, 2015, p.411-421.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315614447 Discusses the Serious Crimes Act 2015 in the light of the accepted view of Female Genital Mutilation across the world that criminal law alone is most unlikely to prevent or deter FGM.

Going rouge: rethinking the "history" of stop and search. MONAGHAN, Geoff Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 42, 14 November 2015, p.833-834.) Discusses whether s.7 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 has distorted the history of stop and search.

Racially aggravated offences: when does section 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 apply? OWUSU-BEMPAH, Abenna; WALTERS, Mark Austin Criminal Law Review (No. 2, 2016, p.116-123.) Discusses the prosecution of hate crimes and the need for a full-scale review.

Resisting a police officer. PARPWORTH, Neil Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 34, 19 September 2015, p.691-693.) Considers that the limited case law available indicates that the offence of resisting a police officer in the execution of their duty is too narrow in scope.

Disclosure and HIV transmission. RYAN, Samantha Journal of Criminal Law (Vol. 79 no. 6, 2015, p.395-410.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315614444

Argues against the imposition of a general duty to disclose in all circumstances, suggesting that it cannot be justified when there is a low risk of transmission.

Expanding liability for sexual fraud through the concept of ‘active deception’: a flawed approach. SHARPE, Alex Journal of Criminal Law (Vol. 80 no. 1, 2016, p.28-44.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315623674 Discusses the recent expansion of criminal liability for sexual fraud which has occurred through the criminalisation of words or conduct considered to amount to ‘active deception’. It argues that the distinction between active deception and non-disclosure of information is inadequate for setting the parameters of criminal liability for sexual fraud, and also that the distinction is vulnerable to analytical collapse and therefore criminal law overreach.

Emotional dynamics of consent. STANNARD, John E Journal of Criminal Law (Vol. 79 no. 6, 2015, p.422-436.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315615290 Argues that the development of the law needs to take more consideration of the emotional dynamics involved in consent.

Criminology

What is the bottom line? AOS, Steve Criminology and Public Policy (Vol. 14 no. 4, 2015, p.633-638.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12164 Points out that cost-benefit analysis is not an alternative to program evaluation, that benefits should be ranked relatively and that uncertainty needs to be acknowledged.

Neighbourly demands: Property, propriety and the racial identification of crime in Chicago. BUFFAM, Bonar Theoretical Criminology (Vol. 20 no. 1, 2016, p.40-56.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615594873 Analyses a neighbourhood webblog for sharing information in an urban neighbourhood and discusses how racial concerns about crime play a critical role in reconstituting and delimiting the public dimensions of urban spaces.

Is big data challenging criminology? CHAN, Janet; MOSES, Lyria Bennett Theoretical Criminology (Vol. 20 no. 1, 2016, p.21-39.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615586614 Reviews the literature and uses the example of predictive policing to discuss possible impacts of Big Data analytics on criminological research and policy.

Role of the cost-of-crime literature in bridging the gap between social science research and policy making. DOMINGUEZ, Patricio; RAPHAEL, Steven Criminology and Public Policy (Vol. 14 no. 4, 2015, p.589-632.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12148 Argues that broad cost considerations should be at the heart of discussions about criminal justice policy

debates, but also highlights the potential for important equity criteria to come into conflict with costs.

Trouble with safety: Fear of crime, pollution and subjectification in public space. FANGHANEL, Alexandra Theoretical Criminology (Vol. 20 no. 1, 2016, p.57-74.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615582097 Based on interviews with 17-year old UK women this presents an understanding of the social cost of contemporary knowledge about what is safe and what is feared in public space.

Criminal achievement and self-efficacy. LAFERRIERE, Dominique; MORSELLI, Carlo Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 52 no. 6, November 2015, p.856-889.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427815579513 Finds that age, education, legitimate earnings, relative criminal earnings, qualifications, authority, and criminal earnings are the most potent factors influencing the development of criminal self-efficacy.

Right method, right price: the economic value and associated risks of experimentation. LAYCOCK, Gloria; MALLENDER, Jacqueline Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 11 no. 4, 2015, p.653-668.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9245-8 Discusses how to increase the relevance of experimental criminology by using methods which expose the risk of getting the wrong answer and strengthening study design and reporting to reduce these risks.

Preventing future offending of delinquents and offenders: what have we learned from experiments and meta-analyses? MACKENZIE, Doris L; FARRINGTON, David P Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 11 no. 4, 2015, p.565-595.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9244-9 Finds that restorative methods and skills training are effective interventions, but ineffective methods include surveillance, control, deterrence and discipline. It is unclear whether providing services and opportunities are effective.

Narrow or broad cost-benefit analysis? MANSKI, Charles F Criminology and Public Policy (Vol. 14 no. 4, 2015, p.647-651.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12166 Comments on the article by Dominguez and Raphael in this journal issue and discusses the public's willingness to pay for specified policy changes and the importance of equity and fairness to maximise utilitarian social welfare.

Twelve experiments in restorative justice: the Jerry Lee program of randomized trials of restorative justice conferences. SHERMAN, Lawrence W; STRANG, Heather; BARNES, Geoffrey; WOODS, Daniel J; BENNETT, Sarah; INKPEN, Nova; NEWBURY-BIRCH, Dorothy; ROSSNER, Meredith; ANGEL, Caroline; MEARNS, Malcolm; SLOTHOWER, Molly Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 11 no. 4, 2015, p.501-540.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9247-6 Gives a review of the scientific progress and policy effects of the program.

Production of criminological experiments revisited: the nature and extent of federal support for experimental designs, 2001–2013. TELEP, Coly W; GARNER, Joel H; VISHER, Christy A Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 11 no. 4, 2015, p.541-563.)

View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9239-6 In 1991-2000 the National Institute of Justice only funded 21 experiments in criminology and criminal justice, but this increased to 99 awards in 2001-2013.

The fog around cost-of-crime studies may finally be clearing: prisoners and their kids suffer too. TONRY, Michael Criminology and Public Policy (Vol. 14 no. 4, 2015, p.653-671.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12170 Argues that policy has focussed too much around sentencing and punishment and has not given due consideration to the costs to the offenders.

Cognitive mediation of crime continuity: a causal mediation analysis of the past crime– future crime relationship. WALTERS, Glenn D Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 61 no. 9, 2015, p.1234-1256.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712470987 This study of self-reported delinquency between the ages of 13 and 15 and self-reported delinquency between the ages of 17 and 19 suggest that cognitive factors may play a role in encouraging continuity from the early to the later stages of criminal involvement.

When is spending time with peers related to delinquency? The importance of where, what, and with whom. WEERMAN, Frank M; BERNASDCO, Wim; BRUINSMA, Gerben J N; PAUWELS, Lieven J R Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 61 no. 10, 2015, p.1386-1413.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128713478129 This study in the Netherlands found that time spent with peers appears to be related with delinquency only when it combines two or more of the following risk-inducing conditions: just socializing, being in public, and being unsupervised.

Moral panics as enacted melodramas. WRIGHT, Sarah British Journal of Criminology (Vol. 55 no. 6, 2015, p.1245-1262.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv025 Proposes that moral panics can be understood as enacted melodramas, where the boundaries between the media, interest groups and the public are temporarily dismantled and where ordinary citizens experience the role of the suffering victim.

DNA Evidence

Forensic DNA analysis from rocks and stones in criminal cases. AVRAHAM, Shlomit Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.793-801.) Examines the effectiveness of a procedure using a moistened swab for collecting DNA samples from rocks.

Evaluation of samples comprising minute amounts of DNA. BENSCHOP, Corina; HANED, Hilda; YOO, Seong Yeon; SIJEN, Titia Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.316-332.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.05.002 Reports on a procedure that can profile minute amounts of DNA representing only few diploid cells.

Effect of varying number of contributors on likelihood ratios for complex DNA mixtures. BENSCHOP, Corina C G; HANED, Hinda; JEURISSEN, Loes; GILL, Peter; SIJEN, Titia Forensic Science International Genetics (Vol. 19 November, 2015, p.92-99.) When analysing mixtures of 3 or more contributors, this found that if an incorrect number of contributors is allowed for, it may result in an inflated likelihood ration in favour of the prosecution.

Leading-edge forensic DNA analyses and the necessity of including crime scene investigators, police officers and technicians in a DNA elimination database. LAPOINTE, Martine; ROGIC, Anita; BOURGOIN, Sarah; JOLICOEUR, Christine; SEGUIN, Diane Forensic Science International Genetics (Vol. 19 November, 2015, p.50-55.) Describes a set of methods that encourage a substantial increase in voluntary genetic sample submissions from crime scene workers to provide a forensic DNA elimination database.

Epigenetic age signatures in the forensically relevant body fluid of semen: a preliminary study. LEE, Hwan Young; JUNG, Sang-Eun; OH, Yu Na; CHOI, Ajin Forensic Science International Genetics (Vol. 19 November, 2015, p.28-34.) DNA methylation was found to be useful , providing an age estimation to within approx. 5 years.

Following the transfer of DNA: How does the presence of background DNA affect the transfer and detection of target source DNA? LEHMANN, V J; MITCHELL, R J; BALLANTYNE, K N; VAN OORSHOT, R A H Forensic Science International Genetics (Vol. 19 November, 2015, p.68-75.) Found that the influence of background DNA varied according to the combination of biological matter and the surface type.

Relative DNA-shedding propensity of the palm and finger surfaces. OLEIWI, A A; MORRIS, M R; SCHMERER, W M; SUTTON, R Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.329-334.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.003 This research finds that the palm sheds a significantly lower amount of DNA than the finger. It considers degradation of the samples.

Challenging DNA evidence. SAMUELS, Alec Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 44, 28 November 2015, p.873-876.) Discusses the ways in which the defence could and should do more to challenge DNA evidence in court.

Domestic Violence

Elder mistreatment and health status of rural older adults. CHOKKANATHAN, Srinivasan Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 18, November 2015, p.3267-3282.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555014 A study of elderly people in India found that elder abuse was widespread (21%) with a high occurrence of multiple types of mistreatment and depression symptoms among the mistreated.

Hitting back: women’s use of physical violence against violent male partners, in the context of a violent episode. FANSLOW, Janet L; GULLIVER, Pauline; DIXON, Robyn; AYALLO, Irene Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 17, October 2015, p.2963-2979.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555010 Analyses data from a New Zealand study, and considers fighting back, intimate partner violence, the effect on mental health, the presence of children, alcohol problems and whether the fighting back resulted in the violence stopped.

Project WINGS (Women Initiating New Goals of Safety): A randomised controlled trial of a screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) service to identify and address intimate partner violence victimisation among substance-using women receiving community supervision. GILBERT, Louisa; SHAW, Stacey A; GODDARD-ECKRICH, Dawn Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health (Vol. 25 no. 4, 2015, p.314-329.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1979 Findings suggest that WINGS shows promise in identifying and addressing IPV victimisation among substance-using women receiving community supervision.

Police use of discretion in response to domestic violence. MYHILL, Andy Criminology and Criminal Justice (Vol. 16 no. 1, 2016, p.3-20.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895815590202 This study used data from information management systems in an English police force and field observations to explore the degree to which officers used discretion to interpret the national definition of domestic violence. It found that considerable discretion was required to interpret the official definition of domestic violence, and that decision making in relation to recording incidents and crimes of domestic violence was variable.

Drugs and Alcohol

Police and crime commissioners: emerging "drug policy actors". AUSTEN, Liz Safer Communities (Vol. 15 no. 1, 2016, p.4-10.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SC-08-2015-0030 Finds that, for some PCCs, the motivations for pursuing a change in drug policy are economic and ideological agendas. It also argues that pressure from PCCs and renowned Chief Constables may be more effective in initiating change than high-profile national campaigns or political debates.

Exploring the defensive actions of drug sellers in open-air markets: a systematic social

observation. PIZA, Eric L; SYSTMA, Victoria A Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 53 no. 1, February 2016, p.36-65.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427815592451 Found that defensive actions was significantly related to location and time of day and the strongest relationship was between the use of stash spots and setting.

Environmental Criminology

"Many rivers to cross" - sentencing for environmental crimes. FORLIN, Gerard Archbold Review (No. 8, 21 September 2015, p.4.) Discusses the case of R v Thames Water Utilities Ltd and the indication that fines for serious offences by large organisations should rise.

Fingerprints and Earprints

Variability and subjectivity in the grading process for evaluating the performance of latent fingermark detection techniques. FRITZ, P; FRICK, A A; VAN BROSWIJK, W Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.851-869.) Results show that a small group of independent fingermark graders is sufficient to produce a reliable and consistent assessment of fingermark quality.

Effects of printing and ninhydrin treatment on forensic analysis of paper. ITAMIYA, Hiromi; SUGITA, Ritsuko Forensic Science International (Vol. 255, October 2015, p.38-42.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.026 Results indicate that conventional analytical methods used in forensic science for examining papers can be applied for fingerprint examination.

Development of latent fingermarks on surfaces submerged in water: Optimization studies for phase transfer catalyst (PTC) based reagents. JASUJA, O P; KUMAR, Parveen; SINGH, Gagandeep Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.335-342.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.03.001 Reports on the success of a technique for developing latent finger marks on non-porous surfaces and on adhesive tapes that have been submerged in water up to 100 hours.

Application of acid-modified Imperata cylindrica powder for latent fingerprint development. LOW, Wei Zeng; KHOO, Bee Ee Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.347-354.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.008 Finds that the quality and sensitivity of Sirchie black powder was higher than Imperata Cylindrica powder.

Performance of 1,2-indanedione and the need for sequential treatment of fingerprints. MANGLE, Milery Figuera; XU, XIOAMA; DE PUIT, M Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.343-346.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.002 Discusses the extent that indanedione reacts with amino acids, in comparison to ninhydrin.

Development of latent prints on Tyvek Large Pak and Padded Pak shipping envelopes. MERRITT, Danielle; MORGAN, John P; HOULGRAVE, Stephanie Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.828-850.) Compares methods and finds that a modified Wetwop was best for developing fingerprints from shipping envelopes.

Microscopic examination of fingermark residues: opportunities for fundamental studies. MORET, Sebastien; SPINDLER, Xanthe; LENNARD, Chris; ROUX, Claude Forensic Science International (Vol. 255, October 2015, p.28-37.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.027 Explores techniques that can be used for non-destructive visualisation of fingermarks before applying detection techniques.

Recovering bloody fingerprints from skin. PETRETEI, David; ANGYAL, Miklos Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.813-827.) Tests the effectiveness of 5 common developers to determine the most effective procedure for identifying bloody fingerprints from cadaver skin.

Forensic Pathology

Variation of gunshot injury patterns in mortality associated with human rights abuses and armed conflict: an exploratory study. BARAYBAR, Jose Pablo Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.355-362.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.03.003 Finds that injury patterns caused by firearms are different in combat and HR abuses. For HR abuses, discrete body areas and centre of mass are preferred over extremities.

Forensic Science

Impact of dynamic rate coding aspects of mobile phone networks on forensic voice comparison. ALZQHOUL, Esam; NAIR, Balamurali; GUILLEMIN, Bernard Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.363-374.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.006 Finds that the accuracy of forensic voice comparison when using code division multiple access (CDMA) coded speech is better than that of global system of mobile communications (GSM).

Using alginate gel followed by chemical enhancement to recover blood-contaminated

fingermarks from fabrics. BENTOLILA, Alfonso; REUVENY, Sarah Aloush; ATTIAS, David; ELAD, Michal Levin Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 66 no. 1, 2016, p.13-21.) The gel lifting technique gave a significant advantage for detecting blood-contaminated fingerprints on dark patterned synthetic silk.

How useful if thematic analysis as an elicitation technique for analysing video of human gait in forensic potiatry? BROWNE, T; CURRAN, M J; VERNON, D W Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 6, 2015, p.999-1012.) This research demonstrates that a level of experience is required to provide a simple description of human gait and thematic analysis allows the use of language and the depth of information to be evaluated.

Ghosting of images in barefoot exemplar prints collection: issues for analyses. BURROW, J Gordon Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.884-900.) Examines the problem of a ghost image that appears at the end of the toe impressions.

Magneto-optical sensors bring obliterated serial numbers back to life. DAWSON, Jim National Institute of Justice Journal (No. 275, 2015, p.31-33.) Describes a sensor technology designed for medical use which has been adapted to detect destroyed firearms serial numbers.

Freshwater drowning in a child: a case study demonstrating the role of post-mortem computed tomography. FILOGRANA, Laura; TARTAGLIONE, Tommaso; VERTRUGNO, Guiseppe Medicine Science and the Law (Vol. 55 no. 4, October 2015, p.304-311.) This study found a high concordance between the computed tomography findings reported in the literature for fresh water drownings and the images in this case.

Frequency of truly unknown/undetermined deaths: a review of 452 cases over a 5-year period. GEORGE, Alan A; MOLINA, D Kimberley American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Vol. 36 no. 4, 2015, p.298-300.) After excluding sudden infant deaths, only 0.015% of cases were truly undetermined in the cause and manner of death.

Forensic gerontology: a podiatrist's perspective of the dynamic "functioning" foot and the need for research to develop an interpretive approach. KAGAN, Bryan B Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 6, 2015, p.907-912.) Discusses changes in the human foot over lifetime aging and the implications for foot impression evidence for investigating old cases.

Variability of footprint ridge density and its use in estimation of sex in forensic examinations. KRISHAN, Kewal; KANCHAN, Tanuj; PARTHANIA, Annu Medicine Science and the Law (Vol. 55 no. 4, October 2015, p.284-290.) Studies the footprint ridge density in the North Indian population and finds it is a useful method of determining gender.

Retrospective study of blade wound characteristics in suicide and homicide. KRYWANCZYC, Alison; SHAPIRO, Steven American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Vol. 36 no. 4, 2015, p.305-310.) Homicides and suicides over a 10 year period in Vermont were analysed and several unusual instances of suicide were found with clothing damaged or cartilage injury.

Deaths in custody: a 25-year review of jail deaths in Bexar County, Texas. LOZANO, Jason G; MOLINA, D Kimberley American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Vol. 36 no. 4, 2015, p.285-289.) Analyses the cause by age, sex and place of death. The majority were natural causes and occurred in the emergency department or hospital. Cardiovascular disease was the most common, followed by suicide by hanging.

Validated analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of pesticides in human blood using GC–MS/MS and LC–ESI/MS/MS and its application in two poisoning cases. LUZARDO, Octavio; ALMEIDA-GONZALEZ, Maira; RUIZ-SUAREZ, Norberto Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.307-315.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.007 Identifies and quantifies 109 toxic pesticides.

Head trauma and alcohol: a lethal combination. MOLINA, D Kimberley; DIMAIO, Vincent J M American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Vol. 36 no. 4, 2015, p.290-297.) Analyses 7 deaths due to blunt force head trauma and explains the mechanisms of injury and death and the relationship with alcohol.

Optimization of spermatozoa detection using immunofluorescent staining and laser micro- dissection. PING, Yeuh Shyang Forensic Science International (Vol. 255, October 2015, p.72-79.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.010 This research showed that staining by Sperm Hy-Liter™ PI does not interfere with DNA recovery, which makes the generation of clear male DNA profiles from dissected spermatozoa easier.

Standardising shoemark evidence: an Australian and New Zealand collaborative trial. RAYMOND, Jennifer; SHELDON, Paul Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 5, 2015, p.868-883.) The results of this study show the benefits of using a new conclusion scale as recommended by the U.S. shoe and tyre Scientific Working Group (SWGTREAD).

Characterization of anti-theft devices directly from the surface of banknotes via easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry. SCHMIDT, Eduardo Morgado; FRANCO, Marcos Fernando; CUELBAS, Claudio Jose Science and Justice (Vol. 55 no. 5, 2015, p.285-290.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.004 Discusses forensic examination and identification of Rhodamine B dye anti-theft device (ATD) staining on banknotes.

Snap-lock bags with red band: A study of manufacturing characteristics, thermal and chemical properties. SIM, Yvonne Hui Ying; KOH, Alaric C W; LIM, Shing Min; YEW, Sok Yee Forensic Science International (Vol. 255, October 2015, p.50-55.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.007

A study of over 1000 bags examined the manufacturing characteristics of the red band above the bag closure. This helps to discriminate the bags by chemical composition.

Comparison of photography and casting methods of footwear impressions in different sandy soil substrates. SNYDER, Christine Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 66 no. 1, 2016, p.37-58.) This study found that casts retained more randomly acquired characteristics than photography did.

Interactive effect of the degradation of cotton clothing and decomposition fluid production associated with decaying remains. UELAND, Maiken; NIZIO, Katie Forensic Science International (Vol. 255, October 2015, p.56-63.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.029 An advanced statistical approach allows information about the decomposition by-products to provide a lipid profile as a tool in examining clothing at a crime scene.

Investigating the sensitivity of cadaver-detection dogs to decomposition fluid. BUIS, Rebecca C; RUST, LaTara; NIZIO, Katie D; STUART, Barbara H; FORBES, Shari L Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 6, 2015, p.985-997.) Examined the use of human tissue such as bone, blood and decomposition fluid instead of the pseudo scents currently used for training dogs.

Gangs

Company you keep? The spillover effects of gang membership on individual gunshot victimization in a co-offending network. PAPACHRISTOS, Andrew V; BRAGA, Anthony A; GROSSMAN, Leigh S Criminology (Vol. 53 no. 4, 2015, p.624-649.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12091 Examines how social proximity to a gang member in a co-offending network affects the likelihood of being a victim of gun violence.

Youth in the UK: 99 problems but the gang ain't one? SMITHSON, Hannah; RALPHS, Rob Safer Communities (Vol. 15 no. 1, 2016, p.11-23.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SC-10-2015-0034 Argues that government funded gang interventions do not have a “what works” approach and should only be implemented when an understanding of gangs in a local context is developed.

Gun and Knife Crime

Toward a predictive assessment of stab-penetration forces. ANNAIDH, Aisling Ni; CASSIDY, Marie American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology (Vol. 36 no. 3, 2015, p.162-166.) Develops a stab metric to describe the force in stabbing incidents to replace descriptors currently used by forensic pathologists.

Knives and offensive weapons - part 1. FORSTER, Steve Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 38, 17 October 2015, p.758-760.) Discusses the range of offences to tackle the problem.

Knives and offensive weapons - part 2. FORSTER, Steve Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 39, 24 October 2015, p.782-784.) Considers recent cases and discusses whether the introduction of minimum sentences will make the public safer.

Harassment

Police officer perceptions of harassment in England and Scotland. SHERIDAN, Lorraine; SCOTT, Adrian J; NIXON, Keri Legal and Criminological Psychology (Vol. 21 no. 1, February 2016, p.1-14.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12049 Relational biases existed in both samples, but this study found that Scottish police officers were less susceptible to these biases than English police officers. Victim responsibility mediated the relation between prior relationship and perceptions of stalking for the English, but not the Scottish, police officers.

Homicide

Does the organized sexual murderer better delay and avoid detection? BEAUREGARD, Eric; MARTINEAU, Melissa Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 1, January 2016, p.4-25.) Analyses 350 sexual murder cases and finds that although both delaying and avoiding detection are positively correlated, different behavioural patterns were observed.

Characteristics and course after discharge of mentally disordered homicide and non- homicide offenders. CLARKE, Martin; MCCARTHY, Lucy; HUBAND, Nick; DAVIES, Steffan; HOLLIN, Clive; DUGGAN, Conor Homicide Studies (Vol. 20 no. 1, February 2016, p.80-97.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767915570312

Compared 74 patients with a homicide conviction with 521 convicted of a non-homicide offense. It found that little distinguished the two groups, but those convicted of homicide were older, more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia but less likely to have suffered from childhood adversity, had less criminality and fewer convictions during the follow-up.

Dynamics of honor killings and the perpetrators’ experiences. DOGAN, Recep Homicide Studies (Vol. 20 no. 1, February 2016, p.53-79.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767914563389 Reports on interviews with prisoners serving sentences in Turkish prisons to identify concepts, patterns, and social dynamics of honour killings.

Comparing trends in infanticides in 28 countries, 1960–2009. ELLONEN, Noora; KAARIANEN, Juha; LEHTI, Martti; AALTONEN, Mikko Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention (Vol. 16 no. 2, 2015, p.175-193.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2015.1038905 Found that infanticide rates decreased in almost all European countries, and increased or were stable in most non-European industrialized countries.

Getting away with murder: an examination of detected homicides staged as suicides. FERGUSON, Claire; PETHERICK, Wayne Homicide Studies (Vol. 20 no. 1, February 2016, p.3-24.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767914553099 This study reports on 16 staged suicides that were examined through descriptive analysis, and finds frequent involvement of firearms, hanging and asphyxia, and that offenders are usually known to victims, but not necessarily intimately.

Impact of persistent deviant sexual interests and persistent low self-esteem on sexual homicide. HEALEY, Jay; BEAUREGARD, Eric Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 42 no. 12, December 2015, p.1225-1242.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815605874 A study of violent sexual offenders suggests that there is a group of sexual murderers with low self- esteem who are driven by deviant sexual interests and may kill to satisfy their deviant sexual interests.

Homicide: recent research 2006-2015. LOWENSTEIN, Ludwig Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 40, 31 October 2015, p.801-803.) Briefly considers the incidence and prevalence, causes, biological aspects, involvement with sexual offending, prevention and treatment.

Protrusion of the tongue in bodies burned after death: two cases of arson to cover homicide. NOKOLIC, Slobodan; ZIVKOVIC, Vladimir Medicine Science and the Law (Vol. 55 no. 4, October 2015, p.300-303.) Discusses 2 cases where arson was used to cover up homicide.

Neighborhood context and media constructions of murder: a multilevel analysis of homicide newspaper coverage in Los Angeles county. PETERSEN, Nick Homicide Studies (Vol. 20 no. 1, February 2016, p.25-52.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767914554616 Discusses implications for social construction and criminal justice response.

Partial defence to murder. SAMUELS, Alec Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 38, 17 October 2015, p.764-765.) Discusses loss of self-control as a partial defence.

Human Rights

Disclosure of police-held ‘non-conviction information’ to employers. MARSHALL, Daniel; THOMAS, Terry International Journal of Police Science and Management (Vol. 17 no. 4, 2015, p.237-245.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355715616989 Discusses the legal and ethical issues, guidance provided to the police, and the practicalities of decision-making. It also considers court judgements that have been supportive and critical of this area of police decision-making.

Immigration

Europe under siege. TUCKER-JONES, Anthony Intersec (Vol. 25 no. 8, September 2015, p.20-22.) Reports on the escalating European refugee crisis and assesses the border security implications.

Intelligence

Intelligence in an insecure world. (2nd ed.) GILL, Peter; PHYTHIAN, Mark Cambridge Polity Press 2012 264p. figs., tabs., bibliog. £16.42 ISBN: 9780745652795 327.12 GIL This book is a study of security and intelligence in democratic societies. It examines a number of questions such as what is intelligence, how is it gathered, what is done with it, why does intelligence fail and can intelligence be democratic.

Intelligence Led Policing

Examining intelligence-led policing: developments in research, policy and practice. JAMES, Adrian Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2013 227p. bibliog. £55.59 ISBN: 9781137307361 3SE JAM This book is an examination of the development and recent history of Intelligence-Led Policing in Britain. It provides insights into the debate around intelligence-led policing and the mechanics and politics of policy development. The book is based upon interviews with key figures and policing personnel associated with the National Intelligence Model and intelligence led policing policy and implementation.

International Policing

Gender and crime revisited: criminological gender research on international and transnational crime and crime control. HOUGE, Annette Bringedal; LOHNE, Kjersti; SKILBRIE, May-Len Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention (Vol. 16 no. 2, 2015, p.160-174.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2015.1045730 Argues that an increased internationalization of law and the strengthened position of transnational civil society require a criminological research agenda that investigates intersections between legitimacy and representation, punishment and welfare beyond the nation state.

Internet

Internet child sex offenders' concerns about online security and their use of identity protection technologies: a review. BALFE, Myles; GALLAGHER, Bernard; MASSON, Helen Child Abuse Review (Vol. 24 no. 6, 2015, p.427-439.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.2308 A number of psychological and demographic factors may influence offenders' perceptions of online security risk and their willingness to take security precautions. A surprisingly large number of offenders did not seem to use any technologies to disguise their identities.

Cyberbullying: the discriminant factors among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully- victims in a Czech adolescent sample. BAYRAKTAR, Faith; MACHACKOVA, Hana; DEDKOVA, Lenka; CERNA, Alena; SEVCIKOVA, Anna Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 18, November 2015, p.3192-3216.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555006 This study aims to discriminate between these groups at an individual and relational level by controlling for age and gender.

Vulnerability and mimicry as predictive axes in cyberbullying. CUADRADO-GORDILLO, Isabel; FERNANDEZ-ANTELO, Immaculada Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 1, January 2016, p.81-99.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555128

An analysis of 1,648 adolescents aged 12-16 was used to determine whether the gender of those involved as well as the forms of aggression experienced both in presential and virtual scenarios are predictive indicators of the violent behaviour of aggressive-victims.

Cloud-based forensics tracking scheme for online social network clients. LIN, Feng-Yu; HUANG, Chien-Cheng; CHANG, Pie-Ying Forensic Science International (Vol. 255, October 2015, p.64-71.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.011 Proposes a CloudTracker mechanism based on the concepts of IP location and network forensics. This is suitable for domestic internet access.

Leadership

21 irrefutable laws of leadership: follow them and people will follow you. (2nd ed.) MAXWELL, John C Nashville Thomas Nelson 2007 307p. £6.74 ISBN: 9780785289357 303.34 MAX The author has drawn on his 30 plus years of leadership experience to describe his 21 laws of leadership.

5 levels of leadership: proven steps to maximise your potential. MAXWELL, John C New York Center Street 2011 289p. £8.58 ISBN: 9781444790627 303.34 MAX This books describes the authors 5 levels of leadership; Position, Permission, Production, People Development and Pinnacle, and shows how the reader can move to the next level to become a more influential, respected, and successful leader.

Positive effects of laissez-faire leadership: conceptual exploration. YANG, Inju Journal of Management Development (Vol. 34 no. 10, 2015, p.1246-1261.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2015-0016 Laissez-faire leadership has so far been viewed as zero leadership, but this paper argues that this conventional view is biased from the start, is burdened with the concept that it is non-strategic and therefore implies negative consequences.

Management

Police organizational commitment: the influence of supervisor feedback and support. JOHNSON, Richard R Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 61 no. 9, 2015, p.1155-1180.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712466887 This sample of US police officers found that the influence of supervisor feedback was a strong predictor of officer organizational commitment.

Occupational Stress

Critical-incident trauma and crime scene investigation: a review of police organizational challenges and interventions. CLARK, Richard; DISTELRATH, Catherine; VAQUERA, Gloria Journal of Forensic Identification (Vol. 65 no. 6, 2015, p.929-951.) Analyses the work involved in being a crime scene investigator and explores the high levels of professional and personal stress involved, and discusses policy implications and how to reduce stress.

How can police agencies help their members deal with work related stress? ROOK, Guy; BAILLIE, Patrick; DINGLEY, David; CREIGHTON, Sarah Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette (Vol. 77 no. 3, 2015, p.9-11.) Discusses the problem of stress from various angles, how to address stress injuries and moving away from the attitude that it is simply part of the job.

Emotional strategies of police and their varying consequences for burnout. SCHAIBLE, Lonnie M; SIX, Michelle Police Quarterly (Vol. 19 no. 1, 2016, p.3-31.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604448 Finds that although there are some negative consequences of emotive dissonance, other emotional strategies used by officers may have advantages. In particular, coercion seems to increase depersonalization, but surface acting and attempts to deeply experience required positive emotions which decrease burnout among officers.

Toxic knowledge: self-alteration through child abuse work. SIGAD, Laura I; DAVIDOV, Jonathan; LEV-WIESEL, Rachel; EISIKOVITS, Zvi Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 3, February 2016, p.481-499.) Examined ways in which the private lives of professionals are affected by involvement with child abuse intervention and prevention.

Police and Media

Role of entertainment media in perceptions of police use of force. DONOVAN, Kathleen M; KLAHM, Charles F Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 42 no. 12, December 2015, p.1261-1281.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815604180 Find that people who watch of crime dramas more readily believe the police are successful at lowering crime, use force only when necessary, and that misconduct does not typically lead to false confessions. Perceptions about the frequency of force are unaffected.

Police Corruption

Police are rottenly corrupt: Policing, scandal, and the regulation of illegal betting in Depression-era Sydney. EVANS, Richard Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology (Vol. 48 no. 4, 2015, p.572-587.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865814543392 The Wood Royal Commission into police corruption in New South Wales recognized the importance of the historical dimension of corruption, and this paper explores evidence of entrenched police corruption in the 1930s.

Police Integrity

Impact of police academy training on recruits’ integrity. BLUMBERG, Daniel M; GIROMINI, Luciano; JACOBSON, Laura B Police Quarterly (Vol. 19 no. 1, 2016, p.63-86.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611115608322 This study found that recruits started with significantly higher than average levels of integrity (with Cohen’s d values ranging from .56 to .83) and training had no significant impact on their integrity scores, even when corrected for social desirability.

Police Reform

Mind the implementation gap? Police reform and local policing in the Netherlands and Scotland. TERPSTRA, Jan; FYFE, Nicholas R Criminology and Criminal Justice (Vol. 15 no. 5, 2015, p.527-544.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895815572162 Both Scotland and the Netherlands established national police forces in 2013 and this article investigates how the legislation that created the new national police forces been put into effect at a local level.

Police Surveillance

Who's listening in, and what you can do to stop them. KINGHAM, Tony Intersec (Vol. 26 no. 2, February 2016, p.26-28.) Discusses counter surveillance equipment and measures to protect business premises.

Police Use of Firearms

Forced fire. NEW ZEALAND POLICE ASSOCIATION POLICE NEWS. New Zealand Police Association Newsletter (Vol. 48 no. 1, December 2015, p.6-7.) Two officers share their stories of their experience of being put in the position of having to shoot in suicide by cop instances.

Policing

“Damned if you do, damned if you don’t”: perceptions of guns, safety, and legitimacy among detained gun offenders. BARRAGAN, Melissa; SHERMAN, Nicole; REITER, Keramet; TITA, George E Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 43 no. 1, January 2016, p.140-155.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815611707 In-depth interviews with 140 gun offenders detained in Los Angeles found that although, in theory, they viewed the law as legitimate, they believed it to be illegitimate in individual application, especially where rules and sanctions failed to account for personal experiences of insecurity.

‘I wannabe a copper’: the engagement of police community support officers with the dominant police occupational culture. COSGROVE, Faye M Criminology and Criminal Justice (Vol. 16 no. 1, 2016, p.119-138.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895815599580 Examines ways in which Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) utilize aspects of the dominant culture to manage the discord between aspirations and opportunities within the PCSO role.

Deadly force or not? Visual and cognitive interpretation of rifles and BB guns in crime-scene context. HERRERA, Megan R; SHARPS, Matthew J; SWINNEY, Hannah R; LAM, Jason Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (Vol. 30 no. 4, 2015, p.254-260.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9158-x This research found that the decision to shoot and time to shoot did not differ significantly between the lethal rifles and the non-lethal BB gun. Rifles were correctly identified more frequently than the non- lethal BB guns.

Learning the lessons, bulletin 25: General. LEARNING THE LESSONS COMMITTEE. Learning the Lessons (Bulletin 25, February 2016.) London Independent Police Complaints Commission 2016 8p. Link to full text: http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/learning-the- lessons/25/LearningtheLessons_Bulletin25_February2016.pdf Issues covered in this bulletin include: 1) Integrity: Claiming expenses. 2) Policing protests: Officer identification; Evidence gathering; Use of volunteers. 3) Neighbourhood policing: Working with nightclub door staff; Passing on intelligence about vulnerable people. 4) Armed policing: Issuing Taser to officers. 5) Custody: Use of appropriate adults. 6) Roads policing: Use of incident data recorders; Dealing with obstructions on the road. 7) Valuing seized property.

Predicting procedural justice in police-citizen encounters. MASTROFSKI, Stephen D; JONATHAN-ZAMIR, Tal; MOYAL, Shomron; WILLIS, James J Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 43 no. 1, January 2016, p.119-139.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815613540 Proposes a framework for assessing the choice police officers make when engaging in procedural justice and tests it using data collected in direct observations of police interactions with the public.

Sense of injustice loosens the moral bind of law: specifying the links between procedural injustice, neutralizations, and offending. MCLEAN, Kyle; WOLFE, Scott E Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 43 no. 1, January 2016, p.27-44.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815609655 A study of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program shows that the effect of procedural injustice on offending is partially mediated by individuals’ neutralization attitudes.

PACE: a practical guide to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. (4th ed.) OZIN, Paul; NORTON, Heather Blackstone's practical policing Oxford Oxford University Press 2015 639p. tabs., £39.99 ISBN: 9780198743309 3AB OZI This is a practical guide to PACE and its Codes of Practice in England and Wales. The book's nine chapters cover: powers to stop and search (Part I of the Act); powers of entry, search and seizure (Part II); arrest (Part III); detention (Part IV); treatment; identification; interviews (these three all Part V); the detention and treatment of vulnerable suspects; and evidence (Part VIII). The appendices, which occupy more than half of the book, contain the texts of the Act and its Codes A (March 2015), B (October 2013), C (July 2014), D (March 2011), codes E and F (October 2013), code G (November 2012) and code H (June 2014).

Degrees of training: developing modern officers. POLICE PROFESSIONAL Police Professional (No. 477, 15 October 2015.) Aylesbury Verdant Media 2015 30p. illus. 3A POL PAMPHLET This week's edition looks at the new police funding formulae that may make some forces unviable, the future of the mounted section in Liverpool, the need for imagination when training police officers about diversity, JammerCam, the phototrap activated by a vehicle carrying a jammer, a hate crime reporting app recently launched in Sussex and the legal duties and responsibilities that arise when responding to an emergency and how these may have changed as a result of the Human Rights Act 1988. Criminal law week examines whether the IPCC can revisit its own recommendation not to recommend disciplinary action, what constitutes police entrapment and whether an officer is acting within the execution of his duty if he tries to prevent an office that he reasonably but incorrectly believes is being committed. The main feature covers the discussions at 15th annual Excellence in Policing conference regarding police officer qualifications and training and how they can be reformed in the near future.

Aiming together: pointing to firearms collaboration. POLICE PROFESSIONAL. Police Professional (No. 482, 19 November 2015.) Aylesbury Verdant Media 2015 30p. illus. 3A POL PAMPHLET This week's edition looks at the Prime Ministers proposed response to terrorist attacks, the effects that proposed budget cuts will have on police numbers, Metropolitan Police plans to increase the number of firearms officers after the Paris terrorist attacks, how funding cuts and police reforms are affecting local policing, the lessons on private sector involvement that UK policing could learn from New Orleans, Airwaves blue light futures report on the potential of new technologies including drones, mobile apps and cloud computing to transform emergency services and the law, process and common pitfalls of a

coroner's investigation. The main feature covers how Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire and Nottinghamshire Police have come together to create the East Midlands Operational Support Service. This provides roads policing, armed policing and firearms training, specialist search, specialist and general purpose dog support and collision investigation to the joint forces. The article examines how an examination of roles and processes across the forces has resulted in new ways of working and significant savings in firearms deployment.

Lessons from the past? Old answers to new questions. POLICE PROFESSIONAL. Police Professional (No. 478, 22 October 2015.) Aylesbury Verdant Media 2015 30p. illus. 3A POL PAMPHLET This week's edition looks at the recommendations of the 2015 PEEL report, how fraud and cyber-crime figures have doubled the crime estimates, the possible consequences of the decision to restrict the use of stop and search in Scotland, How the Sussex police change programme has been opened up to public scrutiny from the workforce, partners and public, Greater Manchester Police Chief Constable Sir Peter Fahy looks back at the changes overs his 35 years of service and Staffordshire's Integrated Offender Management scheme. The main feature covers how many of the challenges faced by the modern police have been already answered in the past by historical police forces.

Presenting a challenge: chief officers confronted on ICT. POLICE PROFESSIONAL. Police Professional (No. 479, 29 October 2015.) Aylesbury Verdant Media 2015 30p. illus. 3A POL PAMPHLET This week's edition looks at the National Police Bravery Awards, why the National Black Police Association president has criticised lack of detail in the Home Secretary's diversity proposals, the last 11 years of the Excellence in Policing conference, how the devolving of power to the regional mayor has resulted in the reform of public services in Greater Manchester encouraging joint working between public sector organisations, the use of agile working in the police service to reduce the need for police stations, how DASH procedures are potentially failing to assess the risk of honour based violence and proposals for its improvement and how strongest signal SIM technology can improve mobile communications in areas with poor coverage. Legal update looks at an Employment Appeal Tribunal decision regarding numerous mistakes in the calculation of an officers's compensation for loss of pension. The main feature covers the new Police ICT Company and how its CEO Martin Wyke is challenging chief officers to bring police ICT into the modern age.

Solutions on the outside: thinking differently about female offenders. POLICE PROFESSIONAL. Police Professional (No. 480, 05 November 2015.) Aylesbury Verdant Media 2015 30p. illus. 3A POL PAMPHLET This week's edition looks at a possible legal challenge over the proposed changes to the police funding formula, how further budget cuts may result in a smaller police service with a reduced role, examines the trial conducted by the Police Service of Northern Ireland of the benefits of body worn video cameras in dealing with domestic violence, the Sepura application that allows pictures to be transferred from the control room to mobile devices in the field, the Thames Valley Police sexual consent campaign and the implications to policing of proposed EU changes to data protection laws. Criminal Law Week examines whether a defendant has to be "under the Queen's peace" to be guilty of murder and if a police office is able to give expert evidence as to gang membership. The main feature covers the different ways that PCC's are encouraging women offenders to reduce offending and engage in effective rehabilitation.

Walking a different path: no mean city no more. POLICE PROFESSIONAL. Police Professional (No. 481, 12 November 2015.) Aylesbury Verdant Media 2015 30p. illus.

3A POL PAMPHLET This week's edition looks at the reactions of three chief constables to the one year postponement in the introduction of the new funding formula, examines the career of Greater Manchester Police Chief Constable Sir Peter Fahy, how holographic computing could aid the police and the effects that the proposed Investigatory Powers Bill will have on covert policing. Criminal Law Week looks at whether it is appropriate to require certain offences to be always disclosed in criminal record certificates, if it is necessary for a money laundering offence to be based on specific underlying criminality and whether it is unlawful for the police to disclose incorrect information concerning offending history. The main feature covers the reduction in homicide and knife crime rates in Scotland in recent decades and how Scottish communities, and especially Glasgow, have brought it about.

State police officer sleep patterns and fast food consumption. TEWKSBURY, Richard; COPENHAVER, Allen International Journal of Police Science and Management (Vol. 17 no. 4, 2015, p.230-236.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355715617343 A survey finds that U.S. police officers get less than the recommended amount of sleep and eat an average of four fast food meals weekly. The findings are correlated with age, sports, self-assessed health and consumption of stimulant drinks.

School shooting threats as a national phenomenon: comparison of police reports and psychiatric reports in Finland. OKSANEN, Atte; KALTIALA-HEINO, Rittakerttu; HOLKERI, Emma; LINDBERG, Nina Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention (Vol. 16 no. 2, 2015, p.145-159.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2015.1101823 The results of this study highlight the benefits of a structural threat assessment approach. This saves resources and helps experts working with adolescents to gather relevant information and systematically assess it.

Stop and search figures at record low. ONIBADA, Ade Voice (No. 1706, 26 November- 2 December 2015, p.2.) Comments on the recent figures showing that stops on people from BME backgrounds have fallen by more than two-thirds.

Public Order

Freedom of assembly: meeting the positive obligations under art.11 of the ECHR. PARPWORTH, Neil Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 180 no. 1, 9 January 2016, p.8-10.) Discusses the European Convention on Human Rights and a body of jurisprudence which must be taken into account.

Rioting in the UK and France: a comparative analysis. WADDINGTON, David P; JOBARD, Fabien; King, Mike London Routledge 2015 276p. figs., tabs., bibliog. £31.88 ISBN: 9781138861534 3MC WAD This book consists of a collection of papers which aim is to comparatively analyse and understand the French riots of October/November 2005 and the British riots of the spring/summer of 2001 and provide social policy recommendations to help to address the underlying issues. Part 1 sets the scene, with an introduction and overview by the editors and two other chapters: Theoretical orientations: lessons of

the UK riots of the 1980s and 1990s, by WADDINGTON and KING; An overview of French riots, 1981- 2004, by JOBARD. Part 2 concerns British riots, 2001-2005. Its five chapters are: Local events, national implications: riots in Oldham and Burnley 2001, by KALRA Virinder and RHODES James; Police on the line: between control and correctness in multi-ethnic contexts of urban unrest, by BUJRA Janet and PEARCE Jenny; The Bradford 'riot' of 2001: the diversity of action, by HUSSAIN Yasmin and BAGGULEY Paul; From petrol bombs to performance indicators: the 2001 riots and the emergence of 'community cohesion', by THOMAS Paul; From rumour to riot: the 2005 Lozells disorders (Birmingham), by KING. Part 3 concerns French riots, 2001-2008. Its seven chapters are: The French riots and urban segregation, by LAGRANGE Hugues; Urban renewal equals riot revival? The role of urban renewal policy in French riots, by EPSTEIN Renaud; Riots and protest cycles: immigrant mobilisation in France 1968-2008, by HAMIDI Camille; The political dimension of the 2005 riots, by KOKOREFF Michel; Youth gangs, riots and the politicisation process, by MOHAMMED Marwan; The French police and urban riots: is the national police part of the solution or part of the problem? by MOUHANNA Christian; The 2007 presidential election and the 2005 urban violence in French 'deprived urban areas', by FAUVELL-AYMAR Christine et al. Part 4 contains two comparative studies from other countries: A North American example: the 2001 Cincinnati riot and a subsequent peacemaking initiative, by WADDINGTON; Why are there no riots in Germany? Mutual perceptions between police forces and minority adolescents, by LUKAS Tim. Part 5 contains the editors' concluding chapter.

Research Methods

Street walking: randomized controlled trials in criminology, education, and elsewhere. BORUCH, Robert Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 11 no. 4, 2015, p.485-499.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9246-7 Discussed similarities and differences in the way RCTs are handled.

Sexual Offences

Internet child pornography offenders: An examination of attachment and intimacy deficits. ARMSTRONG, Janelle; MELLOR, David Legal and Criminological Psychology (Vol. 21 no. 1, February 2016, p.41-55.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12028 This study used a small sample size of 162, but the findings provide insights about similarities/differences with other sexual offenders

Does the organized sexual murderer better delay and avoid detection? BEAUREGARD, Eric; MARTINEAU, Melissa Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 1, January 2016, p.4-25.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555129 Analyses 350 sexual murder cases and finds that although both delaying and avoiding detection are positively correlated, different behavioural patterns were observed.

Use of tactical polygraph with sex offenders. BOURKE, Michael L; FRAGOMELI, Lance; DETAR, Paul J; SULLIVAN, Michael A; MEYLE, Edward Journal of Sexual Aggression (Vol. 21 no. 3, 2015, p.354-367.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2014.886729 Tactical polygraph was found to be effective in identifying previously undetected "hands-on" sexual

offending when interviewing internet child pornographers.

Same-sex and race-based disparities in statutory rape arrests. CHAFFIN, Mark; CHENOWETH, Stephanie; LETOURNEAU, Elizabeth J Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 1, January 2016, p.26-48.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555132 Analysed 26,726 cases of statutory rape and 96,474 forcible sex crime incidents. It found that: same- sex statutory rape pairings were rare but had much higher arrest odds: a victim–offender romantic relationship increased the likelihood of arrest for same-sex pairings, but reduced arrest odds for male- on-female pairings; same-sex disparities were larger among statutory than among forcible incidents; female-on-male incidents had uniformly lower arrest odds.

Police and prosecutors’ perceptions of adult sexual assault evidence associated with case authorisation and conviction. DARWINKEL, Elli; POWELL, Martine; SHARMAN, Stefanie J Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (Vol. 30 no. 4, 2015, p.213-220.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-015-9162-9 Researched 16 police officers and 19 prosecutors reading mock sexual offence briefs of evidence and rating the likelihood of the cases resulting in a conviction

Snapshot of serial rape: an investigation of criminal sophistication and use of force on victim injury and severity of the assault. DE HEER, Brooke Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 4, February 2016, p.598-619.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514556110 This research found that serial rapists typically used a limited amount of force against the victim and displayed a high degree of criminal sophistication.

Sexual violence and complainant intoxication. FLOWE, Heather; CARLINE, Anna; TAGARANGI, Melanie; HUMPHRIES, Joyce; FRENCH, Sally; PRIOR, Mary Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 34, 19 September 2015, p.688-690.) Discusses whether intoxication is a reason to discount a victim's testimony.

What constitutes a “reasonable belief” in consent to sex? A thematic analysis. GRAY, Jacqueline M Journal of Sexual Aggression (Vol. 21 no. 3, 2015, p.337-353.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2014.900122 An analysis of perceptions of "a reasonable belief in consent" from interviews with 18 London university students.

Attrition in Danish rape reported crimes. HANSEN, Nina Beck; NIELSEN, Louise Hjort; BRAMSEN, Rikke Holm; INGEMANN-HANSEN, Ole; ELKLIT, Ask Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (Vol. 30 no. 4, 2015, p.221-228.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9159-9 Important factors were found to be insufficient evidence and the victim’s unwillingness to participate in the investigation. No significant differences in attrition patterns or legal reasons regarding case closure were found for victims who had been in contact with a specialized multidisciplinary treatment unit for rape victims.

That’s what friends are for: bystander responses to friends or strangers at risk for party rape victimization. KATZ, Jennifer; PAZIENZA, Rena; OLIN, Rachel; RICH, Hillary

Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 16, October 2015, p.2775-2792.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554290 Results suggest that promoting social identification with peers at risk could increase bystander intervention.

Rape as an economic crime: the impact of sexual violence on survivors’ employment and economic well-being. LOYA, Rebecca M Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 16, October 2015, p.2793-2813.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554291 Interviews with 27 sexual assault survivors and rape crisis service providers highlight the ways in which sexual violence decreases the victim's income over the life course.

National policing sex work guidance. NATIONAL POLICE CHIEFS COUNCIL 2015 29p. INTERNET RESOURSE Link to full text: http://library.college.police.uk/docs/NPCC/National-Policing-Sex-Work-Guidance- 2015.doc This revised guidance has been produced and approved by the NCOCC Violence & Public Protection Coordination Committee and relates to England and Wales only. It seeks to offer practical and meaningful advice to those within the Police Service dealing with sex work related issues.

Wanted: impartial, objective investigations. ROBINS, Jon Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 36, 3 October 2015, p.726-727.) Comments on the police's duty to deliver credible statements on historical sexual abuse.

Sexual exploitation of girls in the United States: the role of female pimps. ROE-SEPOWITZ, Dominique Eve; GALLAGHER, James; RISINGER, Markus; HICKLE, Kristine Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 16, October 2015, p.2814-2830.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554292 A case study analysing 49 female pimps.

Effects of sexual offender treatment on recidivism: an international meta-analysis of sound quality evaluations. SCHMUCKER, Martin; LOSEL, Frederich Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 11 no. 4, 2015, p.597-630.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9241-z Finds that the evidence basis for sex offender treatment is not yet satisfactory, and argues for further randomized trials and high-quality quasi-experiments are needed, particularly outside the United States.

Terrorism

Smarter stadium security. BERG, Peder Intersec (Vol. 25 no. 8, September 2015, p.30-32.) Discusses how the latest accreditation system technology can reduce the risk of a terror attack on stadiums or arena events.

How lone a wolf? CHISHOLM, John Intersec (Vol. 25 no. 8, September 2015, p.14-16.) Explores the phenomenon of the 'lone wolf' terrorist and questions whether islamist extremists can ever be classed as 'lone'.

From Munich to Boston, and from theater to social media: the evolutionary landscape of world sporting terror. GALILY, Yair; YARCHI, Moran; TAMIR, Ilan Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (Vol. 38 no. 12, 2015, p.998-1007.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1076640 Analyzes how terror has developed using the linkage between sports and the media

CONTEST as strategy: reassessing Britain's counterterrorism approach. GEARSON, John; ROSEMONT, Hugo Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (Vol. 38 no. 12, 2015, p.1038-1064.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1099991 Assesses CONTEST as strategy instead of looking at its effectiveness as policy, or evaluating its individual parts. It argues that several important strands of CONTEST are either underdeveloped or not yet as strategic as claimed to be.

Islamic state and the new tribalism. KAPLAN, Jeffrey; COSTA, Christopher P Terrorism and Political Violence (Vol. 27 no. 5, November-December 2015, p.926-969.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1094306 Discusses how IS emerged from Al Qaeda, but soon split despite its claims of faith and fealty, Argues that IS has left the Islamic Umah behind and has become a malign sectarian group.

Women and extremism. KOLESNIKOVA, Lina Intersec (Vol. 25 no. 8, September 2015, p.10-12.) Discusses why women are drawn to extremist groups such as ISIS and calls for better targeted counter-radicalisation measures.

Endgame? Sports events as symbolic targets in lone wolf terrorism. SPAAIJ, Ramon; HAMM, Mark S Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (Vol. 38 no. 12, 2015, p.1022-1037.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1076695 Compares the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and the 2013 Boston Marathon, and argues that terrorist target selection of major sports events should be understood in relation to the grievances and desires of the perpetrators.

Special Branch: a history, 1883-2006. Wilson, Ray; Adams, Ian London Biteback Publishing 2015 411p. bibliog. £16.10 ISBN: 9781849549103 3LBK WIL This is the history of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch from its formation in 1883 to combat the threat of Irish republican terrorists until it became part of the Counter-Terrorism Command of the Metropolitan Police in 2006. Over the 120 years of its existence it has been responsible for monitoring the activities of anarchists, Bolsheviks and suffragettes, has been executive arm of MI5 in dealing with espionage cases and has worked closely with the Anti-Terrorist Branch in tackling this threat.

Rallying or criticizing? Media coverage of authorities' reaction to terror attacks targeting sporting events. YARCHI, Moran; GALILY, Yair; TAMIR, Ilan Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (Vol. 38 no. 12, 2015, p.1008-1021.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1076644 Compares events that are cancelled and those that take place as planned despite an attack or threat. This finds no significant difference between the coverage of events and the evidence actually exhibits greater levels of support rather than criticism of authorities in international media coverage.

Trafficking in People

'Vile and violent thing': female traffickers and the criminal justice response. BROAD, Rose British Journal of Criminology (Vol. 55 no. 6, 2015, p.1058-1075.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv072 Found that women perform lower level roles in trafficking that render them more susceptible to detection, their pathway into offending was often due to experiences of victimization, and convicted female traffickers are frequently involved in intimate relationships with male traffickers. It argues for a more responsive approach to female traffickers.

Attitudes about human trafficking: individual differences related to belief and victim blame. CUNNINGHAM, Katherine C; CROMER, Lisa DeMarni Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 31 no. 2, January 2016, p.228-244.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555369 This study involving undergraduate students indicated that gender and human trafficking myth acceptance were related to belief of the sex-trafficking scenario and perception of victim's responsibility. Sexual trauma history was not related.

Victimology

Demographic characteristics and victimization risk: testing the mediating effects of routine activities. BUNCH, Jackson; CLAY-WARNER, Jody; LEI, Man-Kit Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 61 no. 9, 2015, p.1181-1205.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712466932 Results indicate that the effects of gender, income, and marital status on victimization are each partially mediated by routine activities, suggesting the applicability of lifestyle theories to the study of

victimization.

Influence of direct and indirect juvenile victimization experiences on adult victimization and fear of crime. GRUBB, Jonathan; BOUFFARD, Leana A Journal of Interpersonal Violence (Vol. 30 no. 18, November 2015, p.3151-3173.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554423 This study found that both juvenile sexual victimization and indirect victimization increase the likelihood of adult victimization. Fear of crime as an adult was not significantly influenced by either victimization.

Crisis intervention in criminal justice/social service. (5th ed.) HENDRICKS, James E; HENDRICKS, Cindy S Springfield Charles C. Thomas 2014 456p. tabs., bibliogs. £72.26 ISBN: 9780398087838 3TGE HEN This book provides the theoretical, analytical and practical knowledge that a first responder requires to assess the nature of a crises and the condition of a victim in order to determine an appropriate course of action. It includes chapters on ethics in crisis intervention practice, intimate partner violence and police response to domestic violence, children in crisis, elder mistreatment, suicide, the crisis of rape and survivor intervention, death notification, terrorism and crisis intervention and mass casualty crisis response and communication.

Nature and influence of the victim-offender relationship in kidnapping incidents. TILLYER, Marie Skubak; TILLYER, Rob; KELSAY, James Journal of Criminal Justice (Vol. 43 no. 5, 2015, p.377-385.) View full text (via authorised IP): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.07.002 Found that a majority of kidnappings were by non-strangers, and victim injury was more likely in these cases. For stranger kidnappings sexual victimization and the chance of arrest was higher.

Violence

Departmental professionalism and its impact on indicators of violence in police–citizen encounters. SHJARBACK, John A; WHITE, Michael D Police Quarterly (Vol. 19 no. 1, 2016, p.32-62.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449 Finds that agencies which require a degree experienced fewer citizen complaints of use of force and fewer assaults on their officers.

Vulnerable Groups

Vulnerable and intimidated witness: a socio-legal analysis of special measures EWIN, Rob Journal of Applied Psychology and Social Science (Vol. 1 no. 2, 2015, p.31-54) 2015 24p. bibliog Vulnerable and intimidated witnesses are not identified in the early stages of most criminal investigations and trials, which is often detrimental to the trial outcome, attracts significant financial cost, and leaves victims to flounder. Options for witnesses such as Visually Recorded Evidence and 'Special Measures' are underused and there is still room for improvement which would benefit victims, witnesses and criminal justice agencies.

Youth Offending

Law and order conservatism and youth justice: outcomes and effects in Canada and England and Wales. FOX, Darrell; ARNULL, Elaine British Journal of Community Justice (Vol. 13 no. 2, Summer 2015, p.79-98.) Argues that cultural and political influences affected implementation of youth justice policy in ways that were initially unforseen.

Processed as an adult: a regression discontinuity estimate of the crime effects of charging nontransfer juveniles as adults. LOEFFLER, Charles; GRUNWALD, Ben Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (Vol. 52 no. 6, November 2015, p.890-922.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427815581858 This research finds that processing juveniles in the adult system may not uniformly increase offending and may reduce offending in some circumstances. The usefulness of quasi-experimental research designs for estimating the life-course effects of contact with the criminal justice system is highlighted.

Delinquent subculture and juvenile offenders’ attitudes toward the police in China. REN, Ling; ZHANG, Hongwei; ZHAO, Jihong Solomon; ZHAO, Ruohui Police Quarterly (Vol. 19 no. 1, 2016, p.87-110.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604450 Finds that juvenile offenders in the sample tend to rate the police positively, and that delinquent subculture theories are effective in explaining juvenile offenders’ sentiments toward the police.

Importance of being satisfied: a longitudinal exploration of police contact, procedural injustice, and subsequent delinquency. SLOCUM, Lee Ann; WILEY, Stephanie Ann; ESBENSEN, Finn-Aage Criminal Justice and Behavior (Vol. 43 no. 1, January 2016, p.7-26.) View full text (via Athens): http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815609069 Finds that the total effect of being stopped or arrested on delinquency depends on the youth’s level of satisfaction with the encounter.

Miscellaneous

How parliament works. (7th ed.) ROGERS, Robert; WALTERS, Rhodri London Routledge 2015 438p. figs., tabs. £28.34 ISBN: 9780273790372 328.41 This book covers the work, membership, structures and daily life of both Houses of Parliament. It includes the latest changes to both houses such as the Fixed Term Parliaments Act as well as developments in the legislative process, party discipline and rebellion, the procedure of both Houses, select committee work, and the relationship between Parliament and the European Union.

Absent consent. SARKARIA, Neelam; CAMPBELL, Gerry

Criminal Law and Justice Weekly (Vol. 179 no. 36, 3 October 2015, p.723-725.) Discusses whether the legislation to criminalise forced marriages in the Anti-Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act 2014 gives victims the protection they need.

European Union law. SCHUTZE, Robert Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2015 946p. figs., tabs., bibliogs. £36.98 ISBN: 9781107416536 341.2422 SCH This book examines what is the European Union, how it works and how it produces its law. Starting with the constitutional foundations of the union, it then covers governmental powers, substantive law including the free movement of goods, persons and services and Union polices including completion law and an overview of internal and external polices.

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