Epidemiology, Geographical Distribution, and Economic Consequences of Swine Zoonoses: A
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Epidemiology, Geographical Distribution, and Economic Consequences of Swine Zoonoses: A Narrative Review
Khan et. al. 2013.
Supplementary information:
Supplementary table:
a. Supplementary table S1: Swine associated zoonoses classified by pathogen type, role of the pigs in disease transmission, host range, distribution, and population level burden in human and swine.
b. Sources details a. Supplementary table S1: Swine-associated zoonoses classified by pathogen type, role of the pigs in disease transmission, host range, distribution, population level disease burden in humans and swine, swine production loss, and occupational hazards.
Pathogen type Pathogen/disease Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity Emerging pathogens Viruses Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus Reservoir Pigs Wild boars, rhesus Worldwide High monkeys, humans Hendra virus Hendra virus Susceptible Bats Horses, pigs, humans Australia High Nipah virus Nipah virus Amplifier Bats Pigs, goats, dogs, cats, Asia: Malaysia, High humans Singapore, Bangladesh, and India Menangle virus Menangle virus Susceptible Bats Humans Australia Moderate Influenza virus A Influenza virus A Reservoir Mammals and birds - Worldwide Moderate to high
Norwalk virus Norwalk virus Reservoir Human, pigs - Worldwide High Reston ebola virus Reston ebola virus Susceptible Human, non-human Pigs USA, Philippine, Italy High primates, bats Zaire ebola virus Zaire ebola virus Susceptible Human, bats, pig Non-human primates Congo, Gabon, South High Africa Bacteria Staphylococcosis (LA- Staphylococcus aureus Reservoir Human Pig, veal calf, poultry Netherlands Germany Low MRSA infection) Denmark Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Canada, and the United States
Streptococcal suis Streptococcus suis Reservoir Pigs Humans, boars, horses, The Netherlands, Low infection dogs, cats Denmark, Italy, Germany, Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Sweden, Ireland, Austria, Hungary, Hong Kong, Croatia, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, New Zealand, Argentina, and United States
Streptococcal porcinus Streptococcus porcinus Reservoir Pigs Humans Scandinavian Low infection countries, North America
Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile Susceptible human Other mammals High
Melioidosis Burkholderia Reservoir Pig, horse, sheep, goat, - Tropical and sub- High (Pseudomonas) cattle, rodents, cats, pseudomallei and zoo animals tropical regions, particularly in East Asia and Northern Australia
Parasites
Pork tapeworm Taenia solium Intermediate host Pigs, dogs - Central and South Moderate in endemic (Cysticercus America, Central and areas cellulosae) Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Southern and Eastern Europe
Giardiasis Giardia spp. Susceptible Cattle Pigs and other Worldwide: mostly in Moderate to high ruminants the tropics
Endemic pathogens
Viruses
Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Reservoir Pigs, herons, egrets Human, ruminants, Southeast Asia, High virus virus horses, domestic and particularly China and wild avian the Indian subcontinent
Pathogen type Pathogen/disease Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity West Nile virus West Nile virus Susceptible Birds humans, pigs, Worldwide, High ruminants, horses, and particularly throughout avian species Africa, parts of Europe, Middle East, West Asia, and Australia. New cases are reported in Greece, Israel, Romania, Russia, and in Americas it extends from Canada to Venezuela
Vesicular stomatitis Vesicular stomatitis Susceptible Cattle, equids, sheep, Human Southern Mexico to High virus (VS) Indiana virus, VS goats, and less northern South Alagoas virus, VS frequently pigs America New Jersey virus (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru), and United States Swine vesicular Swine vesicular Reservoir Pigs Human Enzootic in southern Rare disease virus disease Italy, and sporadic in Europe, Asia, and North and South America Rotavirus A Rotavirus A, C, E? Reservoirs Human, pig, cattle, Mice, rabbit, birds Worldwide High sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat Encephalomyocarditis Encephalomyocarditis Susceptible Over 30 species of Birds, and insects Belgium, Italy , Rare virus virus mammals including Greece, Cyprus, UK, pigs Austria, and France Bacteria Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Reservoir Cattle, sheep, horses, Humans Worldwide Low other ungulates Brucellosis Brucella suis Reservoir Domestic and feral Humans, cattle, horses, Worldwide High pigs cattle, and dogs Campylobacter Campylobacter coli Reservoir cattle, calves, sheep, Hamsters, guinea pigs, Worldwide High enteritis zoo animals, dogs, cats mice C. jejuni Reservoir cattle, calves, sheep, Hamsters, guinea pigs, Worldwide High zoo animals, dogs, cats mice C. laridis Reservoir cattle, calves, sheep, Hamsters, guinea pigs, Worldwide High zoo animals, dogs, cats mice Q fever Coxiella burnetii Susceptible sheep, goat, cattle, Pigs, cats, other stray Worldwide (except Moderate dogs animals New Zealand) Post-weaning diarrhea E. coli Susceptible Cattle, human Pigs, other mammals Worldwide High and edema disease in piglets – entero- pathogenic, entero- toxigenic and edema disease Escherichia coli Erysipelas (diamond- Erysipelothrix Reservoir Swine, turkeys, Sheep, and lambs Worldwide High (among skin disease) rhusiopathiae pigeons, dolphin occupationally exposed)
Leptospiroses Leptospira spp. Reservoir Pigs Domestic and wild Worldwide High animals, common in rodents, dogs
Listeriosis Listeria Reservoirs Cattle, sheep, pigs, Humans Worldwide High monocytogenes dogs, cats, deer Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida Susceptible Cat, dog, pigs, guinea Humans, other Worldwide Moderate pig, rabbit, cattle, mammals sheep
Salmonelloses Salmonella Reservoir Calves, pigs, poultry, Humans Worldwide High choleraesuis wild birds, reptiles, and rodents Pathogen type Pathogen/disease Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity Salmonelloses Salmonella enteritidis Reservoir Calves, pigs, poultry, Humans Worldwide High wild birds, reptiles, and rodents
Tularemia Francisella tularensis Susceptible Sheep, dogs, pigs, Humans North America and High horses, multiple Eurasia species of wild mammals Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium avium Susceptible Many species of Humans, wild Worldwide High Complex mammals, some birds mammals particularly (Tuberculosis) deer and wild boars
M. tuberculosis Susceptible Cattle, farmed buffalo, Humans, pigs, cats, Worldwide High goats, wild mammals dogs, horses and sheep and other mammals
M. bovis Susceptible Cattle, farmed buffalo, Humans, pigs, cats, Worldwide High goats, wild mammals dogs, horses and sheep and other mammals
Yersiniases (plague) Yersinia enterocolitica Susceptible Rodents Humans, domestic and Worldwide High wild mammals
Yersinia Susceptible Rodents Humans, domestic and Asia (Vietnam, China, High pseudotuberculosis wild mammals Mongolia, Kazakhstan, India, and Myanmar), Africa (East Central Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, The Domestic Republic of Congo, Libya, and Madagascar), United States in North America, and South America (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador) Mycoplasma suis Mycoplasma suis Reservoir Multiple domestic Raindeer and wild Worldwide High (Eperythrozoon suis) animals including felids dogs, cats, and cattle Parasites Asian taeniasis Taenia saginata Intermediate host Cattle, pig - East and southeast Asia Moderate asiatica Cryptosporidiasis Cryptosporidium suis Susceptible Pigs - Worldwide Low
Cryptosporidium Susceptible Cattle, sheep, goat, Pigs Worldwide Moderate parvum rodents Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Susceptible Cats Domestic, game, and Worldwide Moderate to high other wild animals Trichinellosis Trichinella spp. Reservoir Pigs Dog, sheep, goats, wild Worldwide Low to moderate boars, bears, badgers, and nutrias Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis Reservoir Pigs, cat, dog Species of cyprinoid Parts of east Asia; Low to moderate fish, snail eastern Siberia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Sporadic cases in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines Giant intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski Reservoir Pigs Young rabbits China, Taiwan, Low to moderate Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia Gastrodiscoidiasis Gastrodiscoides Reservoir Pigs, mouse, deer, field - India, Pakistan, Moderate to high hominis rats, and rhesus Myanmar, Vietnam, monkeys the Philippines, Thailand, China, Kazakhstan, Indian immigrants in Guyana, and the Volga Delta in Russia Schistosomiasis Schistosoma Susceptible Buffaloes and cattle Goats, horses, pigs, Southeast Asia, China, Moderate to high (bilharziasis) japonicum rats and dogs Philippines
Cystic echinococcosis; Echinococcus Intermediate host Sheep, cattle, and Pigs, camels, other Worldwide but mostly Moderate to high Hydatid disease; granulosus cervid mammals in Mediterranean Hydatidosis region and southern South America Pathogen type Pathogen/disease Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity
Entamoebiasis Entamoeba polecki Reservoir Pigs, wild boars, and - Worldwide, Low monkeys particularly in Southeast Asia Sporadically occurring pathogens Viruses Influenza virus B Influenza virus B Susceptible Human Seals Worldwide Low Influenza virus C Influenza virus C Susceptible Human - Worldwide Low Suid Herpesvirus 1 Suid herpesvirus 1 Primary host cattle, sheep, Humans South America, - goats, dogs, cats, foxes Europe, and Asia. In in fur farms, rats, and Europe, PRV wild mice (Pseudorabies virus) has never been reported in Norway, Finland, or Malta. PRV has been eradicated from Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Henipa like viruses Henipa like viruses Susceptible Pig - Ghana, Bangladesh -
Bacterial Pasteurellosis Pasteurella aerogenes Susceptible Cat, dog, pigs, guinea Humans, other Europe Rare pig, rabbit, cattle, mammals sheep Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani Susceptible All farmed animals: - Worldwide Low cattle, pig, lambs. and dogs, and cats
Fungal Dermatophytosis Microsporum nanum Reservoir Pigs - Worldwide Low (Ringworm) M. canis Susceptible Cat, dog, horse All mammals North and South Low America, Europe, and Africa M. gypseum Susceptible All mammals - Worldwide Low
Trichophyton Susceptible Rodents All mammals Worldwide Low mentagrophytes T. rubrum Susceptible Dogs, cattle, pigs - Worldwide Low
T. verrucosum Susceptible Cattle, other ruminants All mammals Worldwide Low
Parasitic Balantidiasis Balantidium coli Reservoir Pigs Wild boars, rabbits, Worldwide; endemic in Moderate to high rats, monkeys, and People's Republic of primates China, Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, the south Pacific islands, Brazil, Peru, Panama, and Cuba Sarcosporidiasis Sarcocystis suihominis Intermediate host Humans, chimpanzees, - Worldwide; highly Low to high and rhesus and prevalent in Indian cynomolgus monkeys subcontinent
* Some of the fields are blank due to lack of data. b. Source details (references for supplementary table)
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