A Time to Review – Robber Barons, Workers, and Muckrakers US History/Napp Name: ______

1. In the late 1800s, the term robber 5. During the late 1800s, which development baron was used to describe some led to the other three? owners of big businesses primarily (1) formation of labor unions because they (2) increased demand for natural resources (1) favored free trade (3) federal regulation of business trusts (2) eliminated competition using (4) growth of industry ruthless methods (3) opposed the formation of 6. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a corporations major goal of the American Federation of (4) provided workers with high Labor (AFL) was to wages (1) end restrictions on child labor (2) admit women to the industrial workforce 2. The theory of laissez-faire economics (3) improve wages and working conditions was used during the late 1800s to (4) join all workers into a single union (1) justify unregulated business growth 7. The Jungle, The Octopus, and The Shame (2) call for more consumer protection of the Cities are all books that were written (3) support Progressive programs to (4) achieve equal distribution of (1) support the formation of a new political income party (2) promote environmental conservation 3. In the second half of the 1800s, which (3) encourage reform in business and development led to the other three? government (1) expansion of political machines (4) express opinions concerning imperialism (2) growth of American cities (3) development of tenement housing 8. During the late 1800s, the idea of Social (4) increase in crime Darwinism was used to explain the (1) development of the Granger movement 4. In the early 20th century, (2) need for settlement homes muckrakers were able to influence (3) creation of a national parks system American society mainly by (4) success or failure of businesses (1) organizing demonstrations in large cities 9. One reason the American Federation of (2) contributing to presidential Labor (AFL) was successful was that this election campaigns organization (3) lobbying members of Congress (1) focused on the needs of skilled workers (4) exposing corruption in business (2) rejected the use of strikes and boycotts and government (3) ended the use of blacklists by employers (4) called for government ownership of industry 10. The term muckraker was used in the 15. The actions of muckrakers in the late early 1900s to describe writers who 19th century and early 20th century resulted (1) supported limits on government in regulation (1) Supreme Court decisions that expanded (2) exposed abuses in American society the right to vote (3) wanted the United States to ban all (2) government regulation of unfair business immigration practices (4) promoted racial integration efforts (3) increases in the power of monopolies (4) reduction of the president’s power to 11. Lincoln Steffens’s The Shame of the manage the economy Cities and Ida Tarbell’s The History of the Standard Oil Company are examples of the 16. Many of the business trusts created in use of the late 1800s were eventually declared (1) the Gospel of Wealth illegal primarily because they (2) the melting pot theory (1) eliminated competition by forming (3) Social Darwinism monopolies (4) muckraking (2) combined companies that manufactured different products 12. The Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the (3) donated large sums of money to political Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) were efforts candidates by the federal government to (4) allowed children to work under unsafe (1) protect public health and safety Conditions (2) support business monopolies (3) restrict foreign competition 17. In the late 1800s, rapid industrial (4) regulate child labor development resulted in (1) a decrease in tariff rates 13. The formation of national labor unions (2) a decrease in population growth in the late 1800s was mainly a response to (3) an increase in the rate of urbanization (1) passage of federal laws that favored (4) an increase in the price of farm products workers (2) laws restricting immigration and 18. Upton Sinclair, Frank Norris, and Ida naturalization Tarbell made their greatest contributions to (3) poor working conditions and low wages the Progressive movement by in many industries (1) working to end political corruption in (4) economic depressions that had led to cities high unemployment (2) speaking out for the equal rights of Hispanic Americans 14. In the late 1800s, which factor directly (3) supporting legislation to improve contributed to the growth of the steel tenement housing industry? (4) publishing books and articles to expose (1) government regulation of the industry the problems of society (2) employee ownership of the industry (3) new production techniques that increased efficiency (4) court decisions that allowed collective bargaining 19. The American Federation of Labor’s 22. Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and Margaret support for “bread and butter” unionism Sanger are best known for their efforts to was intended to (1) create awareness about social problems (1) gain control of state and federal (2) gain support for the women’s movement legislatures (3) expand the rights of Native American (2) change the economic system to socialism Indians (3) combine all skilled and unskilled (4) win equal treatment for African workers into one large organization Americans (4) improve wages, hours, and working conditions 23. A high protective tariff passed by Congress is intended to affect the United 20. Books such as The Octopus by Frank States economy by Norris, How the Other Half Lives by Jacob (1) promoting free trade Riis, and The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (2) limiting industrial jobs exposed problems associated with (3) encouraging American manufacturing (1) naturalization of immigrants (4) expanding global interdependence (2) westward expansion (3) rapid industrialization 24. In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (4) environmental conservation (1890), Congress intended to (1) prevent large corporations from 21. “I will build a motor car for the great eliminating their competition multitude. It will be large enough for the (2) distinguish good trusts from bad trusts family but small enough for the individual (3) regulate rates charged by railroads to run and care for. It will be constructed of (4) force large trusts to bargain with labor the best materials, by the best men to be unions hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will 25. During the late 1800s, what was a major be so low in price that no man making a effect of industrialization on workers in the good salary will be unable to own one – and United States? enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of (1) Membership in labor unions declined. pleasure in God’s great open spaces.” (2) Workers migrated to rural regions. ~ Henry Ford, 1909 (3) Most factory jobs became service industry jobs. Which action is most closely associated with (4) Skilled craftsmen were replaced by Henry Ford’s attempt to realize this vision? semiskilled machine operators. (1) providing cars in a variety of models (2) creating a business monopoly (3) downsizing the labor force (4) using the assembly line 26. During the late 1800s, presidents and 29. governors most often used military force We mean to make things over, during labor-management conflicts as a way we are tired of toil for naught, to With but bare enough to live upon, (1) support industrialists and end strikes and never an hour for thought; (2) make employers sign collective We want to feel the sunshine, bargaining agreements and we want to smell the flowers, (3) protect workers from the private armies We are sure that God has will’d it, of employers and we mean to have eight hours. (4) replace striking factory workers with We’re summoning our forces soldiers from the shipyard, shop and mill,

27. Speaker A: Feeding and clothing the Chorus. poor is a mistake. Just as nature weeds out Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, unfit members, a capitalist society should be Eight hours for what we will! allowed to do the same. Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, Speaker B: To provide for the common good Eight hours for what we will! and protect the people, the government — I.G. Blanchard, “Eight Hours,” 1878 should pass laws to prevent the sale of alcohol. During the late 1800s, the ideas expressed in Speaker C: To promote economic growth, these lyrics were the goals of the government should expand United (1) organizers of labor unions States markets overseas. (2) sharecroppers following the Civil War Speaker D: Since transportation is a public (3) Grangers demanding railroad regulation necessity, the government should own and (4) owners of big businesses operate the railroads in the public interest. 30. Society advances when its fittest Which speaker would most likely support members are allowed to assert themselves the theory of Social Darwinism? with the least hindrance. (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D The idea expressed in this statement is most consistent with the (1) principles of Social Darwinism 28. Muckrakers Ida Tarbell and Upton (2) concept of assimilation Sinclair influenced the federal government (3) goals of the Progressive movement to (4) melting pot theory of American culture (1) grant citizenship to people who had entered the country illegally 31. The mechanization of agriculture in the (2) pass legislation to correct harmful United States led directly to business practices (1) an increase in production (3) force individual states to regulate (2) less dependence on railroads by farmers monopolies (3) fewer agricultural exports (4) end racial discrimination in the (4) the decreasing size of the average farm workplace 32. In the late 19th century, critics of big 37. business claimed that monopolies most The Uprising of the Twenty Thousands harmed the economy by (Dedicated to the Waistmakers [shirt (1) limiting competition makers] of 1909) (2) decreasing the urban growth rate (3) preventing technological innovation In the black of the winter of nineteen nine, (4) failing to keep pace with European When we froze and bled on the picket line, industries We showed the world that women could fight 33. In the late 19th century, the ideas of And we rose and won with women’s might. Social Darwinism were used primarily to (1) encourage the passage of compulsory Chorus: education laws Hail the waistmakers of nineteen nine, (2) explain the differences in income Making their stand on the picket line, between the rich and the poor Breaking the power of those who reign, (3) urge Congress to end immigration Pointing the way, smashing the chain. (4) support the growth of new political And we gave new courage to the men parties Who carried on in nineteen ten And shoulder to shoulder we’ll win through, 34. The principal reason Congress raised Led by the I.L.G.W.U. tariff rates in the late 1800s and early 1900s ~ Let’s Sing!, Educational Department, was to International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ (1) increase personal income taxes Union, New York City (2) lower prices for American consumers (3) guarantee high wages to American Which type of labor-related action is best workers described in this song? (4) protect United States businesses from (1) a strike (3) a boycott foreign competition (2) an open shop (4) an injunction

35. During the late 1800s, pools and trusts 38. “You are our employers, but you are not were used by big business in an effort to our masters. Under the system of (1) increase imports government we have in the United States we (2) limit competition are your equals, and we contribute as much, (3) improve working conditions if not more, to the success of industry than (4) reduce corporate income taxes do the employers.” ~ testimony, United States Congress, April 36. The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and 29, 1911 the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) were The point of view expressed in the quotation efforts by the federal government to was most likely that of a (1) regulate some aspects of business (1) recent immigrant responding to (2) expand the positive features of the trusts discrimination (3) favor big business over small companies (2) government official campaigning for (4) move toward government ownership of reelection key industries (3) woman demanding the right of suffrage (4) labor leader speaking about the rights of Workers 39. In the early 1900s, the muckrakers 44. The theory of Social Darwinism was provided a service to the American public often used to justify the by (1) creation of the Ku Klux Klan (1) calling for a strong military buildup (2) formation of business monopolies (2) lobbying for less government regulation (3) use of strikes by labor unions of business (4) passage of antitrust laws (3) exposing abuses in government and industry 45. In the late 1800s, the creation of the (4) encouraging states to resist federal Standard Oil Trust by John D. Rockefeller government authority was intended to (1) protect small, independent oil firms 40. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, (2) control prices and practices in the oil the term robber baron best defined a person refining business who (3) increase competition among oil refining (1) controlled large tracts of western lands companies (2) used ruthless business tactics (4) distribute donations to charitable causes (3) stole from the rich to give to the poor (4) encouraged the conservation of raw 46. After 1880, a major new source of labor materials for American factories was (1) western farmers who moved back to 41. In the late 1800s, the principles of Social eastern cities Darwinism were most consistent with the (2) young women who worked until they ideas of married (1) Populism (3) formerly enslaved persons fleeing from (2) laissez-faire economics the South (3) trustbusting (4) immigrants from southern and eastern (4) utopian socialism Europe

42. In his book, How the Other Half Lives, 47. During the 19th century, the completion muckraker Jacob Riis exposed the of the Erie Canal and the transcontinental (1) ruthlessness of the Standard Oil railroads contributed to the industrial Company growth of the United States by (2) social ills of life in New York City’s (1) making the movement of goods easier tenements and cheaper (3) unsanitary conditions in the (2) protecting the United States from low- meatpacking industry priced foreign imports (4) abuses of the railroad industry (3) encouraging subsistence farming (4) connecting the United States to markets 43. In the second half of the 1800s, the in Mexico and Canada federal government encouraged the building of transcontinental railroads by (1) giving land to the railroad companies (2) purchasing large amounts of railroad stock (3) forcing convicts to work as laborers (4) taking control of the railroad trust 48. During the late 1800s, the principles of 52. In 1906, the publication of The Jungle, Social Darwinism were used to justify written by Upton Sinclair, led Congress to (1) support for unlimited immigration (1) enact stronger prohibition laws (2) desegregation of public facilities (2) support the national conservation (3) the use of strikes by organized labor movement (4) the accumulation of great wealth by (3) establish a system for meat inspection Industrialists (4) legalize strikes and boycotts by labor unions 49. “The growth of a large business is merely survival of the fittest. The American 53. Which major population shift in the late beauty rose can be produced in the splendor 1800s occurred as a result of and fragrance which bring cheer to its industrialization? beholder only by sacrificing the early buds (1) northerners to the Sun Belt which grow up around it. This is not an evil (2) rural residents to urban areas tendency in business. It is merely the (3) working class people from the cities to working out of a law of nature and a law of the suburbs God…” (4) African Americans from the North to the ~ John D. Rockefeller, Jr. South Which concept is described by this passage? (1) communism 54. The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist (2) Populism Company fire of 1911 drew national (3) utopian socialism attention to the need to (4) Social Darwinism (1) restrict immigration from southern Europe 50. The growth of big business in the late (2) establish full-time fire departments 1800s resulted in (3) protect the safety of workers (1) a reduction in child labor (4) improve conditions for tenement (2) the elimination of the middle class dwellers (3) the widening of the economic gap between rich and poor 55. Which group’s numbers increased the (4) a shift in transportation investment from most as a result of the Industrial railroads to canals Revolution? (1) skilled craftsmen 51. In the late 19th century, Congress tried (2) landed aristocracy to limit the power of monopolies by (3) urban middle class (1) creating the Federal Trade Commission (4) owners of small farms (2) strengthening the Supreme Court (3) adopting Granger laws (4) passing the Sherman Antitrust Act 56. Business leaders John D. Rockefeller, J. Base your answers to questions 60 and 61 on P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were the passage below and on your knowledge of referred to as robber barons primarily social studies. because they (1) bought titles of nobility from foreign “…This, then, is held to be the duty of the governments man of Wealth: First, to set an example of (2) were ruthless in dealing with competitors modest, unostentatious living, shunning (3) stole money from state and local display or extravagance; to provide governments moderately for the legitimate wants of those (4) gained all of their wealth by illegal dependent upon him; and after doing so to means consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called 57. During the late 1800s, what was the upon to administer, and strictly bound as main reason labor unions had difficulty a matter of duty to administer in the achieving gains for workers? manner which, in his judgment, is best (1) Communists had taken control of the calculated to produce the most beneficial major unions. results for the community – …” (2) The government supported business ~ Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth,” North efforts to limit the powers of unions. American Review, June 1889 (3) Most unions had been organized by big business. 60. According to this passage, the (4) Most workers were satisfied with responsibility of the wealthy is to working conditions. (1) invest in future industry to increase wealth 58. During the late 1800s, the defenders of (2) share their excess wealth with the Social Darwinism would most likely have community supported (3) maintain a lifestyle consistent with their (1) labor unions wealth (2) progressive income taxes (4) influence government to assist all people (3) laissez-faire capitalism (4) environmental conservation 61. Andrew Carnegie carried out the ideas expressed in this statement by 59. The Interstate Commerce Act and the (1) funding numerous libraries and Sherman Antitrust Act were attempts by educational institutions Congress to (2) serving many years in the federal (1) regulate the activities of big business government (2) protect consumers against unsafe (3) investing his fortune in several new products industries (3) impose government regulations on (4) promoting programs to benefit the agricultural production wealthy (4) bring transportation activities under government ownership 62. In an outline, which main topic would 68. During the late 19th century, which include the other three? practices were used by employers against (1) Erie Canal workers? (2) 19th-Century Internal Improvements (1) boycotts and lockouts (3) Transcontinental Railroad (2) picketing and walkouts (4) National Road (3) blacklists and yellow-dog contracts (4) mass rallies and sit-down strikes 63. In the last half of the 1800s, which development led to the other three? 69. The term robber baron was used to (1) expansion of the middle class criticize the (2) growth of industrialization (1) tactics of big-business leaders (3) formation of trusts (2) corruption of government officials (4) creation of labor unions (3) dishonesty of carpetbaggers (4) unskilled labor of illegal immigrants 65. The “new immigrants” to the United States between 1890 and 1915 came 70. What major trend related to population primarily from occurred during the industrialization boom (1) southern and eastern Europe of the late 1800s? (2) northern and western Europe (1) Immigration decreased. (3) East Asia (2) Suburbanization decreased. (4) Latin America (3) Urbanization increased. (4) Migration to rural areas increased. 66. Both the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act were 71. In the late 1800s, supporters of laissez- (1) inspired by the effectiveness of earlier faire capitalism claimed that government state laws regulation of business would be (2) designed to protect business from foreign (1) essential to protect the rights of competition consumers (3) declared unconstitutional by the (2) necessary to provide jobs for the Supreme Court in the late 1800s unemployed (4) passed by the federal government to (3) useful in competing with foreign nations regulate big business (4) harmful to economic growth

67. During the 19th century, New York was 72. Why did the United States follow a one of the most powerful states in the nation policy of open immigration during much of because it the 1800s? (1) became the financial and industrial (1) Many United States citizens wanted to center of the nation live abroad. (2) led the nation in achieving political (2) The United States had a shortage of reforms labor. (3) produced more presidents than any (3) Prosperous conditions in Europe other state resulted in fewer immigrants coming to the (4) offered more civil liberties than any United States. other state (4) Immigrants provided United States industry with investment capital. 73. The principal message of the cartoon is that the Standard Oil Company (1) Used its size to lower the prices of its products (2) Protected the nation from foreign competition (3) Used its economic power to influence government decisions (4) Employed violence to gain an unfair advantage for its workers

74. Mark Twain labeled the late 1800s in the United States the “Gilded Age” to describe the (1) End of the practice of slavery (2) Absence of international conflicts (3) Extremes of wealth and poverty (4) Achievements of the labor movement

75. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, where did most of the immigrants to the United States settle? (1) Urban centers of the Northeast (2) Plantations of the New South (3) Mining areas of the Far West (4) Farming regions of the Great Plains

76. Jane Addams and Jacob Riis were most notable for their efforts to (1) Treat the wounded in World War I (2) Stop the spread of diseases in Latin America (3) Legalize birth control for women (4) Aid the urban poor 77. Which idea of the late 1800s is most closely associated with this cartoon? (1) Regulated capitalism (2) Graduated income tax (3) Social Darwinism (4) The Gospel of Wealth

78. During the early 1890s, the federal government dealt with situations like the one shown in the cartoon by (1) Raising tariff rates on imported oil (2) Providing economic aid for small businesses (3) Prosecuting businessmen for graft and corruption (4) Passing the Sherman Antitrust Act

79. The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were passed in an effort to (1) Promote the formation of new trusts (2) Maintain competition in business (3) Increase business investment (4) Limit the activities of foreign corporations 80. This cartoonist is expressing (1) Support for new tariffs (2) Encouragement for increased immigration (3) Concern for environmental pollution (4) Dissatisfaction with the power of big business

81. Which statement describes a result of the Industrial Revolution in the United States? (1) Farm production decreased. (2) Slavery in the South increased. (3) The population of the cities decreased. (4) Immigration to the United States increased. 82. What is the main idea of the cartoon? (1) Government policies have created a recession. (2) Americans support the activities of trusts. (3) Good government has saved the country from trusts. (4) Trusts are a threat to the nation.

83. Which group would most likely have favored government action to address the issue shown in the cartoon? (1) Bankers (3) industrialists (2) Unions (4) railroad owners

84. In the late 19th century, the federal government aided the growth of transcontinental railroads by (1) Legalizing rate rebates for large shippers (2) Providing free land for laying railroad tracks (3) Requiring standard-gauge tracks on all interstate lines (4) Forcing small lines to consolidate into large systems 85. Which economic concept is best illustrated by the cartoon? (1) Supply and demand (3) monopoly (2) Mercantilism (4) trade

86. What was the main benefit that labor unions of the late 19th century gained for their members? (1) Job security (2) Improved wages and hours (3) Paid vacations (4) Health insurance

87. During the late 1800s, business leaders formed trusts mainly to (1) Reduce prices (2) Eliminate competition (3) Improve worker productivity (4) Establish overseas factories Base your answers to questions 88 and 89 on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Speaker A: “When demand ran high, and markets were scarce, he showed little mercy, broke his contracts for delivery and raised prices.” Speaker B: “The man of wealth must hold his fortune ‘in trust’ for the community and use it for philanthropic and charitable purposes.” Speaker C: “It is cruel to slander the rich because they have been successful. They have gone into great enterprises that have enriched the nation and the nation has enriched them.” Speaker D: “The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for the few, unprecedented in the history of mankind.”

88. Which two speakers would most likely label late 19th-century industrialists as robber barons? (1) A and B (2) A and D (3) B and C (4) C and D

89. The most valid conclusion that can be drawn from the different viewpoints of these speakers is that industrialists of the late 19th century (1) Benefited and harmed society (2) Treated their workers fairly (3) Used illegal means to gain wealth (4) Generally opposed the free-enterprise economic system

90. One reason John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan were sometimes called robber barons was because they (1) Robbed from the rich to give to the poor (2) Made unnecessarily risky investments (3) Used ruthless business tactics against their competitors (4) Stole money from the federal government

91. In the 19th century, protective tariffs, subsidies for railroads, and open immigration showed that the federal government followed a policy of (1) Support for economic development (2) Noninterference in the free-market system (3) Regulation of unfair business practices (4) Support for organized labor

92. The Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed by Congress to (1) Increase safety in the workplace (2) Promote fair hiring practices (3) Improve working conditions (4) Protect the interests of small businesses Base your answers to questions 93 and 94 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

93. What is the main idea of this cartoon from the 1800s? (1) Labor is gaining power over big business. (2) Most Americans support the labor movement. (3) Business has advantages over labor. (4) Government should support the expansion of railroads.

94. The American Federation of Labor responded to the situation shown in the cartoon by (1) Organizing skilled workers into unions (2) Encouraging open immigration (3) Forming worker-owned businesses (4) Creating a single union of workers and farmers

95. Dorothea Dix, Jane Addams, and Jacob Riis were all known as (1) Muckrakers (3) political leaders (2) Suffragettes (4) social reformers

96. What was an effect of the Agricultural Revolution in the U.S. during the late 1800s? (1) Unemployed factory workers could find jobs in agriculture. (2) Food supplies were increased to feed urban dwellers. (3) The size of farms decreased. (4) United States farm exports decreased. Word Bank: Standard Oil Company, Muckrakers, Laissez-faire, “The Gospel of Wealth”, Social Darwinism, Closed Shops, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Gilded Age, Unions, Trusts, Robber Barons, Northern Europe

1- Because of the lavish lifestyles of those who became rich from industry, the period from 1856 to 1900 became known as the ______. Gilded means covered in gold.

2- Through the efficiencies of large-scale production, these industrialists lowered the prices of goods, making them more affordable. But some called these entrepreneurs ______because of the ruthless tactics they used to destroy competition and to keep down worker’s wages.

3- Two of the most famous entrepreneurs in the Gilded Age were Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919). Carnegie worked his way up from a penniless Scottish immigrant to become one of America’s richest men. His steel mills ruthlessly undercut all competition. His workers put in 12-hour shifts at low wages. Carnegie hired thugs to crush any worker attempts to unionize. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) formed the ______in 1870. Rockefeller forced railroad companies to give him special, secret rates for shipping his oil, while they charged his competitors higher prices.

4- Beginning with the Depression of 1873, many large producers like Carnegie and Rockefeller began driving smaller companies out of business or acquiring them. In other cases, rival companies reached agreements to consolidate (join together), often in ______. Many producers hoped to eliminate competition by establishing a monopoly (a single seller dominating a market). Monopolistic power allowed them to dictate their own price to consumers.

5- Many business leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries followed the tenets of ______. This philosophy loosely applied Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution to economics. Taking Darwin’s suggestions of the survival of the fittest as the determinant in evolution, proponents of this philosophy believed that the state should not interfere in economic life. They believed those on top in the business world were there because they were the fittest. They had survived the battle of the marketplace because they were the best.

6- Social Darwinists believed that any interference in the free market operation would wreck the economy and upset its natural evolution. This view of economics is referred to as ______. Social Darwinists believed any person with ability could rise to the top, and laborers were where they were because of natural selection.

7- By the end of the century one millionaire, Andrew Carnegie, added a new twist to Social Darwinism in a speech “______.” In 1889, Carnegie argued that wealth was essential for civilization and by the natural law of competition only a few could achieve it. However, what these few did with their wealth was crucial for society. Carnegie argued that the rich should administer their wealth through their lifetime to benefit society.

8- With the rise of big business, individual workers lost all bargaining power with their employers. Many workers realized that some form of labor organization was needed to protect their interests. They formed ______so that they could act as a group. Together workers organized strikes and other forms of protest to obtain better working conditions. Industrialists like Carnegie used immigrant workers or closed down factories rather than negotiate with these labor associations.

9- The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by uniting workers with similar economic interests. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL consisted of separate unions of skilled workers joined together into a federation. Gompers limited his goals to winning improved wages and working conditions for workers, higher pay, and an 8-hour work day. Gompers fought hard to improve members’ job security by seeking ______(places where only union members were hired). The AFL quickly emerged as the principal voice of organized labor.

10- In the early 20th century, the attitude of the government and public towards unions began to change. One event that caused this change was a fire at the ______in 1911. The fire occurred on the evening of March 25, 1911, in a New York City sweatshop. A sweatshop is a shop or factory in which employees work for long hours at low wages and under unhealthy conditions. The fire touched off a national movement for safer working conditions.

11- Late 19th-century America experienced a sudden flood of immigrants. Up until 1880, most immigrants had come from ______. In general, these “Old Immigrants” were Protestant, except for Irish Catholics, and most spoke English. Immigration patterns changed in the 1880s. Railroads and steamships made the voyage to America more affordable. Most “New Immigrants” came from Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, and Russia. They were Catholics and Jewish, spoke no English, were poor, and dressed differently from Northern Europeans. Asian immigrants also arrived.

12- Among the most influential Progressives were investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists that exposed government corruption and the abuses of industry. These writers became known as ______. They examined the rise of industry and the abuses that often led to the accumulation of large fortunes. They also examined business practices affecting consumers and the lives of the poor. They provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States.