Reading Outline Chapter 3

READING OUTLINE CHAPTER 3

I. Liberal Theories A. The Waning of War A.1. Liberal theorists see the rules of IR as slowly evolving through time and potentially becoming more peaceful A.2. Evolution results primarily from the gradual build-up of international organization and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity) A.3. Current period is one of the least warlike ever, fewer killed in wars

B. Kant and Peace B.1. Liberal theories of IR try to explain how peace and cooperation are possible B.2. German philosopher Immanuel Kant – gave three answers 200 years ago B.2.a. First, based on reciprocity – states could develop the organizations and rules to facilitate cooperation, specifically by forming a world federation resembling today’s United Nations B.2.b. Second, operating at a lower level of analysis – peace depends on the internal character of governments, specifically the republics, with a legislative branch that can hold a monarch in check, will be more peaceful than autocracies – relies more on identity principle B.2.c. Trade promote peace – relies on the presumption that trade increases wealth, cooperation, and global well-being – conflict less likely since governments will not want to disrupt any process that adds to the wealth of their state C. Liberal Institutionalism C.1. Kant’s first answer – ability of states to develop and follow mutually advantageous rules, with international institutions to monitor and enforce them C.2. Rational actors capable of forgoing short-term individual interests in order to further long-term well-being of community to which they belong C.3. States, although autonomous, could join a worldwide federation like today’s UN C.4. International cooperation a more rational option for states than resorting to war C.5. Neoliberal approach C.5.a. Concedes to realism several important assumptions C.5.a.i.States are unitary actors C.5.a.ii. States rationally pursue self-interests C.5.a.iii. Anarchic international system C.5.b. But states achieve cooperation fairly often because it is in their interest to do so C.5.c. Reciprocity helps international cooperation emerge – norms and rules are enforced without central authority C.5.d. Reciprocity also contains danger of runaway hostility – tit-for- tat punishments – but norms mediate states’ interactions D. International Regimes D.1. Set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain issue area D.2. Can help solve collective goods problems by increasing transparency D.3. Intervening variables between basic causal forces at work in IR D.4. Embedded in international institutions

E. Collective Security E.1. Grows out of liberal institutionalism E.2. Formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor E.3. League of Nations E.4. United Nations E.5. Regional IGOs – OAS, Arab League, African Union E.6. Success of collective security E.7. Issue of failed states F. Democratic Peace F.1. Kant’s second answer – the character of governments F.2. Democracies almost never fight each other F.3. Democracy more widespread as a form of government F.4. Period of transition to democracy may be more prone to war than either a stable democracy or a stable authoritarian government

II. Domestic Politics A. Bureaucracies A.1. Diplomats – political appointees vs. career diplomats A.2. Interagency tensions A.2.a. Tension between different agencies with different constituencies A.2.b. Tension within agencies among units with different responsibilities or constituencies A.2.c. Where you stand depends on where you sit B. Interest groups B.1. Coalitions with common interest who attempt to shape decision outcomes B.2. Lobbying C. Military-industrial complex C.1. Interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutes, working together to supply a state’s military forces C.2. Eisenhower’s concern about “unwarranted influence” C.3. Revolving door D. Public opinion D.1. Democracies vs. authoritarian governments D.2. Propaganda D.3. Journalists D.4. Levels of public—“mass,” attentive, elite D.5. Rally ’round the flag syndrome D.6. Diversionary foreign policy E. Legislatures E.1. Relationship with executive – presidential vs. parliamentary systems E.2. Power of the purse

III. Making Foreign Policy A. Foreign policy – strategies used by governments to guide their actions in the international arena B. Various organizational structures and functional relationships to create and to carry out foreign policies C. Comparative foreign policy D. Foreign policy outcomes result from multiple forces at various levels of analysis

IV. Decision-Making Models A. Rational model A.1. Clarify goals A.2. Prioritize goals A.3. List alternative policies A.4. Investigate the consequences of policy implementation A.5. Select policy B. Alternatives to rational model B.1. Organizational process model – standard operating procedures – “management by muddling through” B.2. Government bargaining (bureaucratic politics) model – foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various government agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome

V. Role of the Individual A. Decision makers are individuals B. To what extent are national leaders able to make rational decisions in the national interest? C. Individual decision makers have differing values and beliefs, unique personalities D. Systematic ways in which individual decision making diverges from rational models D.1. Misperceptions/selective perceptions—information screens D.2. Affective bias – emotions of decision makers – strong feelings about person or state toward which a decision is directed D.3. Cognitive bias – cognitive balance vs. cognitive dissonance D.3.a. Justification of effort D.3.b. Wishful thinking D.3.c. Hardened image of the enemy D.3.d. Mirror-image D.3.e. Projection of feelings D.3.f. Historical analogies

E. Impact of individual—led to two modifications to the rational model E.1. Bounded rationality E.1.a. Optimizing E.1.b. Satisficing E.2. Prospect theory E.2.a. Editing phase E.2.b. Evaluation phase – role of reference point

VI. Group Psychology A. Positive and negative effects A.1. Good—can promote rationality A.2. Bad—can introduce new sources of irrationality B. Psychological dynamics that occur within groups—groupthink C. Structure of decision-making process C.1. Rules for who is involved in making decisions, what voting procedures are C.2. Control of decision rules C.3. Control of agenda C.4. Informal groups

VII. Crisis Management A. Crises – outcomes are critical and time frames are compressed B. Groupthink, psychological stress, sleep deprivation