Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve (Pages 254 276)

Name ______The best notes will evolve into EVOLUTION – HONORS BIOLOGY2016 the best test scores! Survival of the fittest! Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve (pages 254 – 276)

1. The two main features of Darwin’s Theory are 1- Diversity of organisms are the result of “Descent with Modification”. 2 – The mechanism of modification is Natural Selection.

Explain what Darwin meant by “Descent with Modification”. Charles Darwin 1809-1882

2. Describe the main features of Darwin’s theory of natural selection by describing the following terms and how they all play a role in natural selection. Underline the term in your paragraph when you use it: overproduction, competition, inherited variations, unequal reproductive success, gradual changes in a population (You can also use your notes from the beginning of the year!)

3. How is natural selection different from artificial selection? (What is responsible for the “selected for” traits in natural selection vs. artificial?)

4. What is a fossil record? How does it provide evidence of evolution?

Charles Darwin

1809 - 1882 5. What are homologous structures? Give an example.

6. What are vestigial structures? Give an example.

7. How are embryology and molecular biology used to show ancestral relationships?

8. A. What is population genetics?

B. What is a gene pool?

9. The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. In other words, evolution WILL NOT occur if five conditions are met. List (and define if necessary) the conditions that are needed for genetic equilibrium in a population:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Are these 5 conditions usually met in natural populations? Explain why. So, how is this Hardy-Weinberg equation useful?

10. A. What is genetic drift? Explain the bottleneck effect and the founder effect. Give examples of each

11. List the main sources of genetic variation in populations.

12. There are three types of selection that can occur. Use the diagrams below to label and describe each type.

Description 

Example  Chapter 14: The Origin of Species (pages 278 – 294)

13. What is speciation? About how long ago did the first ancestral life form appear?

14. What is taxonomy? What is the “biological” definition of species?

15. A. How do reproductive barriers cause speciation?

B. What is a prezygotic barrier? Name and describe 3 different types in the table below.

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER DEFINITION EXAMPLE

C. What is a postzygotic barrier? Name and describe 2 different types in the table below.

POSTZYGOTIC BARRIER DEFINITION EXAMPLE

 You can skip pages 286 – 287. 16. What is adaptive radiation (p. 288)? (also called divergent evolution) Why are Darwin’s finches a good example of adaptive radiation?

17. Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium (see p. 290).

 You can skip pages 291 – 293.

Chapter 15: Tracing Evolutionary History (pages 296-310)

18. What is convergent evolution? Give an example. (We discussed this in the ecology unit!)

19. What are analogous structures (see p. 304)? Give an example.

20. What is co-evolution (see p. 355)? Give an example.

21. What is systematics? How does it connect taxonomy with evolution? 22. What is cladistics? How is evolutionary information organized on a cladogram?

Chapter 16: Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life (pages 314 – 320)

23. Oparin and Haldane proposed a theory to explain how life might have started on earth, called the “Heterotroph Hypothesis” Briefly summarize it. Include in your answer the original gases and conditions in the atmosphere.

24. How did Stanley Miller’s landmark experiment support Oparin’s hypothesis?

25. Why are we not so sure that this is actually what happened on early earth?