Anatomy/Physiology s1

Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

Course Description

Anatomy/Physiology is designed to provide a good base for students intending to pursue a medically related career through college or other training. It is a study in the structure and function of the human body. The eleven systems of the body are examined along with biochemistry, cells, tissues, and disease. Fetal pigs are the major dissection specimen and are examined in detail. Activities in addition to dissection include labs, projects, note-taking, papers, quizzes, lab exams, presentations, notebooks, worksheets, and tests.

Students will demonstrate an understanding of how living systems function and how they interact with the physical environment. An understanding of the structure and function of cells, organisms, living systems, and principles of genetics will also be increased. Students will demonstrate an understanding of historical perspectives, scientific approaches, and emerging scientific issues associated with the life sciences. An understanding of chemical reactions and the conservation of matter are also part of the course. In addition, it includes understanding the nature, transfer, and conservation of energy and the interactions of matter and energy with special emphasis on homeostasis.

Students recognize that science and technology are interconnected and assess the benefits, risks, and costs. Students should build scientific and technological knowledge and develop scientific habits of mind as they use the processes of scientific inquiry to ask valid questions and to gather and analyze information. They are able to reflect on scientific practices as they develop plans of action to create and evaluate a variety of conclusions. Students are also able to demonstrate the ability to communicate their findings to others. Students realize that the current body of scientific knowledge must be based on evidence, be predictive/ logical, subject to modification and limited to the natural world. This includes demonstrating an understanding that scientific knowledge grows and advances as new evidence is discovered to support or modify existing theories, as well as to encourage the development of new theories. Students are able to reflect on ethical scientific practices.

Prerequisites: Average or above average grades in Biology

Credit: 1 Year Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

TOPIC: Organization of the Body

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Exploration of how the human body is organized and how it functions. Students will investigate the levels of organization that characterize living things and the properties that all living things share. Students will examine how the body is constantly regulating its internal environment. Discussion on how the various individual systems that compose the human body cooperate with one another to maintain homeostasis. This section will also establish a basic vocabulary about the body in a way that is understood by scientists and health-care professionals.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Anatomy and Physiology Defined . Anatomy . Levels of Organization and Body Systems . Physiology . Life Processes . Organ . Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems . Organ system . Homeostasis and Disease . Tissue . Aging and Homeostasis . Cell . Anatomical Terms . Atom . Names of Body Regions . Organism . Directional Terms . Metabolism . Planes and Sections . Responsiveness . Body Cavities . Differentiation . Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants . Homeostasis . Medical Terminology and Conditions . Feedback system . Disorder . Disease . Symptom . Anatomical position . Superior . Cephalic . Inferior . Body cavity

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Lateral . Proximal . Distal . Superficial . Deep . Sagittal/midsaggittal, frontal, oblique and transverse plane . Pleural . Mediastinum . Diaphragm . Abdominal pelvic . Peritoneum . Anterior . Posterior . Medial

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the structural organization of the human body. . Define anatomy and physiology. . Define the important life processes of humans. . Define homeostasis and explain its importance. . Describe the components of a feedback system. . Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. . Describe the anatomical position. . Identify the major regions o f the body and relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical terms for various parts of the body. . Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and sections used to locate parts of the human body. . Describe the principal body cavities and the organs they contain.

TOPIC: Chemistry

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Common substances that we eat and drink such as water, sugar, table salt, proteins, starches, and fats play a vital role in keeping us alive. Students will learn how these substances function in their body. Because the body is composed of chemicals and all body activities are chemical in nature, it is important to become familiar with the language and basic ideas of chemistry to understand human anatomy and physiology.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts . Polyunsaturated fats . Acid-Base Balance: The concept of pH . pH . Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems . buffer . Organic Compounds . carbohydrates . Carbohydrates . monosaccharides . Lipids . disaccharides . Proteins . dehydration synthesis . Enzymes . Phospholipids . Adenosine Triphosphate . Steroids . Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid and . Proteins Ribonucleic Acid . Solution . Hydrophilic . Hydrophobic . Hydrolysis . Acid . Base . Salt . Amino acid . Peptide . Dipeptide . Polypeptide . Denaturation . Enzymes . Catalyst . Substrate . Cofactor . Coenzyme . Active site . Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) . Solvent . Solute . Polysaccharides . Lipids . Triglycerides . Saturated Fats . Monounsaturated fats

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Define a chemical element, atom, ion, molecule, and compound. . Explain how chemical bonds form. . Describe what happens in a chemical reaction and explain why it is important to the human body. . Discuss the functions of water and inorganic acids, bases, and salts. . Define pH and explain how the body attempts to keep pH within the limits of homeostasis . Discuss the functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. . Explain the importance of DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study TOPIC: Cells

CONTENT STATEMENT:  About 200 different types of cells compose the body. Each cell is a living structural and functional unit that is enclosed by a membrane. All cells arise from existing cells by the process of cell division, in which one cell divides into two new cells. In the body different types of cells fulfill unique roles that support homeostasis and contribute to the many functional capabilities of the human organism. Cell biology is the study of cellular structure and function.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Generalized view of the cell . Cytoplasm/Cytosol . The plasma membrane . Organelles . Transport across the plasma membrane . Plasma membrane . Passive Processes: Diffusion/Osmosis . Integral and Peripheral proteins . Active Processes: Active . Selective permeability Transport/Transport in vesicles . Receptors . Cytoplasm/Cytosol . Enzymes . Organelles: cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia . Intracellular fluid ICF and flagella, ribosomes, endoplasmic . Extracellular fluid ECF reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, . Interstitial fluid perioxisomes, prteasomes, mitochondria, . Plasma nucleus . Lymph . Cerebrospinal fluid CSF . Solute/Solvent/Solution . Concentration gradient . Passive/Active Process . Diffusion/Osmosis . Equilibrium . Isotonic/Hypertonic/Hypotonic . Hemolysis . Crenation

Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Gene Action: Protein synthesis . mRNA, tRNA, rRNA . Transcription . Transcription . Translation . Translation . Somatic Cell Division . Replication . Interphase . Codon . Mitotic Phase: Nuclear . Polymerase Division/Cytokinesis . Promoter/Terminator . Cellular Diversity . Meiosis/Mitosis . Aging and Cells . Somatic/Gamete . Common disorders . Cytokinesis . Medical terminology and conditions . Apoptosis . Atrophy . Biopsy . Dysplasia . Hypertrophy . Necrosis . Progeny . Phagocytosis – Phagocytes . Cilia/Flagella . Rough/Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum . Chromatin/Chromosome . Nucleus/Nuclear Pore . Gene . Vesicle . Endo/exocytosis

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Name and describe the three main parts of a cell. . Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. . Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. . Describe the structure and functions of cytoplasm and organelles. . Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus. . Outline the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis. . Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic cell division. . Describe how cells differ in size and shape.

Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study TOPIC: Tissues

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Cells work together in groups called tissues. Histology is the science that deals with the study of tissues. A pathologist is a physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses. One of the principal functions of a pathologist is to examine tissues for any changes that might indicate disease.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Types of tissues . Epithelial . General features of epithelial tissue . Connective . Covering and lining epithelium . Muscular . Simple/pseudostratified . Nervous columnar/stratified/glandular epithelium . Cell junctions . General features of connective tissue . Basement membrane . Connective tissue cells . Avascular . Connective tissue extracellular matrix (ground . Secretion substance, fibers) . Absorption . Classification of connective tissues: . Simple/Pseudo/Stratified loose/dense/cartilage/bone/liquid connective . Squamous/Cuboidal/Columnar tissue . Transitional . Endothelium . Mesothelium . Microvilli . Goblet cells . Gland . Endocrine/Exocrine . Extracellular matrix . Fibroblasts . Macrophages . Mast cells . Adipocytes

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Membranes (mucous, serous, synovial) . Red/White blood cells . Muscular Tissue . Platelets . Nervous Tissue . Mucosa . Tissue Repair . Serous/Synovial membrane . Aging and Tissues . Parietal/Visceral layer . Common Disorders . Pleura . Medical Terminology and Conditions . Serous fluid . Pericardium . Muscle fibers . Skeletal/Cardiac/Smooth muscle . Neuron . Neuroglia . Stem cell . Tissue regeneration . Fibrosis . Collagen/Elastic/Reticular fibers . Areolar . Cartilage . Chondrocytes . Lacunae . Osseous

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Discuss the general features of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. . Describe the structure, location, and function of the various types of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. . Describe the role of tissue repair in restoring homeostasis. . Describe the effects of aging on tissue.

TOPIC: Integumentary System CONTENT STATEMENT:  Skin is exposed to infection, disease, and injury; it reflects our emotions and some aspects of normal physiology, as evidenced by frowning, blushing, and sweating. Changes in skin color or condition may indicate homeostatic imbalances in the body. Other disorders may be limited to the skin, such as warts, age spots, or pimples. The skin’s location makes it vulnerable to damage from trauma, sunlight, microbes, or pollutants in the environment. Major damage to the skin can be life threatening due to the loss of the protective skin functions. Many interrelated factors may affect both the appearance and health of the skin, including nutrition, hygiene, circulation, age, immunity, genetic traits, psychological state, and drugs. Dermatology is the branch of medicine that specializes in diagnosing and treating skin disorders.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Structure of skin . Integumentary system . Epidermis . Cutaneous membrane . Dermis . Epidermis/Dermis/Subcutaneous . Skin color . Pacinian corpuscles . Tattooing and body piercing . Melanocytes . Accessory structures of the skin . Melanin . Langerhans cells . Merkel cells . Tactile . Stratum basale/spinosum/granulosum . Stratum lucidum/corneum . Keratinization . Dermal papillae . Albinism . Vitiligo . Hemoglobin . Carotene . Arrector pili

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Hair . Excretion/Absorption . Glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous, . RosaceaBasal cell carcinoma ceruminous) . Squamous cell carcinoma . Nails . Malignant melanoma . Functions of the skin . Abrasion . Aging and the Integumentary system . Contact dermatitis . Common disorders . Hemangioma . Medical terminology and conditions . Keratosis . Laceration . Psoriasis . Topical . Hair follicle . Androgenic alopecia . Sebaceous glands . Sebum . Sudoriferous glands . Eccrine sweat glands . Apocrine sweat glands . Ceruminous glands . Lunula . Cuticle . Cutaneous sensations

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the structure and functions of the skin. . Explain the basis for different skin colors. . Describe the structure and functions of hair, skin, glands, and nails. . Describe how the skin contributes to the regulation of body temperature, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D. . Describe the effects of aging on the Integumentary system.

TOPIC: Skeletal System & Joints CONTENT STATEMENT:  Bone is a complex and dynamic living tissue that is remodeled continuously. Each individual bone is an organ composed of several different tissues working together. The entire framework of bones and their cartilages constitute the skeletal system. The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders are termed osteology.  Flexible connective tissues form joints that hold bones together while in most cases permitting some degree of movement. A joint (articulation) is a point of contact between bones, between cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bones. Arthrology is the scientific study of joints. Many joints of the body permit movement. The study of motion of the human body is called kinesiology.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Functions of bone and skeletal system . Diaphysis . Types of bones . Epiphyses . Structure of bone (macroscopic/microscopic) . Long/short/flat/irregular bone . Compact bone tissue . Metaphyses . Spongy bone tissue . Articular cartilage . Bone formation . Periosteum . Initial bone formation in an embryo and fetus . Medullary cavity (intramembranous ossification/endochondral . Endosteum ossification) . Calcification . Bone growth in length and thickness . Osteogenic cells . Osteoblasts . Mesenchyme . Osteocytes . Osteoclasts . Compact/Spongy bone . Osteon . Haversian system . Concentric lamellae . Lacunae

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Bone remodeling . Suture . Fractures . Fontanels . Factors affecting bone growth and remodeling . Sinuses . Bone’s role in calcium homeostasis . Intervertebral disc . Exercise and bone tissue . Cervical/lumbar/thoracic/sacral . Divisions of the skeletal system . Pectoral girdle . Skull and hyoid bone . Pelvic girdle . Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) . Osteoporosis . Humerus . Rickets . Ulna and radius . Osteomalacia . Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges . Fibrous/Cartilaginous/Synovial joints . Pelvic girdle . Synarthrosis/Amphiarthrosis/Diarthrosis . Femur . Syndesmosis/Gomphosis . Patella . Articular capsule . Tibia and fibula . Ligament . Synovial fluid . Menisci . Extension/flexion/hyperextension . Elevation/Depression . Protraction/Retraction . Inversion/Eversion . Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion . Supination/Pronation . Opposition . Hinge/pivot/condyloid/saddle/ball-and- socket joint . Patellar/Oblique popliteal/arcuate popliteal/medial collateral/fibular collateral/anterior cruciate/posterior cruciate ligament . Bursae . Demineralization

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges . Arthroplasty . Aging and the skeletal system . Rheumatoid arthritis . Common disorders . Osteoarthritis . Medical terminology and conditions . Sprain . Fibrous joints . Canaliculi . Cartilaginous joints . Volkmann’s canal . Synovial joints (structure) . Trabeculae . Ossification . Intramembranous ossification . Endochondral ossification . Epiphyseal plate . Partial/Complete/Simple/Open fracture . Parathyroid hormone

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the parts of a long bone. . Describe the histological features of bone tissue. . Explain the importance of bone formation during different phases of a person’s lifetime. . Describe the factors that affect bone growth during a person’s lifetime. . Describe how exercise and mechanical stress affect bone tissue. . Group the bones of the body into axial and appendicular divisions. . Name the cranial and facial bones and their locations and major structural features. . Identify the regions and normal curves of the vertebral column and describe its structural and functional features. . Identify the bones of the thorax, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb and their principal markings. . Identify the principal structural differences between female and male skeletons. . Describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system. . Describe how the structure of a joint determines its function. . Describe the structural and functional classes of joints. . Describe the structure and functions of the three types of joints. . Describe the structure and functions of the two types of cartilaginous joints. . Describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints. . Describe the six subtypes of synovial joints. . Explain the effects of aging on joints.

TOPIC: Muscular System

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Movements require an interaction between bones and muscles. Students will learn where the muscles attach on individual bones and the types of joints acted on by the contracting muscles. The bones, muscles, and joints together form an integrated system called the musculoskeletal system. The scientific study of muscles is known as mycology. The branch of medical science concerned with the prevention or correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called orthopedics.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Overviews of muscular tissue . Striated . Types of muscular tissue . Voluntary/Involuntary . Functions of muscular tissue . Muscle fiber . Skeletal muscle tissue . Fascia . Connective tissue components . Epi/Peri/Endomysium . Nerve and blood supply . Fascicles . Histology . Tendon . Contraction and relaxation of skeletal . Sarcolemma muscle . Transverse tubules . Neuromuscular junction . Sarcoplasm . Sliding-filament mechanism . Sarcoplasmic reticulum . Physiology of contraction . Myoglobin . Relaxation . Myofibrils . Muscle tone . Myosin/actin . Sarcomere . A/I band . H zone . Myosin . Tropomyosin/Troponin . Action potential . Motor unit . Motor end plate

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Metabolism of skeletal muscle tissue . Creatine phosphate . Energy for contraction . Anaerobic/Aerobic cellular respiration . Muscle fatigue . Myoglobin . Oxygen consumption after exercise . Twitch contraction . Control of muscle tension . Myogram . Twitch contraction . Latent period . Frequency of stimulation . Summation . Motor unit recruitment . Tetanus . Principal skeletal muscles . Motor unit recruitment . Common disorders . Slow/Fast oxidative fibers . Medical terminology and conditions . Fast glycolytic fibers . Types of skeletal muscle fibers . Autorhythmicity . Exercise and skeletal muscle tissue . Intercalated discs . Cardiac muscle tissue . Gap junctions . Smooth muscle tissue . Visceral . Aging and muscular tissue . Myasthenia Gravis . How skeletal muscles produce movement . Muscular Dystrophy . Origin and insertion . Fibromyalgia . Spasm . Cramp . Tremor . Fasciculation . Fibrillation . Electromyography . Hypertonia . Hypotonia . Muscle strain . Synaptic cleft . Neuromuscular junction . Acetylcholine . Neurotransmitter . Crossbridges . Muscle tone . Flaccid

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the types and functions of muscular tissue. . Explain the relationships of connective tissue components, blood vessels, and nerves to skeletal muscles. . Describe the histology of a skeletal muscle fiber. . Explain how skeletal muscle fibers contract and relax. . Describe the sources of ATP and oxygen for muscle contraction. . Define muscle fatigue and list its possible causes. . Explain the three phases of a twitch contraction. . Describe how the frequency of stimulation and motor unit recruitment affect muscle tension. . Compare the three types of skeletal muscle fibers. . Describe the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle fibers. . Describe the structure and function of cardiac/smooth muscle tissue. . List and describe the ways that skeletal muscles are named. . Describe the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body and identify their functions.

TOPIC:  Nervous System  Central Nervous System  Spinal Nerves and Cranial nerves  Autonomic Nervous System  Somatic senses and Special senses

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Together all nervous tissues in the body comprise the nervous system. The nervous system and the endocrine system play the most important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system can respond rapidly to help adjust body processes using nerve impulses. The nervous system is responsible for our perceptions, behaviors, and memories. It also initiates all voluntary movements. The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system is neurology.  The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerves.  The autonomic nervous system regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands. The Autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system compose the peripheral nervous system. The Autonomic nervous system usually operates without conscious control from the cerebral cortex however it is regulated by other brain regions, mainly the hypothalamus and brain stem. Students will compare the structural and functional features of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and compare the organization and actions of its two major branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Overview of the nervous system . Brain . Structures of the nervous system . Cranial nerves . Functions of the nervous system . Nerve . Subdivisions of the nervous system . Spinal cord . Histology of nervous tissue . Spinal nerves . Parts of a neuron . Ganglia . Classification of neurons . Sensory receptor . Neuroglia . Integrative function . Myelination . Central/Peripheral nervous system . Clusters of neuronal cell bodies . Somatic/Autonomic nervous system

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Protection and coverings: vertebral canal and . Central/Peripheral Nervous system meninges . Autonomic/Somatic nervous system . Gross anatomy of the spinal cord . Sympathetic/Parasympathetic . Internal structure of the spinal cord . Threshold . Spinal nerves . Depolarize/Polarized/Hyperpolarized . Spinal nerve coverings . Action potential impulse . Distribution of spinal nerves . All-or-none principle . Plexuses . Propagation . Spinal cord functions . Continuous/salutatory conduction . Brain – major parts and protective coverings . Pre/Post synaptic neuron . Brain blood supply and the blood-brain barrier . Synaptic cleft . Cerebrospinal fluid . Acetylcholine/Glutamate/Aspartate . Brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, . GABA/glycine/norepinephrine reticular formation) . Dopamine/serotonin/neuropeptides . Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal . Endorphins gland) . Multiple sclerosis/epilepsy . Cerebellum . Meninges . Cerebrum . Dura/pia/arachnoid mater . Limbic system . Ascending/descending tracts . Functional areas of the cerebral cortex . Intervertebral foramina . Somatic sensory and somatic motor pathways . Mixed nerve . Hemispheric lateralization . Cervical/brachial/lumbar/sacral plexus . Memory . Withdrawal/patellar reflex . Electroencephalogram . Reflex arc . Cranial nerves . Brain stem . Aging and the nervous system . Diencephalon/pons . Comparison of somatic and autonomic nervous . Cerebrum/Cerebellum systems . Ventricles . Structure of the autonomic nervous system . Medulla oblongata . Organization of the sympathetic division . Midbrain/Forebrain/Hindbrain . Organization of the parasympathetic division . Reticular formation . Functions of the autonomic nervous system . Thalamus/Hypothalamus . ANS neurotransmitters . Pineal gland . Activities of the ANS . Cerebellar cortex . Cerebral hemispheres . Corpus callosum . Longitudinal fissures Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Sympathetic activities . Sulci/gyri . Parasympathetic activities . Limbic system . Overview of sensations . Memory . Definition of sensation . Electroencephalogram . Characteristics of sensations . Cranial nerves . Types of sensory receptors . Parkinson/Alzheimer Disease . Somatic senses . Fight-or-flight response . Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, . Sensation/perception/adaptation itch and tickle) . Mechano/thermo/noci/photo/chemo/osmo . Thermal sensations receptors . Pain sensations . Kinesthesia . Proprioceptive sensations . Ophthalmology . Pain management . Olfaction . Olfactions: sense of smell . Olfactory nerves, bulbs, tract . Structure of the olfactory epithelium . Gustation . Stimulation of olfactory receptors . Taste buds, papillae, basal cells . The olfactory pathway . Eyebrows, lashes, lids . Gestation: sense of taste . Lacrimal apparatus, fluid, glands, duct . Structure of taste buds . Lacrimal and nasolacrimal duct . Stimulation of gustatory receptors . Lysozyme . The gustatory receptors . Eyeball . The gustatory pathway . Fibrous/vascular tunic . Accessory structures of the eye . Cornea . Layers of the eyeball (fibrous and vascular . Sclera tissue, retina) . Choroid . Interior of the eyeball . Ciliary body . Image formation and binocular vision . Lens . Refraction of light rays . Iris . Accommodation . Pupil . Constriction of the pupil . Retina . Convergence . Rods and cones . Stimulation of photreceptors . Fovea centralis . Macula lutea . Optic disc . Anterior/posterior cavity . Aqueous/vitreous humor . Refraction Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . The visual pathway . Accomodation . Hearing and equilibrium . Myopia/hyperopia/astigmatism . Structure of the ear (external, middle, and . Photopigment internal) . Rhodopsin . Physiology of hearing . Optic chiasm/tract . Auditory pathway . Auricle . Physiology of equilibrium . External auditory canal . Static equilibrium . Cerumen . Dynamic equilibrium . Tympanic membrane . Bundles of axons . Eustachian tube . Gray and white matter . Ossicles . Organization of the nervous system . Malleus/incus/stapes . Central nervous system . Bony/membranous labyrinth . Peripheral nervous system . Vestibule . Action potentials . Utricle . Ion channels . Saccule . Resting membrane potential . Semicircular canals/ducts . Generation of action potentials . Ampulla . Conduction of nerve impulses . Cochlea . Organ of Corti . Static/Dynamic equilibrium . Macula . Hair cells . Otoliths . Crista ampullaris . Cataracts . Glaucoma . Conjunctivitis . Electrical excitability . Stimulus . Action potential . Impulse . Cell body . Dendrites . Axon . Synapse Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Synaptic transmission . Multipolar/Bipolar/Unipolar nerves . Events at a synapse . Afferent/Efferent/Inter neurons . Neurotransmitters . Neuroglia . Common disorders . Myelin sheath . Medical terminology . Schwann cell . Spinal cord structure . Nodes of Ranvier . Myelinated/unmyelinated . White/Gray Matter

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . List the structures and basic functions of the nervous system. . Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. . Distinguish between gray and white matter. . Describe the organization of the nervous system. . Describe how a nerve impulse is generated and conducted. . Explain the events of synaptic transmission and the types of neurotransmitters used. . Describe how the spinal cord is protected. . Describe the structure of the spinal cord. . Describe the composition, coverings, and distribution of spinal nerves. . Describe the components of a reflex arc. . Name the major parts of the brain and explain the function of each part. . Describe three somatic sensory and somatic motor pathways. . Identify 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number and give the functions of each. . Describe the effects of aging on the nervous system. . Describe the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. . Describe the location and function of the receptors for tactile, thermal, and pain sensations. . Identify the receptors for propriocetion, olfaction, gestation, visual, hearing and equilibrium, describe their functions and the pathway to the brain. . Describe the accessory structures of the eye, the layers of the eyeball, the lens, and the interior of the eyeball, image formation, and binocular vision. . Describe the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear.

TOPIC: Endocrine System CONTENT STATEMENT:  Boys and girls develop differences in physical appearance and behavior because of the powerful influence of hormones which are secretions of the endocrine system. Hormones help maintain homeostasis on a daily basis, they regulate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some glands; alter metabolism; spur growth and development; influence reproductive processes; and participate in circadian rhythms established by the hypothalamus.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Hormone action . Endocrinology . Target cells and hormone receptors . Steroid hormones . Chemistry of hormones . Lipid-Soluble/Water-soluble hormones . Mechanisms of hormone action . First/second messenger . Action of lipid-soluble hormones . Cyclic AMP . Action of water-soluble hormones . Anterior/posterior pituitary . Control of hormone secretions . Inhibiting hormones . Hypothalamus and pituitary gland . Human growth hormone . Anterior pituitary hormones . Thyroid stimulating hormone . Human growth hormone and insulin like . Follicle-stimulating hormone growth factors . Luteinizing hormone . Thyroid-stimulating hormone . Prolactin . Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing . Adrenocorticotropic hormone hormone . Melanocyte-stimulating hormone . Prolactin . Oxytocin . Adrenocorticotropic hormone . Antidiuretic hormone . Melanocyte-stimulating hormone . Thyroid gland, follicles . Posterior pituitary hormones . Thyroxine . Oxytocin . Triiodothyronine . Antidiuretic hormone . Calcitonin . Thyroid gland . Parathyroid glands/hormone . Actions of thyroid hormones . Pancreas . Control of thyroid hormone secretion . Islets of Langerhans

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Mineralocorticoids . Estrogen/Progesterone . Glucocorticoids . Testosterone . Androgens . Melatonin . Adrenal medulla hormones . Prostaglandins . Ovaries and testes . Glucagon . Insulin resistance . Insulin . Pineal gland . Adrenal glands . Tissues and organs . Adrenal cortex/medulla . Prostaglandins and leukotrienes . Mineralocorticoids/glucocorticoids . Aging and the endocrine system . Gonads . Common disorders . Medical terminology and conditions . Calcitonin . Parathyroid glands . Pancreatic islets . Actions of glucagon and insulin . Adrenal glands . Adrenal cortex hormones

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . List the components of the endocrine system. . Define target cells and describe the role of hormone receptors. . Describe the two general mechanisms of action of hormones. . Describe the locations of and relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid glands. . Describe the functions of each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. . Describe the location, hormones, and functions of the pancreatic islets, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes, pineal gland. . List the hormones secreted by cells in tissues and organs other than endocrine glands, and describe their functions. . Describe how the body responds to stress. . Describe the effects of aging on the endocrine system.

TOPIC: Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, Vessels and Circulation CONTENT STATEMENT:  The cardiovascular system consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels. The cardiovascular system transport substances to and from body cells. To perform its functions, blood must circulate throughout the body. The heart serves as the pump for circulation, and blood vessels carry blood from the heart to body cells and from body cells back to the heart. The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is hematology.  The left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated 60,000 miles of blood vessels. The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, enabling blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide. The heart pumps more vigorously when active. The scientific study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with it is cardiology.  The cardiovascular system contributes to the homeostasis of other body systems by transporting and distributing blood throughout the body to deliver materials such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones and to carry away wastes. This transport is accomplished by blood vessels, which form closed circulatory routes for blood to travel from the heart to body organs and back again. Students will examine the structure and functions of the different types of blood vessels that carry the blood to and from the heart, as well as factors that contribute to blood flow and regulation of blood pressure.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Functions of blood . Hemacrit . Components of whole blood . Blood plasma . Blood plasma . Albumins/globulins . Formation of blood cells . Antibodies . Red blood cells . Fibrinogen . RBC life cycle . Hemopoiesis . White blood cells . Red/yellow bone marrow . Platelets . Pluripotent/Totipotent stem cells . Hemostasis . Erythrocytes . Vascular spasm . Hemoglobin

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Blood flow and blood supply of the heart . Heart . Conduction system of the heart . Pericardium serous/fibrous . Electrocardiogram . Epi/Endocardium . The cardiac cycle . Myocardium . Heart sounds . Atria . Cardiac output . Ventricles . Regulation of stroke volume . Interatrial/interventricular septum . Autonomic regulation of heart rate . Veins . Chemical regulation of heart rate . Superior/inferior vena cava . Other factors in heart rate regulation . Coronary sinus . Exercise and the heart . Pulmonary trunk . Blood vessel structure and function . Arteries . Arteries and arterioles . Ascending aorta . Capillaries . Atrioventricular valves . Capillary exchange . Tricuspid valve . Venules and veins . Chordae tendineae . Venous return . Papillary muscles . Blood flow through blood vessels . Bicuspid (mitral) valve . Blood pressure . Lunar valve . Resistance . Aortic valve . Regulation of blood pressure and blood flow . Pacemaker . Role of the cardiovascular center . Conduction system . Hormonal regulation of blood pressure and . Sinoatrial/atrioventricular node blood flow . Electrocardiogram . Circulatory routes . P wave . Systemic circulation . QRS complex . Pulmonary circulation . Atrial systole . Hepatic portal circulation . Lubb, dub . Fetal circulation . Cardiac output . Checking circulation . Stroke volume . Pulse . Heart rate . Measurement of blood pressure . Baroreceptros . Aging and the cardiovascular system . Aerobics . Platelet plug formation . Cardiac arrest

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Hemostatic control mechanisms . Arteries . Clotting in blood vessels . Arterioles . Blood groups and blood types . Capillaries . ABO blood group . Veins . Rh blood group . Venules . Transfusions . Vasoconstriction/Vasodilatation . Typing and cross-matching blood for . Precapillary sphincter transfusions . Filtration . Common disorders . Systemic circulation . Medical terminology and conditions . Aorta . Structure and organization of the heart . Superior/inferior vena cava . Location and coverings of the heart . Pulmonary Circulation . Heart wall . Portal vein . Chambers of the heart . Hepatic portal circulation . Great vessels of the heart . Placenta . Blood clotting . Umbilical arteries/veins . Clot retraction and blood vessel repair . Blood pressure . Blood circulation . Pulse . Valves of the heart . Tachycardia . Bradycardia . Hypertension . Shock . Aneurysm . Anemia . Leukocytes . Neutrophils/eosinophils/basophils . Lymphocytes/monocytes . Platelet . Hemorrhage . Platelet plug . Serum . Coagulation . Thrombosis . Clotting factor . Embolus (pulmonary embolism) . Antigens

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Agglutinogens . Blood groups/types . Transfusion . Phlebotomist . Palpitation . Transferrin . Hypoxia . Cyanosis

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . List and describe the functions of blood. . Discuss the formation, components, and functions of whole blood. . Describe the various mechanisms that prevent blood loss. . Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. . Describe the layers of the heart wall and the chambers of the heart. . Identify the major blood vessels that enter and exit the heart. . Describe the structures and functions of the valves of the heart. . Explain how blood flows through the heart. . Describe the clinical importance of the blood supply of the heart. . Explain how each heartbeat is initiated and maintained. . Describe the meaning and diagnostic value of an electrocardiogram . Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle. . Define cardiac output, explain how it is calculated, and describe how it is regulated. . Explain the relationship between exercise and the heart. . Compare the structure and function of the different types of blood vessels. . Describe how substances enter and leave the blood in capillaries. . Explain how venous blood returns to the heart. . Compare the major routes that blood takes through various regions of the body. . Identify the three major veins that drain blood from the head, upper and lower limbs. . Identify the three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart. . Identify the two major branches of the common iliac arteries. . Identify the three arteries that branch from the arch of the aorta. . Identify the four principal divisions of the aorta and locate the major arterial branches arising from each. . Explain how pulse and blood pressure are measured. . Describe the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system. Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

TOPIC: Lymphatic System and Immunity

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Maintaining homeostasis in the body requires continual combat against harmful agents in our environment. Despite constant exposure to a variety of pathogens, most people remain healthy. The body surface also endures cuts and bumps, exposure to ultraviolet rays in sunlight, chemical toxins, and minor burns with an array of defenses. Students will explore the mechanisms that provide defenses against intruders and promote the repair of damaged body tissues. Immunity or resistance is the ability to use our body’s defenses to ward off damage or disease. The two types of immunity are innate and adaptive. Among the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense and the second line of defense. Innate immune responses represent immunity’s early warning system and are designed to prevent microbes from gaining access into the body and to help eliminate those that do gain access. Adaptive immunity refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe one it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Adaptive immunity is slower to respond but it does have a memory component. Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Lymphatic system . Lymphatic system . Lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation . Lymph . Lymphatic organs and tissues . Lymph nodes . Thymus . Thymus . Lymph nodes . Spleen . Spleen . Pharyngeal tonsils . Lymphatic nodules . Adenoid . Innate immunity . Physical/Chemical barriers . First line of defense: skin and mucous . Interferons membranes . Fever . Second line of defense: internal defenses . Antigen . Antimicrobial substances . Helper T cells . Phagocytes and natural killer cells . Cell-mediated immunity . Inflammation . Antibody . Fever . Immunoglobulins . Adaptive immunity . Allograft . Common disorders . Autograft . Medical terminology and conditions . Xenograft

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Maturation of T cells and B cells . Types of adaptive immunity . Clonal selection . Antigens and antibodies . Processing and presenting antigens . T cells and cell-mediated immunity . Elimination of invaders . B cells and antibody-mediated immunity . Immune function and resistance to disease . Immunological memory . Primary and secondary response . Naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity . Aging and the immune system

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the components and major functions of the lymphatic system. . Describe the organization of lymphatic vessels and the circulation of lymph. . Compare the structure and functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. . Describe the various components of innate immunity. . Define adaptive immunity and compare it with innate immunity. . Explain the relationship between an antigen and an antibody. . Compare the functions of cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity. . Describe the effects of aging on the immune system.

TOPIC: The Respiratory System

CONTENT STATEMENT:  Body cells continually use oxygen for the metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules and produce ATP. These same reactions produce carbon dioxide. Because an excessive amount of carbon dioxide produces acidity that can be toxic to cells, excess carbon dioxide must be eliminated quickly and efficiently. The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, provides for gas exchange, the intake of oxygen, and the removal of carbon dioxide. The respiratory system also helps regulate blood pH; contains receptors for the sense of smell; filters, warms, and moistens inspired air; produces sounds; and rids the body of some water and heat in exhaled air.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Organs of the respiratory system . Otorhinolaryngology . Nose . Pulmonologist . Pharynx . Respiration . Larynx . Naris . The structures of voice production . Pharynx . Trachea . Nasopharynx . Bronchi and bronchioles . Larynx . Lungs . Epiglottis . Alveoli . Vocal cords (true/false) . Pulmonary ventilation . Trachea . Muscles of inhalation and exhalation . Bronchi . Pressure changes during ventilation . Bronchioles . Lung volumes and capacities . Lungs . Breathing patterns and modified respiratory . Alveioli movements . Inhalation/Exhalation . Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide . Alveolar pressure . External respiration: Pulmonary gas exchange . Spirometer . Internal Respiration: Systemic gas exchange . Deoxygenated/oxygenated blood . Transport of respiratory gases . Asthma . Emphysema . Pneumonia

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Aging and the respiratory system . Asphyxia . Common disorders . Aspiration . Medical terminology and conditions . Pleurisy . Respiratory center . Regulation of the respiratory center . Cortical influences on respiration . Chemoreceptor regulation of respiration . Smoking . Exercise and the respiratory system . Oxygen transport . Carbon dioxide transport . Control of respiration

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the structure and functions of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. . Explain how inhalation and exhalation take place. . Define the various lung volumes and capacities. . Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and blood (external respiration) and between blood and body cells (internal respiration). . Describe how the blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. . Explain how the nervous system controls breathing and list the factors that can alter the rate and depth of breathing. . Describe the effects of exercise on the respiratory system. . Describe the effects of aging on the respiratory system.

TOPIC: The Digestive System: Nutrition and Metabolism

CONTENT STATEMENT:  The food we eat contains a variety of nutrients, which are used for building new body tissues and repairing damaged tissues. Food must be broken down into molecules that are small enough to enter body cells, a process known as digestion. Collectively, the organs that perform these functions are known as the digestive system. The medical specialty that deals wit the structure, function, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines is gastroenterology. The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus is proctology.  Many molecules needed to maintain cells and tissues can be made from building blocks within the body; others must be obtained in food because we cannot make them. Food molecules absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract have three main fates: 1. to supply energy. 2. To serve as building blocks 3. Storage for future use. Students will discuss the major groups of nutrients; guidelines for healthy eating; how each group of nutrients is used for ATP production, growth, and repair of the body; and how various factors affect the body’s metabolic rate.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Overview of the digestive system . Ailmentary canal . Layers of the GI tract and the omentum . Gastrointestinal tract . Mouth . Ingestion . Tongue . Secretion . Salivary glands . Mechanical/chemical digestion . Teeth . Defecation . Digestion in the mouth . Feces (stool) . Pharynx and esophagus . Mucosa/submucosa . Structure of the stomach . Enteric nervous system . Digestion and absorption in the stomach . Muscularis . Structure of the pancreas . Serosa . Pancreatic juice . Dentes . Structure of the Liver and gallbladder . Deciduous/permanent teeth . Bile . Incisors/cuspids/premolars/molars . Functions of the liver . Mastication

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Medical terminology and conditions . Lipase . Guidelines for healthy eating . Liver . Minerals . Gallbladder . Vitamins . Bile . Metabolism . Hepatocytes . Carbohydrate metabolism . Emulsification . Glucose catabolism/anabolism . Bilirubin . Lipid metabolism . Duodenum . Lipid catabolism/anabolism . Jejunum . Lipid transport in blood . Ileum . Protein metabolism . Goblet cells . Protein catabolism/anabolism . Microvilli . Metabolism and body heat . Maltase/Sucrase/Lactase . Body heat production/loss . Cecum . Regulation of body temperature . Appendix . Digestion and absorption in the large intestine . Ascending/transverse/descending colon . The defecation reflex . Anus . Phases of digestion (cephalic, gastric, . Rectum intestinal) . Defecation reflex . Aging and the digestive system . Cephalic/gastric/intestinal phase . Common disorders . Periodontal disease . Structure of the small intestine . Appendicitis . Intestinal juice . Colorectal cancer . Mechanical digestion in the small intestine . Diverticulosis . Chemical digestion in the small intestine . Hepatitis . Absorption in the small intestine . Anorexia nervosa (monosaccharides, amino acids, ions and water, . Bulimia lipids and bile salts, vitamins) . Cirrhosis . Structure of the large intestine . Colostomy

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Acetyl coenzyme A . Glucose catabolism/anabolism . Lipid catabolism/anabolism . Lipolysis . Lipoproteins . Protein catabolism/anabolism . Essential/nonessential amino acids . Metabolic rate (basal) . Obesity . Malnutrition . Blood plasma . Fluid balance . Dehydration . Electrolytes . Metabolic water . Gastrin . Chime . Pancreas . Islets of Langerhans . Trypsin . Amylase . Lipase . Bolus . Pharynx . Esophagus . Deglutition . Peristalsis . Stomach . Pyloric sphincter . Pepsinogen

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Inflammatory bowel disease . Irritable bowel syndrome . Nausea . Nutrients (essential) . Minerals/Vitamins . Antioxidant . Metabolism

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Identify the organs of the digestive system and their basic function. . Describe the four layers that form the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. . Describe the location, structure, and functions of the pharynx, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine and esophagus. . Describe the three phases of digestion. . Describe the major hormones that regulate digestive activities. . Describe the effects of aging on the digestive system. . Define a nutrient and identify the six main types of nutrients. . List the guidelines for healthy eating. . Define metabolism and describe its importance in homeostasis. . Explain how the body uses carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. . Explain how body heat is produced and lost . Describe how body temperature is regulated. . Compare the locations of intracellular and extracellular fluid, and describe the various fluid compartments of the body. . Describe the sources of water and solute gain and loss, and explain how each is regulated. . Compare the electrolyte composition of the three major fluid compartments: plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. . Discuss the functions of sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium ions, and explain how their concentrations are regulated.

TOPIC: The Urinary System: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance CONTENT STATEMENT:  As body cells carry out their metabolic functions, they consume oxygen and nutrients and produce substances, such as carbon dioxide, that have no useful functions and need to be eliminated from the body. The urinary system disposes of waste and carries out a number of other important functions as well.  One important function of the kidneys is to help maintain fluid balance in the body. The water and dissolved solutes in the body constitute the body fluids. Regulatory mechanisms involving the kidneys and other organs normally maintain homeostasis of the body fluids. Malfunction in any or all of them may seriously endanger the functioning of organs throughout the body. Students will explore the mechanisms that regulate the volume and distribution of body fluids and examine the factors that determine the concentrations of solutes and the pH of body fluids.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Overview of the urinary system . Urinary system . Structure of the kidneys . Urine . External/internal anatomy of the kidneys . Nephrology . Renal blood supply . Urology . Nephrons . Urologist . Functions of the nephron . Kidneys . Glomerular filtration . Renal hilum . Net filtration pressure . Renal cortex . Glomerular filtration rate . Renal medulla . Tubular reabsorption and secretion . Renal pyramids . Hormonal regulation of nephron . Nephron functions . Net filtration pressure . Components of urine . Antidiuretic hormone . Transportation, storage, and elimination . Ureters of urine . Urinary bladder . Ureters . Urethra . Urinary bladder . Internal/external urethral sphincter . Urethra . Polycystic kidney disease . Micturition . Renal failure . Aging and the urinary system . Dialysis . Common disorders Anatomy/Physiology 2011-2012 Science Course of Study

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Protein buffer system . Kidney stones . Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system . Buffers . Phosphate buffer system . Acidosis/alkalosis . Exhalation of carbon dioxide . Kidney excretion of H+ . Acid-base imbalances . Aging and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance . Regulation of body water gain and water and solute loss . Movement of water between fluid compartments . Electrolytes in body fluids . Acid-base balance . The actions of buffer systems . Medical terminology and conditions . Fluid compartments and fluid balance . Sources of body water gain and loss

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . List the components of the urinary system and their general functions. . Describe the structure and blood supply of the kidneys. . Identify the three basic functions performed by nephrons and collecting ducts and indicate where each occurs. . Describe the structure and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. . Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system. . Compare the roles of buffers, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and kidney excretion of H+ in maintaining the pH of body fluids. . Define acid-base imbalances, describe their effects on the body, and explain how they are treated. . Describe the changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance that may occur with aging.

TOPIC: Reproductive System: Development and Inheritance CONTENT STATEMENT:  Sexual reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring by making germ cells called gametes. After fertilization, the resulting cell contains one set of chromosomes from each parent. The organs that make up the male and female reproductive systems can be grouped by function. The gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. Various ducts then store and transport the gametes, and accessory sex glands produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement. Supportive structures, such as the penis and the uterus, assist the delivery and joining of gametes and, in females, the growth of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy. Gynecology is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system. Urologists also diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system. The branch of medicine that deals with male disorders, especially infertility and sexual dysfunction is called andrology.  Pregnancy is a sequence of events that begins with fertilization, proceeds to implantation, embryonic development, and fetal development, and normally ends with birth about 38 weeks later. Developmental biology is the study of the extraordinary sequence of events from the fertilization of a secondary oocyte to the formation of an adult organism. Obstetrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the management of pregnancy, labor, and neonatal period. Prenatal development is the time form fertilization to birth and includes both the embryonic and fetal periods.

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY . Male reproductive system . Scrotum . Scrotum . Testes . Testes . Seminiferous tubules . Spermatogenesis . Spermatogeic cells . Sperm . Spermatogonia . Hormonal control of the testes . Testosterone . Epididymis . Androgenspermatocytes . Ductus deferens . Sperm . Ejaculatory ducts . Gonadotropin-releasing hormone . Urethra . Epididymis . Accessory sex glands . Ductus deferens

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Hormonal methods . Mammary glands . Intrauterine devices . Areola . Spermicides . Lactation . Barrier methods . Uterine cycle . Periodic abstinence . Follicle-stimulating hormone . Abortion . Luteinizing hormone . Aging and the reproductive system . Estrogens . Common disorders . Progesterone . Medical terminology and conditions . Abstinence . Embryonic period . Sterilization . Fertilization . Vasectomy . Early embryonic development . Tubal ligation . Gastrulation . Oral contraceptives . Development of the allantois, chorionic villi, . Intrauterine device and placenta . Spermicides . Fetal period . Barrier methods . Maternal changes during pregnancy . Rhythm method . Hormones of pregnancy . Abortion . Exercise and pregnancy . Testicular cancer . Labor and delivery . Cervical cancer . Lactation . Mammography . Inheritance . Sexually transmitted disease . Genotype and phenotype . Chlamydia/gonorrhea/syphilis/genital . Autosomes and sex chromosomes herpes . Uterus . Pregnancy . Vagina . Embryology . Perineum and vulva . Fetus/embryo . Mammary glands . Fertilization . The female reproductive cycle . Amniocentesis . Hormonal regulation of the female . Cleavage/gastrulation reproductive cycle . Placenta . Phases of the female reproductive cycle . Umbilical cord (menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, . Labor postovulatory) . Prolactin . Birth control methods and abortion . Clitoris . Surgical sterilization . Paraurethral glands

CONCEPTS VOCABULARY (cont’d) . Non-incisional sterilization . Breast-feeding . Ovaries . Breech presentation . Oogenesis . Preclampsia . Uterine tubes . Corpus luteum . Semen . Oogenesis . Penis . Oogonia . Female reproductive system . Ovulation . Ovum . Zygote . Fallopian tube . Prostate . Bulbourethral glands . Semen . Penis . Emission . Ovaries . Uterus . Myometrium . Endometrium . Vagina

PERFORMANCE SKILLS: . Describe the location, structure, and functions of the organs of the male/female reproductive system. . Describe how sperm cells and oocytes are produced. . Explain the roles of hormones in regulating male reproductive functions. . Describe the major events of the ovarian and uterine cycles. . Compare the various types of birth control methods and outline the effectiveness of each. . Describe the effects of aging on the reproductive systems. . Explain the major developmental events that occur during the embryonic period. . Define the fetal period and outline its major events. . Describe the sources and functions of the hormones secreted during pregnancy. . Describe the hormonal, anatomical, and physiological changes in the mother during pregnancy. . Explain the effects of pregnancy on exercise and of exercise on pregnancy. . Explain the events associated with the three stages of labor. . Discuss the hormonal control of lactation. . Define inheritance, and explain the inheritance of dominant, recessive, and sex-linked traits.