Reading Schedule and Study Guide

Study Guide Chapter 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Reading # 1 – The Road to War Three Emperors' League Congress of Berlin, 1878 Nationalism (nations) Serbia Algeciras Conference Nationalism (ethnic ultimatum Reinsurance Treaty groups) First Balkan War [1912] Treaty of London [1915] Militarism Second Balkan War [1913] Black Hand Conscription Imperialism Gavrilo Princip mobilization Sarajevo Sarajevo Brinksmanship Schlieffen Plan Archduke Franz German "blank check" June 28, 1914 Ferdinand Self-interests Kaiser Wilhelm II Alliance system Balance of power Bismarck Triple Entente The Balkans Nicholas II Entente Cordiale Bosnian Crisis [1908-9] Triple Alliance Pan-Slavism

1. What are the four main causes of World War I? 2. How did the various causes of World War I work together, (build on each other)? 3. How did the alliance system contribute to World War I? 4. What was the event that finally triggered the war? 5. What was the “blank check” given to Austria-Hungary by Germany? 6. What was the issue with the ultimatum Austria-Hungary gave Serbia? 7. What problem did the Triple Entente create for Germany? (Think in terms of military strategy. 8. How did Germany plan to overcome the problems created by the Triple Entente? 9. How did the war affect a basic world view at the time? 10. What was the “trigger” that caused WWI? 11. What had been happening to European military forces leading up to WWI? 12. What were some of the issues between various countries of Europe leading up to World War I? 13. Why couldn’t the war be stopped? 14. How did Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II policies differ?

Reading #2 – The War Stalemate Verdun General Helmuth von Propaganda The Somme Moltke Western Front Central Powers General Joseph Joffre Eastern Front Allied Powers General Paul von Trench warfare Battle of Verdun Hindenburg First Battle of the Marne Battle of the Somme General Erich Ludendorff Battles of Tannenberg and Battle of GallipoliMachine Poison gas Masurian Lakes gun The Lusitania Unrestricted submarine Lusitania Zeppelins warfare War of attrition No man’s land Big Bertha Tanks “Over the top” "No Man's Land" Zimmermann Telegram U-boats Airplanes

1. How did people react to the “outbreak” of war? 2. What is trench warfare? How did affect the course of the war? What issues did it create? 3. Where was the war fought? 4. What contributed to the high casualty rate in the war? 5. What were the new weapons of the war? How were they used? 6. What was life like in the trenches? 7. How did expectations about the war compare to the realities of the war? 8. What events brought the US into the War? 9. Why did Germany resort to unrestricted submarine warfare 10. Why didn’t the Schlieffen plan work? 11. What were the major battles of the war? What was their significance? 12. What made World War I a global conflict? Where else, besides Europe, was the war fought? Why? 13. What was the war like in its first year? 14. How would you characterize the war on the Eastern and Western Fronts? 15. How did trench warfare “work”? 16. Which countries fought together? Who were the Central and Allied Powers?

Reading #3 – The Home Front: the Impact of Total War

Total War Nationalization

1. How did nations mobilize for war? 2. How did nations maintain public order and influence public opinion? 3. Who opposed the war and why? 4. How did the war affect different groups in society? 5. How did different groups assist in the war effort? 6. How did countries deal with the public as support for the war lessened? 7. What segments of society were most impacted by the war?

Reading #4: War and Revolution

March Revolutions Peace! Land! Bread! Red Army Soviets Mensheviks Russian Civil War [1918- Tsarina Alexandra Bolsheviks 21] Tsar Nicholas II and April Thesis Great Purges Alexandria Leon Trotsky dictatorship of the Provisional government Red Guards proletariat Bolshevik Revolution V. I. Lenin Lenin Father Grigori Rasputin February Revolution First Five-Year Plan Treaty of Brest-Litovsk [1917] Collectivization Second battle of the Marne Aleksander Kerensky gulags October Revolution [1917] Socialist Revolutionary Siberia November 11, 1918 Party kulaks Armenian Genocide state capitalism NKVD Genocide and the New Economic Policy [N. White Army Armenians E. P.] White Army Social Democratic Labour "War Communism" Party Joseph Stalin

1. How did World War I contribute to the Russian Revolution? 2. What brought about the Russian Revolution 3. How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks manage to seize and hold power 4. What were the casualty numbers for World War I? 5. How did the defeat of Austria-Hungary and Germany affect those countries? 6. What led to the collapse of Russia’s tsarist regime? 7. Who was Lenin and what was his role in the Russian Revolution 8. Why were the Bolsheviks able to prevail in their seizure of power? 9. How many people died and were wounded in World War I? 10. What happened to the defeated nations after the war? 11. What new nations were created/changed as a result of the war?

Reading #5: Peace Settlement self-determination General Ferdinand Foch Rhineland Peace Aims League of Nations Fourteen Points Reparations Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau Disarmament David Lloyd George Vittorio Orlando War Guilt Clause Polish Corridor Article 231 Demilitarization Danzig “Big Four" General Henri-Philippe “Dictated peace” Paris Peace Conference Pétain League of Nations mandates 1. Who was and was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference? 2. What were the chief aims of the Paris Peace Conference? 3. What did Wilson hope to achieve after the war? 4. What was the chief motivation of the French (Clemenceau) at the Paris Peace Conference? 5. What did the Treaty of Versailles require of Germany? 6. What part(s) of the Treaty of Versailles did the Germany people struggle with the most? 7. How successful/unsuccessful was the Treaty of Versailles? 8. Was the Treaty of Versailles the only treaty to end World War I?