The History of the Jet Engine

The Åland Polytechnic Scientific Journal 2004

Contents: 1. THE HISTORY OF THE JET ENGINE 2. Apple Computers: An overview

3. Microsoft Windows Longhorn

4. WIND ENERGY 5. The Gearbox 6. E-mail: How does it work, or not work?

7. PowerPoint as a presentation-tool

8.The History of Computer Viruses

9. Fuel cells and their possibility

10. RMS Olympic THE HISTORY OF THE JET ENGINE

By Göran Ölander Åland Polytechnic MT-1 31.3.2004 The history of the jet engine

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to give a short description in general of the history on engine that has revolutionized the aviation today.

How did it start?

Hans von Ohain It all started in the early 1930’s by Hans von Ohain. He was a student in Goettinger University in Germany. The first working turbojet he did construct was the He S-1 and it was tested at the end of February 1937. The He S-1 turbojet engine was driven with hydrogen fuel and produced a thrust of 114 kg thrust at 10,000 rpm. (Aircraft Engine Design 2004) The first turbojet installed in an airplane was the He S-3. It was also one of von Ohain’s inventions. The airplane was a Heinkel He-178. You can say that it was the world’s first jet plane. After many adjustments to the engine it did fly at the August 24, 1939 by a Luftwaffe Captain at the controls. According to the files his name should have been Erich Warsitz. Sadly it is suspected that the first He-178 was destroyed under the Second World War and with it also the first He S-3.

Figure 1He S-3 (1939) (Aircraft Engine Design 2004)

Sir Frank Whittle It’s quite interesting that almost at the same time an Englishman with the name Sir Frank Whittle did construct his own jet engine. Whittle’s jet engine, called WU, was tested for the first time in April 1937. The first Airplane flown with a jet engine by Whittle was an experimental airplane called E28/39. The engine was a W.1 that was a tuned up WU and with an output thrust of 390 kg at 16500 rpm. (Aircraft Engine Design 2004) The flight occurred on the evening of May 15, 1941. The pilot on this historical even was a Gerry Sayer. There is a good old rumour about Sir Whittle and an army officer just after the airplane did take of. The officer apparently shouted out “Frank, it flies” and Sir Frank replied curtly, due to the stress he experienced “That was what it was bloody-well designed to do, wasn't it?” The E28/29 was after achieving all the planned and unplanned tasks retired at the mid-1944. The very first one was placed at the Science Museum, London, in April 1946. (Science Museum London 2004)

Figure 2. W.1 (1941) (Aircraft Engine Design 2004)

Mass produced planes

First Mass produced Army plane The first jet plane in production was the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. Two Jumo 004B turbojet engines powered it. Dr. Anselm Franz of the Junkers Engine Company designed the Jumo 004. The Jumo 004 had an output thrust of 900 Kg. The Me 262 first flight was on July 18, 1942. There were 1,433 Me-262s built, with nearly 500 or more destroyed by bombing raids before they were completed. Of that total, fewer than 300 were actually used in combat. (North East Aircraft Museum 2004) The Me- 262 was the first turbojet plane used in combat. Experts think that if the Me-262 was built in the late 1930s, there could have been a big tip of the balance leading to that Germany would have won the Second World War

Figure 3. Me 262 (1942) (North East Aircraft Museum 2004)

First commercial plane in mass production The first commercial jet powered plane was the famous de Havilland Comet. The French company De Havilland constructed the plane. It flew on it first regular flight for the British Overseas Airways Corporation at May 2, 1952. The Comet was powered by four de Havilland Ghost turbojet with an output thrust of 2,300 Kg. It had a cruise speed of 800 km/h, over 300 km/h faster then the fastest propeller driven plane at the time. The aircraft had a wingspan of 35 meter and a length of 28 meter. The maximal passenger capacity on the first Comet was 36 persons with a flight crew consisted of a pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer and navigator/radio operator. (Schaeffer 2004) The Comet was of course a big success and during the next 6 years de Havilland constructed 3 more types of the Comet. Even the US army saw the planes capacity and constructed a version of the Comet of their own, the Nimrod. The Nimrod was such a big success for the US army that they used it all the way to the 90’s.

Sizes of jet engines today

The Biggest The size of jet engines has of course grown a lot since 1937. The biggest jet engine today is, according to General Electric’s aircraft division, the huge GE90-115B. This engine has an output thrust of 52 000 Kg. Two GE90-115B powers the Boeing 777- 300ER. This Boeing has a takeoff weight of 344 tons so it’s a big plane. (General Electric 2004) But yet the Boeing 777 is not the biggest plane in the skies. That honour goes to the massive Antonov An-225. The An-225 takeoff weight is over 600 tons but it has 6 engines. The engines are the ZMKB Progress Lotarev D-18T with an output thrust of “only” 23 000 Kg. (Stathopoulos 2003) The An-225 history is very interesting but that is another story.

The Smallest The smallest jet engine today is a engine constructed for model planes. The builder of this very small engine is a company by the name James Engineering Turbines Ltd. The engine has an output thrust of only 15 Kg. The engine weighs 3.1 kg but has an impressive speed of 105 000 rpm. (James Engineering Turbines Ltd 2001)

Future

What yet to come? That is a very good question and I’m not the right person to answer it. But I can guess that the sizes of the engines will grow even more. Probably will the fuel for the engines change and perhaps they will be able to fly in outer space. The only barrier is the imagination.

Conclusion My own conclusion of the jet engines is that this invention is probably one of the most important. It has change the aviation forever and will probably change it even more. It is very amazing to read about the inventions that were made in the 30s considering that no one knew what a computer was then. I most also say that jet engines in total is a very big subject so this is only a short summary of the jet engines.

Reference list Aircraft Engine Design http://www.aircraftenginedesign.com/history.html Info of Hans von Ohain and of Sir Frank Whittle and their engines Read: 31.3.2004 Owner: Aircraft Engine Design

North East Aircraft Museum http://www.neam.co.uk/av_deutschland.html Info of the ME 262 and the Heinkel He-178 Read: 31.3.2004 Owner: North East Aircraft Museum

Science Museum London http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/flight/flight/gloster.asp Info of the E28/39 Read: 31.3.2004 Owner: Science Museum London

Marc Schaeffer http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aerojava/DEHAVCOMET.htm Info of Comet Read: 31.3.2004 Owner: Marc Schaeffer

General Electric http://www.geae.com/engines/commercial/ge90/ge90-115b.html Info of the GE90-115B Read 31.3.2004 Owner: General Electric

James Engineering Turbines Ltd http://www.gasturbine.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/page2.htm Info of the smallest jet engine Updated: jan.2001 Owner: James Engineering Turbines Ltd

Vic Stathopoulos http://members.lycos.co.uk/aerospace21/antonov/an-225.html Info of the Antonov 225 Updated: 24.8.2003 Owner: Vic Stathopoulos Apple Computers: An Overview

Written by:

Jimmy Jansson IT-03 Åland Polytechnic Apple Computers: An overview

1 Facts about Apple

1.1 The Apple logo “No logo? No go!”

A company’s logo is, in my opinion, important. If I see an ad in the newspaper with a bad company logo, I immidiately think the company is not much for me. Now, why was Apple’s logo special? 1. It represented the apple that fell on Sir Isaac Newton’s head. 2. The “chew” symbolized the seek of knowledge, aka the bite in the bible. 3. It had the colors of the rainbow, reversed! In 1997, when Steve Jobs got his post as an CEO back, he changed the logo. The new logo is chromed, solid-colored and more “futuristic” than the old one. It’s first appearance was on the new PowerBook G3s in 1998.

Apple logo pre 1997 Apple logo after 1997

1.2 The name “To human, names are less important. To business, names are everything!”

How do you come up with a name like “Apple” for a company? One theory is that Steve Jobs got the name from when he stayed at a farm owned by his friends in early 1976. Assumingly he worked on apple plantages! Another theory is that it is a tribute to Apple Records, Beatles´s record company (Foljanty 1998-2004). Steven Wozniak got worried about lawsuit problems. He was pessimistic enough. In 1981, Apple Records gave Apple permission to use the name “Apple” for products not related to music in any form. Apple released their audio playable and recordable computer, Apple IIgs in the mid 80’s, and in 1989 the company was sued by Apple Records. In 1991 they finally sealed the 1981 deal. But in dawn 2003, the fight was on again. Apple Corps wanted an injunction with iTunes, Apple´s popular media player, that users can download music with for a small expense per tune. Apple Corps claimed that Apple was using their name to promote music, and therby breaking the pact they sealed in 1991. (Hopkins 2003). 1.3 The system sound “sosumi” “Laws were made to be broken.” -Christopher North

At the same time as the legal activities in 1989 took place, System 7 was under development. This new operating system featured system sounds. Jeff Reekes, the man in charge of those sounds, changed the name of one sound from "Xylophone" to "Sosumi". This is pronounced so-sue-me. To avoid even more legal conflicts, he told Apple's legal department that "Sosumi" was Japanese!

2 Apple history

2.1 The many CEO’s of Apple “What came first; the boss or the employee?”

Apple has had many CEO’s through the years. The most famous of them is Steven “Steve” Jobs, which is also the current CEO at this time. He has been the CEO since 1997, when the former CEO, Gil Amelio, resigned. Amelio had failed to raise the company’s profit in the period from 1996-1997, in spite of his effort. Michael Spindler was the man before him, in the period 1993-1996. He also was the wrong man for the job, and was asked to resign. John Sculley, former president of Pepsi-Cola was CEO for ten years (1983-1993). Sculley and Jobs were not much of friends, and Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985. After Steve’s resignation Sculley became involved in a fight with Microsoft’s Bill Gates about similarities in the Mac Graphical User Interface and Microsoft Windows 1.0. Apple lost the battle, and thereby lost the rights to their interface design. The first president of Apple that I could find information about is Mike Markkula. He is also a co-founder of Apple.

Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple on April 1, 1976, when Wozniak created Apple I. The idea of selling it came from Jobs.

Markkula Jobs (80’s) Sculley

Spindler Amelio Jobs (90’s) 2.2 Steven Jobs

Steven Paul Jobs was born in February 1955, and was adopted as an infant by Paul and Clara Jobs. Steve, who obviously sought his roots when he grew older, has a biological sister Mona Simpson, whom he tracked down and now has a close relationship with. He graduated from Homestead High School, Los Altos, Calif. in 1972. People’s thoughts about Jobs is that he is a tech-crazy workaholic that motivates others with his enthusiasm.

2.3 Computer history “A computer lets you make more mistakes faster than any invention in human history - with the possible exceptions of handguns and tequila.” -Mitch Ratcliffe

The year was 1983. Apple was leading the personal computer market. IBM, that only produced computers for the business at the time, saw this, and released the well-known IBM PC. IBM thought that a liberal view on the licences would be good for raising sale numbers. They noticed this was wrong at a later time, but they were too late. IBM retreated from the market shortly after the discovery. Apple, that only sold personal computers, had to change the target customers in order to survive. The new customers they had in mind were the “proffesional creatives”. Apple recovered from the loss in 1998, when the much popular iMac was released. Ever since that success, they have gained strength. The Power Macintosh G5, which was released in June 2003, was the first Apple-built computer with a 64-bit databus. It was the world’s fastest personal computer at the time, about 2 times faster than the fastest Intel Pentium 4 processor! Test results featuring later Intel processors are available on Apple’s web site, http://www.apple.com.

Apple has produced approx. 300 unique computer models since the beginning. The first computer, Apple I, was made out of a logic board and a wooden case surrounding it. The latest model, the Power Macintosh G5 includes a logic board, an aluminum case, dual 2 GHz processors and a 160 GB hard disk (Apple 2004).

Apple I Power Macintosh G5 4 References

Sanford, Glen (1996), Apple History website [www]. Found on http://www.apple-history.com/noframes/body.php?. Accessed 11.03.2004.

Foljanty, Lukas (1998), The Apple Museum [www]. Found on http://www.theapplemuseum.com. Accessed 11.03.2004.

Hopkins, Nik (2003), “Apple row may go on for years” Times Online [www]. Found on http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,5- 834711,00.html. Accessed 23.03.2004.

Apple (2004), Power Macintosh G5 tech specs [www]. Found on http://www.apple.com/powermac/specs.html. Accessed 30.03.2004. Microsoft Windows Longhorn Next Generation Operating system from Microsoft Introduction Windows Longhorn is the codename of the new operating system from Microsoft, I will tell you what the roadmap of Longhorn looks like and tell you about new functions that come with Longhorn. The Roadmap Let’s look at the roadmap for Longhorn. It looks like the real release will be around the years 2005-2006, but there will be some pre-releases before that. There have already been some illegal releases that are flooding around the Internet. Microsoft has had a presentation on the WinHEC conference in 2003 about the new operating system and they say that Longhorn is the biggest update of Windows since Windows 95. Sometime this year (2004) will the first beta release be out for developers and beta testers, also beta 2 will be released this year. What kind of new functions that will be in this beta is not known at this point. New Functions Some new functions are going to be in the new operating system from Microsoft. WinFS WinFS (WindowsFileSystem) is a new .le system, which is working like a database, so that you can .nd .les fast and easy. If it’s only an add-on for NTFS or a whole new .le system is unknown when this is being written. Component Building A very good function that will come with Longhorn is the component (module) building thing. That means that you can buy a version of Longhorn with only the most important components, so you’re not forced to have Windows Media Player, Movie Maker for examples. Companies like Dell, HP can build their own special versions of Longhorn that come with their computers, if they want their own software. Of course there is a Longhorn version with all the components that are available in today’s Windows systems. Windows Longhorn will be language independent so you can choose the language you want at the installation point. That also means that updates from Microsoft and other companies are languages independent and can be installed under any language that you have of the operating system. User Interface The new UI (User Interface) of the Longhorn is named Aero or Avalon, it’s built up on DirectX, so there is new cool 3D effects to the Windows interface. The desktop will have a new component called sidebar. The sidebar will contain some useful functions like a calendar, visual clock, various links to websites, programs, and files. Internet Explorer The new Internet Explorer for longhorn comes with some “new” functions that other browsers have used for years. Like the function for popup blocking and a download manager. With the download manager you can pause and continue a download at an other point. Conclusion There seems to be a lot of new functions in Longhorn, there is more news in Microsoft new system. But I have only talked about the biggest news for now. If you want to read more about the new Windows operating system longhorn, please look at the links in my reference list below.

Reference list: “Longhorn Preview 2003” www.winsupersite.com/showcase/longhorn_preview_2003. asp Read: 18-03-2004 Written: 12-5-2003 Owner: Paul Thurrott Organization: Winsupersite

“Preview: Microsoft’s Windows Longhorn” www.extremetech.com/article2/0,3973,1368535,00.asp Read: 18-03-2004 Written: 30-10-2003 Owner: Lloyd Case Organization: Extremetech Screenshot of the installation for Windows Longhorn. WIND ENERGY

I am going to give you a short presentation about wind energy. I have chosen this subject principally because I find it interesting, and also because of the fact that it is a growing source of power.

History

The energy of the wind has been used for many years. The first kind of wind power plants was the windmills, which were used for pumping water and grinding grain. The old windmills are still working, but there are not many of them that are in use. Because of the low electricity prices, electrical machines, like water pumps, replaced the windmills. The wind power had its boom in the beginning of the 1970s, when the oil prices started to rise extremely (Energy fact sheet 2004). Then people had to come up with an alternative to get energy, and then the windmills of today (wind power plants) were invented.

What is wind energy?

Wind energy is the process when wind is converted into mechanical power or electricity (How Wind Turbines Work 2004). Wind power plants convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power, which could be used for grinding grain or pumping water, or a generator can convert it into electricity. Briefly wind energy is wind converted into electricity.

The wind power plant

How it works

The wind makes the blades rotate, and a mechanical power is created, which is fed through a transmission to an electrical generator. Depending on the wind speed the transmission is used to keep the generator operating efficiently. The generated electricity can either be used directly or stored for later use, see figure below! Inside the plant (turbine) (How Wind Turbines Work 2004)

There are many different sizes, from small 100 watt units designed to provide power for single homes or cottages, to huge ones with blade diameters over 50 m, generating over 1 MW (1 million watts) of electricity. The most common at the present time are 15 – 30 m in blade diameter, producing 50 – 350 kW of electricity (1 kW = 1000 W). They are often fitted together like “wind farms”, see figure below!

Different types of plants (Ålands vindenergi 2004) 1. Enercon E-66 2000kW 2. Pitch Wind 20kW, typical for cottages. 3. Vestas V39 500kW 4. Enercon E-40 600kW Location

The location has to be a windy place for economical reasons. The ultimate wind speed is 12 – 14 m/s. That is why high places, coasts and fields are to prefer. Because of the noise that is caused by the plant it is not such a god idea to place the plant in the middle of cities. Nowadays they often place the wind plants at sea.

Wind energy on The Aland Islands

There are 14 wind power plants on The Aland Islands, together they produce about 7% of the yearly electricity consumption. Nine of the plants are owned by The Ålands Vindenergi Andelslag, the other are owned by The Åland Vindkraft AB (4) and Andels Ålands Skogsägarförbund (1). The first real plant on The Aland Island was “Vinghals 1” on Sottunga, mounted 1992. “Vinghals 1” is a Vestas 225 kW with a blade diameter of 27 m. The other are: “Astrea” and “Amalthea” in Lumparland, they are Enercon 600 kW, “Preciosa” in Eckerö, “Altai” in Vårdö, “Fortuna”, “Fredrika”, “Freja” and “Frans” (farm) in Lemland, “Fursten”, “Gideon” and “Svea” (farm) in Finström, “Mika” on Kökar and “Albert” on Föglö (Ålands Vindenergi 2004).

Conclusion Every body can never be satisfied, I am thinking about the noise that wind power plants make and the way they look. According to me we have to think about the nature and all the other benefits a wind power plant has compared to other sources of electricity, such as nuclear plants. The wind plant does not pollute the nature and the “fuel” for plant is free. I hope we will see more of them in the future.

References “Energy Fact Sheet”(1993).Energy Educators of Ontario. http://www.iclei.org/EFACTS/WIND.HTM Retrieved on the 23rd of March 2004

“Wind Energy – How Does It Work?” (2004). American Wind Energy Association. http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/HowWindWorks2003.pdf Retrieved on the 23rd of March 2004

“Så fungerar det” (2004). Vattenfall. http://www.vattenfall.se/o m_vattenfall/energikunskap/vind/sa_fungerar_det.asp Retrieved on the 23rd of March 2004

“How Wind Turbines Work” (2004). U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html Retrieved on the 23rd of March 2004

Ålands Vindenergi. (2004). http://www.vindenergi.aland.fi/ Retrieved on the 23rd of March 2004 Gearbox

Introduction We can find different gearboxes in different cars: manual and automatic gearboxes. With a manual gearbox you need to choose the right gear to drive the car. With an automatic gearbox you don’t need to change gears. The gearbox can do it itself when you have chosen a level. We can also find gearboxes with 3, 4 or 5 gears.

Why do we need a gearbox? When you are driving a car you need to change speed. In different places we need different gears to accelerate and slow down a car. You don’t get any speed when you are using the same gear during the driving procedure .You must have different gears to pick up speed and have just right number of revolutions.

Figure 1 Transmission line (Brain 2004)

Design Between the engine and the gearbox we have a clutch, which stops the car. When you push down the clutch pedal the car stops and all gears in the gearbox stop.

In the gearbox you have different gears and shafts to different gears. You have the main shaft, which is coming from the engine through the clutch, and it can also be the outgoing shaft. The second shaft after main shaft is the lay shaft, which is driven by the main shaft through the gears, which are a part of the shaft. On the main shaft you have different gears to get different exchange.

You have a collar, which moves between two gears depending of which gear you want to use. There is a law to have changeable gears on the main shaft and the first gear is always the biggest. On the lay shaft they can be changeable and the first gears are always the smallest (Automotive Learning Online 2004).

When you are change gears you push down a clutch and use a gear selector to get another gear connected. There are also synchronization rings, which help to get a simple and silent exchange. To make a car drive backwards you need an idler gear.

You have also differential which allows the tyres to drive in different ways in the circle. There are differential gears and bevel pinion gears, which allow the tyres to turn in another way. Figure 2 Cross section of a gearbox (Brain 2004)

Problems We can have problems in the gearbox when we don’t to everything in the right way. We must use a clutch to change gears. Otherwise the gears can be destroyed. You can hear different noises in the gearbox and when you can’t change gears. You can change gears without clutch but you have to choose the right speed and only push in the right gear. You have to change gearbox oil at the right time and to use the right oil. When the gearbox is old you can also get a problem with bearings. Then you have to change them if it’s profitable.

Conclusion In the cars we must have a gearbox to drive as simple as possible. When you are living in the town you can choose an automatic gearbox. You don’t need to do anything else to drive. In an automatic gearbox you only use the brake pedal to stop. When you want to drive rally you have to use a manual gearbox. The automatic gearboxes can’t handle so much load.

Reference list Automotive Learning Online (2004). Informative Graphics Corporation http://www.innerauto.com/innerauto/image/driv01.html Retrieved on the 25th of March 2004

Brain, Marshall. (2004). How Manual Transmissions Work http://auto.howstuffworks.com/transmission1.htm Retrieved on the 25th of March 2004 Åland Polytechnic Information technology Björn-Erik Zetterman IT-03 English-1 25 March 2004

E-mail: How does it work, or not work?

Introduction

E-mail, or electronic mail is something we commonly use every day. It has great advantages compared to “common snailmail” both in the economical, usefulness from anvironmental point of view. Even the local post company is happy with it, because they can do business on it also. However there is a phenomenon that we are going to live with for very long time: the paper.

The fact that we need to communicate is, has been, and is going to be important. But the way of how we communicate changes. But let’s focus on e-mail here. E-mail normally runs on computers, and everyone that has used a computer, knows that they cause trouble.

Problems

The main problem with e-mail to day is ”Spam”, which actually means a mail that is unwanted. Of course we have got other problems like the problem of knowing a person’s e-mail address. Another problem is why the question “Did you get the mail?” always is asked. But let’s focus on the big problem here: Spam.

Solution

Well…this is the hardest part, e-mail have been in business for a pretty long time now (more than 5 years), and it’s daily used in many very big companies, so I can’t understand why it hasn’t been solved yet. But I’m going to give it a couple of hours to think about it. How electronic mail functions today

Let’s explain how e-mail works today; it’s pretty much the same as old fashioned snail mail. To receive a mail you need to have a mailbox (both in electronic version and in physical version). If I like to send a mail I have to know the receiver’s complete address. In electronic version it can be: That means Bjorn Zetterman that works [email protected] at Mariehamns Stad on the Åland Islands in Finland. It includes all information that the “mailman” (e.g. server) needs to get the message delivered. And in the physical(older) version it is:

Björn-Erik Zetterman This version means pretty much the Mariehamns Stadsbibliotek same. Mailbox 76 It includes all significant information of AX-22101 Mariehamn FINLAND getting the message delivered, even if this is by the old postal system, with roads.

What should we do about the problem?

“There are many who say the only way to truly eliminate spam is to change the way e- mail works.” (Ebsco1). You “simply” need to change the way (standard (SMTP)) that e-mail are sent with all over the world. You should also change the way he Domain Name System works, so that you can be sure of everyone’s identification. Even if I personally think this will do a lot more than the author of the above quotation writes, he is right that the only way to fix the problem is: First of all we need to make out a way to make sure that the sender is a valid sender. But back in the old days when e-mail was created, it was made by and for scientists and academics. In that world everybody trusted each other on the computer. Then when lots of other people came in and began to use the Internet, and especially e-mail, no one changed the system. Because basically, on the Internet: We trust everybody, or do we?

What can we change?

So we need to review the way of transmitting mail. We need to be sure that the sender is a “valid” and friendly sender. There is a sticker that people use to put on their letterbox, which basically says “No advertisements please!”. So we need to fix something like that in the electronic mail system to. So then, who do we want to receive mail from?  Well known friends and business partners  New positive contacts  People that are not spamming

But it will take lots of time figuring that out, so another way is using “Blacklists”. That means that you import a list with mail servers that are spamming. These lists are produced by a independent organisation, like ORDB (Open Relay DataBase). This means that you make a way for the postmaster on the e-mail server that you are using to prohibit Spam. Your postmaster should also have your own blacklist were you define IP addresses of servers that you don’t like to communicate with. So we need to eliminate the open relay servers (Mail server (SMTP) that are causing Spam, at least they are making it possible. “The legitimate use of a mail relay is threatened by influx of spam email originating from a third party, the spammer. Abuse occurs when massive amounts of mail are relayed through an otherwise unrelated server. Most such abusive sessions are initiated by junk emailers - the so-called spammers - attempting to covertly distribute their unwanted messages all over the Internet.”Orbs1

Conclusion

Well as I hope you see, we need to do something about this problem pretty soon, or else it will become worse. And from the business perspective, if it takes 20 minutes every day for a crew member to just delete spam, that will be 20*5*(52-5) = 4 700 minutes (78 hours) of time per year that could have been used to do business instead. So the sturdiest way to fix this problem is to change the way e-mail works, so you can verify the sender. It might be done in many ways but it has to be done. Meanwhile we can use systems like ORDB.org. They are checking mail servers everyday 24/7. But however we fix the problem, it has to be done. So ask your local postmaster to do something about it, and if you are postmaster…you should really begin the process of fixing this problem today!

There is a Finnish proverb in Swedish that I don’t know the original of “Arbetet utförs av förnuftet, inte av styrkan.” Proverb1. Which means something like ”The work is done by the mind, not by power”.

Refernce list Ebsco1: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12172976&db=afh, EBSCO, ISSN no 1530-6283 Orbs1: (http://www.ordb.org/faq/, 18/3 2004) Proverb1: http://home.swipnet.se/eurenius_design/ordsprak.htm, 18/3 2004 PowerPoint as a presentation-tool

Introduction

In this essay one of my biggest interests I have will be brought forward, PowerPoint. All the magical work you can accomplish by the help of all the great tools in this Microsoft Office program is absolutely amazing. This is a program for every hobby marketer, and the professional presenters. Microsoft Office was made for everyone: private persons, small business, large corporations; you name it, and that is the greatness in Microsoft Office. This, except for some speaking skills, will bring forward the great presenters in everyone.

The method to accomplish this essay is to use presentation skills from my own experience at Åland Island Business College. My meaning is not to explain how PowerPoint works, but to try to explain the tools that are useful in the working situation with PowerPoint, especially working with presentations.

Thesis

The main thing in making a presentation superb is to have a program that can provide for the right tools that are necessary in making the presentation perfect. A presentation does not, necessarily, include a hundred different pictures and flashing text lines coming in from left, right, under or above. The magic is making a superb presentation with as few words and pictures as possible and without flashing lines. When you are making a presentation, the idea is not to make the audience look only at your slides but on you as the presenter.

Background vs. Text colour

To pick a smart background colour is very important. Everything you do afterward will depend on what colour you have chosen. A good thing to do is to set the background colour before you write the text.

Think about this. If you choose a dark background, the colour of the text needs to be very bright, almost white. The darker your background colour is the harder it will be to read your text; also the audience will definitely have a hard time reading your text and watching your presentation. (Hölander 1997)

The brighter background colour you have chosen the darker your text colour needs to be. This is also the best choice, for presentations. The recommended colours for presentations are a bright colour as background and black text. It may seem to be very boring, but it isn’t important, if it is boring or not. The important is the audiences’ opinion. They are there for your presentation, and are not ready to be flashed with white text on black background as mentioned earlier. (Sundman 1999)

A choice in the background-menu, is “two colour” and “Fill Effects” backgrounds. To use two colours background is a great thing to have in a presentation. It gives a respectable overall-look and makes the presentation powerful. The only thing to notice in this is to be sure that you pick colours that are not too dark. White is a good mixing colour, it will bring any other colour a brighter shine. Also different angles in choosing “two colours” are working. From left upper corner, from right down corner, and so on. This gives the heading a better shine.

Pictures and Decorations

Clip-Art is a catalogue that will be found under the menu, “Insert” and Pictures - From Clip- Art. There are pictures and photos of animals, business, people, buildings etc. Under Decoration, in Clip-Art you will find all kinds of decoration. Lines, lines like waves in all different colours, corner decorations and so on. To use decorations in your presentation, of course not too much, will bring it forward and also make the audience interested in the subject. This is just a matter of marketing, how to put colours, text and decorations together to a great good-looking match. (Sundman 2001)

If you make presentations for a company or organisations you most likely have to use the company, or the organisations’ logotype. In cases like this, will presentations even if you try, might be reminded of other already made presentations. A red line in the presentation, I think, all presentations in this professional level is to use the logotype in a corner, where you can see it but it wont disturb your eyes or the presentation.

Figure 1.1. This is just an example of a presentation. Christian Jansson, Compendium in PowerPoint 2000, figure 5.1.

To make it

The easiest and also most professional way to do a presentation in PowerPoint is to realize your own capacity. It is more important to figure that out at first, than doing a terrible presentation. Do only use tool you can handle, try to experiment a little, but not in the final presentation. It won’t give your audience a good overall impression. You can make a test presentation at first before you even start create the final presentation. Personally I think it is a good way of learning more. (Hölander 1997)

To present your presentation will be another story. I think it would be foolish to include everything in one essay.

Conclusion

To become a good maker of presentations you have to learn your own ability and capacity. Do never over-use the same words or phrases. The only thing that is good to repeat is the same background colour trough the entire presentation. That is professional and also gives the presentation a whole other status. Also having the same decorations through the whole presentation. It will be a good “red line” to have in presentations. The audience can concentrate on you instead of your colourful backgrounds. No over-use of flashing text lines, it will only discontinue the audiences’ interest in the subject.

List of References

Hölander Hans-Erik, Datautbildningar AB, Working in PowerPoint Year 2003 Anite Travel Systems

Jansson, Christian, Ciceron Compendium in PowerPoint Year 2000 Åland Island Business College

Sundman Frans-Emil, Professor in Microsoft Office To become one with the Office Year 2005 Åbo Akademi The History of Computer Viruses by Joakim Salmén IT-03

English 1 - Essay

Högskolan på Åland Computer viruses

Introduction

“A computer virus is a program - a piece of executable code - that has the unique ability to replicate. Like biological viruses, computer viruses can spread quickly and are often difficult to eradicate They can attach themselves to just about any type of file and are spread as they are copied and sent from individual to individual” (Coeus 2004) . Most of the viruses are spread by email but the newer types does not even require any specific actions from the user, but have the ability to copy them self over the network. These kinds of programs are called worms, because they “crawl” around the internet on their own.

History

Virus creating evolves differently over the world all the time, and most of it is done underground, so it is quite hard to create an accurate time line for it, but here are some of the more important known dates.

1986 The first PC virus was created, known as the Brain. 1988 The first anti-virus was written. 1990 Many anti-virus products were introduced from IBM, McAfee, etc. 1991 Symantec releases Norton Anti-Virus software. 1999 The “Melissa” virus appeared. 2000 The “I love you” virus appeared. 2001 The “Nimda” virus appeared. (Sujung Ou 2004) Generations

Here are some of the more important stages in the history of viruses.

1 Boot sector

The first type infected the boot sector, thus starting every time the computer booted.

2 Files and sectors

This type infected executable files resulting in a “harder to kill” virus starting every time a program was started and allowing multiple copies on a single computer.

3 Invisible Infected the DOS system files and changed the information so that the files appeared to be uninfected. To the system and user everything looked like normal.

4 Polymorphic

Still infecting computers in the same ways, these viruses encrypted themselves to make it harder to identify and delete them. The encryption key was changed automatically resulting in a slightly different looking virus each time.

5 Macro Not seen as any danger by the anti-virus companies this type of viruses had great success when Microsoft Windows was released. In modern time these are the most dangerous types of viruses, easy to write and using bugs and flaws in Microsoft’s Windows and Outlook software allows them to reach epidemic states in minutes. Currently about 80 percent of all the viruses are of this type.

Consequences

As a private person (just loosing some music and movie files) the economic loss is close to nothing. But for a big company that looses years of gathered data like medical research and statistics, or disrupted transactions at a bank, it can be devastating.

Conclusion

As long as you use your mail or download files from the Internet there is no way to be completely safe. New viruses appear every week and the anti-virus programmers cannot always keep up with all of them. The only thing you can do is to make sure your anti-virus software is up to date. With the new worm type of viruses popping up you should also have a firewall installed to stop any intrusion attempts. References

Sujung Ou: Computer History Museum http://www.coe.uh.edu/courses/cuin7317/students/museum/sou.html Reviewed: 05-03-2004

Metropolitan Network BBS Inc http://www.avp.ch/avpve/entry/entry2.htm Reviewed: 05-03-2004

Name: Coeus - Computer Solutions Inc. Url: http://www.ccsbuffalo.com/virus.htm Reviewed: 05-03-2004 Ove Westerlund 03.03.2004 WMM.03

Fuel cells and their possibility Introduction What more than for spacecraft can the fuel cells be used for? And how environmentally friendly is the fuel cell if you observe the material that the cells are constructed of? What one knows today is, if hydrogen gas, methanol or ethanol is used with fuel and oxygen as oxidation media, then the exhaust emissions only consist of water. But the question is, shall we only look at exhaust emissions, or should other aspects be considered? (Seth-Fransson 2003)

In the following I have tried to answer these questions. They are certainly much more to it than what I describe in this report. But I hope at that it gives a hint what we can expect both with advantages and disadvantages. Then you can draw your own conclusions if this is good or bad.

Is connection with this rapport I had the possibility to try the fuel cell. From this test I was very positively surprised of the fuel consumption. On 15 ml of oxygen and 20 ml of hydrogen gas the engine works for 75 minutes.

Background

Fuel cells were discovered in the middle of the 19th century. Sir William Grove, studied electrolysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen. He thought that if he turned the process the reaction between oxygen and hydrogen should be electric current. The term fuel cell was ”coined” in 1889 by Charles Langer. He tried to build a fuel cell running on air and carbon gases. But it was not until 1960 with the big space race, that big money invested in fuel cells and the development got speed. The fuel cell was very usable in the space, because fuel cells can produce electrical energy at the same time as they produce drinkable water. (ABB 2004) Fuel cells, so they work

Fuel cells convert chemically bound energy to electrical energy, a bit like a battery. But a difference to the battery is that the fuel cell works as long as the fuel is supplied to the fuel cell. The fuel is a hydrogen gas that is supplied to the anode side and oxygen gas is supplied to the cathode side. The chemical reaction gives an electrical current. Hydrogen gas can be produced by reforming natural gas, biogas, methanol, ethanol or through electrolysis of water. Oxygen gas is produced of air. The end product is electricity or warmth. The fuel cell contains no moving parts. This is a very silent technique without contamination, with little maintenance and a little space. (ABB 2004)

Anode Electrolyte e- e- Cathode

H+ O - Oxygen (O2) H+

Hydrogen gas (H2) H+ O -

H + H2O You can see an Animation on Chalmers’ home page. The address is: http://fy.chalmers.se/tp/F1projekt/1999/BransleCeller/princip. html

Common facts: - Cell current to rest (theoretic) = 1,23 V (approx. 0,6 – 1,0 V whit work) - Efficiency (theoretic) = 83% ( to practice 35 – 60 % dependent on Fuel cell type)

How can the fuel cell be used?

The fuel cell can have different roles, depending on where in the world they are installed. In USA, the activity within this territory is large. Probably they look in the first place at a generator because they have electricity prices so high on the summer when the people use cooling systems.

Here in the North the fuel cell have reversed roles. Here we have cold winters and the cell have another function here. This role is a combined power and heating plant, because the electricity is more expensive in the winter. The fuel cells can be used in your home, company and many more places. In Japan (Tokyo) they have a power station which goes on fuel cells, and some airplanes have flied whit fuel cells, and in Canada they have buses with have fuel cells. Also big car companies improve fuel cell driving cars. (Chalmers Tekniska Högskola: Bränsleceller Morgondagens drivmedel 1999)

A scenario: Your new mobile phone is driven with a fuel cell that gives a six months standby time or ones week’s conversational time. When the fuel cell shall load you take a little windscreen washer fluid or change the cell. (Manhattan Scientific Inc 2004)

The Microbiology fuel cell (electricity of yeast cells) would be a source of energy in the third world, clocks, and cameras and to bionic power stations that transforms industrial refuse to electricity. (Webb- magazine Bioscience)

Battery

Cooler

Hydrogen gas tank

Mitsubishi / Daimler-Crhysler’s fuel cell system

Conclusion

When we talk of the future of the fuel cell as an environmentally friendly electricity energy source, we cannot forget what are the consequences of mass production, whit all material that is used for the fuel cell.

For a fuel cell to be commercial it is important that the environmental question is known, from the cradle to the grave. The technique and material shall be environmentally safe so we can avoid later problems. (Recycling of materials, manufacture of fuel cells and etc.)

Fuel cell membranes, can they be recycled or can they be regenerated (cleaned)? We have many obstacles, but humans are ingenious and this problem has a solution. When that problem are solved we have a clean and energy source. When we see to the Microbiology fuel cell maybe central refuse disposal plant needs a smaller scale of that. Source material:

Seth-Fransson, Jacob: Bränslecellens framtid – en fråga om kemi, KTH, 2003-11-13. WWW.kth.se/forskning/artiklar/bransleceller.html

ABB Search (bränsleceller): Vad är en bränslecell , 2004-04-15 WWW.abb.se

Elforsk projekt 2140 Bränsleceller – 3/00 www.elforsk.se/varme/underlag/miljorapport.pdf

Chalmers Tekniska Högskola: Bränsleceller Morgondagens drivmedel 1999 http://fy.chalmers.se/tp/F1projekt/1999/BransleCeller/titelsida.html Mitsubishi FCV:

Tomvikt: 2000 kg Antal passagerare: 5 Topphastighet: 140 km/h Räckvidd: 150 km

Energiomvandlare: PEFC (Polymerelektrolysbränsleceller) Lågtemperaturbränslecell arbetar vid 60 – 1000C

Vätgastank: Komprimerad vätgas Tryck: 35 Mpa ( 350 bar ) Tankvolym: 117 liter

Batteri: NiMeH (Nickel Metal Hydride) Elmotor: Växelström max effekt ca 65 kW (88 hk)

Källa Mitsubishi Motors Sverige RMS Olympic RMS Olympic

Introduction

Why RMS Olympic I have chosen to write about RMS Olympic because she is in the shadow of her sister RMS Titanic. It is quite a shame because her story is really worth telling.

Where and when was she built? Harland & Wolf Ltd at Queens Island, Northern Belfast in Ireland built her. They started building her in September 1907, the keel was laid in December 1908 and she was finished in May 1910. On the 20th of October she was launched and on the 14th of June she left Britain for her maiden voyage.

Owners The ones that owned her when she was built was the White Star Line Ltd. They owned her until 1934, when the White Star Line, because of economical problems merged with the Cunard Line and the new company was named Cunard/White Star.

Engines RMS Olympic was a steam driven vessel. She had two reciprocating engines, with four inverted cylinders on each, with a total effect of 30 000 bhp at 75 rpm. These engines propelled each a tri-bladed propeller with a diameter of approximately 7.8 meters. They were placed on the port and starboard wings. Center-aft she had a Parsons, low pressure, geared steam turbine with an effect of 16 000 bhp at 165 rpm. It propelled a four bladed propeller with a diameter of approximately 5,5 meters. The steam was produced by 29 steam turbines with a pressure of 219 PSI (15 bars). They consumed 825 tons of coal per day and 70 000 liters of water/day. (Robbie Soft 2002)

Generally She was 269 meters long and had a width of 28 meters. The top speed was 23 knots. She had tour funnels but only three were real ones. The fourth was a fake and was only used for ventilation. But most of all it was there for the symmetry. History

Routes On her maiden voyage she went from Southampton in England and reached New York one week later. She had crossed the Atlantic with an average speed of 21,7 knots. And this was the route she had until the war came.

The war In 1914 the First World War began. In October, the same year, RMS Olympic had her first contact with the war. She was on her way from England on her last round trip before being sent to Belfast to be laid up, when the British cruiser HMS Liverpool ordered her to help them evacuate the crew from HMS Audacious that had struck a mine. After dropping of the crew from the battleship and her own passengers she went to Belfast. There she laid for ten months until the British Admiralty send this message to the White Star Line:

“SS Olympic required for urgent Government service. Owners had been requested to prepare her and you should render any assistance required”. (RMS Olympic; Old Reliable 1997)

So she was painted in dazzling colours just to confuse enemy submarines. Her new name became HMT Olympic. HMT stands for His Majesty Transport. HMT Olympic was on her first voyage sent to Mudros in the Greek Island of Lemnos with troops. During that trip she rescued survivors from the French liner Provincia that had been sunk by an enemy submarine. For Olympic the trip went well.

She made a few more trips to Mudros before she was sent to transport troops between Canada and the war fronts in Europe. In the end of 1916 had she completed 10 Canada / Europe voyages. In December 1917 was she assigned to carry troops between the USA and Europe. In May 1918 during her 22nd transporting voyage was she attacked by the German submarine U-103. The submarine shot a torpedo at her but it missed. And it was now that RMS Olympics captain did something different. He turned around and rammed it. The sub sank and the American destroyer USS Davis picked up the crew that escaped.

In the end of the First World War, RMS Olympic had an astonishing record. She had travelled 184 000 miles and burned 347 000 tonnes of coal. This gave her the honourable nickname “Old Reliable”. After the war was she renovated and converted to oil from coal. Sisters RMS Olympic has two sisters. One of them was RMS Britannic that served as a hospital ship during the war. Unfortunately, that was all she ever did. Her other sister is a little bit more famous. Who hasn’t heard of RMS Titanic? Titanic and Olympic were almost identical before Titanic went under. Direct after the disaster White Star Line took Olympic in and put some extra lifeboats on her. It was 24 collapsible lifeboats in hope to make crew and passengers feel safe. But it didn’t do much good. (RMS Olympic 2004)

The whole crew deserted and a new crew was put together. The old crew was put to jail. But that made the White Star Line realize that they had to do more. So RMS Olympic was drawn out of traffic for six months when better safety measures were installed. This made it possible for her to stay afloat with her first 6 compartments flooded and now she had a total of 68 lifeboats. (RMS Olympic 2004)

Conclusion

The end RMS Olympic was sold for scrap in 1935. This was because of the big depression and that newer, bigger and more luxury ships started to compete with her. She was scrapped in Scotland and it took almost one and a half years to scrap her. Many of the artefacts were sold and are now in private homes, museums and hotels.

RMS Olympic was a great ship with a sad ending. For approximately 27 years she sailed the seas. It happened many things and she experienced a lot both good and bad. It is not so difficult to understand how she got the nickname “Old Reliable”. Reference list:

White Star Line – RMS Olympic By: Robbie Soft 09/01/2002 Web address: www.20thcenturyliners.com/wsl_olympic.htm

RMS Olympic; Old Reliable By: Craig McDonald 7/14/97 Web address: www.members.aol.com/wakkow5/titnsis.html Then click on the first link: - RMS Olympic - Info about the first sister

RMS Olympic Retrieved the 11.03.2004 Web address: www.angelfire.com/tx3/rayhomepage/titanicwebpage/rmsolympic.html