Ap Lab Fr Questions

LAB REVIEW :AP LAB FR QUESTIONS

EMPIRICAL FORMULA (Chem I lab – expected to know for AP Chem also) An experiment is performed to determine the empirical formula of a copper iodide formed by direct combination of elements. A clean strip of copper metal is weighed accurately. It is suspended in a test tube containing iodine vapor generated by heating solid iodine. A white compound forms on the strip of copper, coating it uniformly. The strip with the adhering compound is weighed. Finally, the compound is washed completely from the surface of the metal and the clean strip is dried and reweighed.

Data Table Mass of clean copper strip 1.2789 g Mass of copper strip and compound 1.2874 g Mass of copper strip after washing 1.2748 g

(a) Calculate the following (show all work!) (i) The number of moles of iodine that reacted. (ii) The number of moles of copper that reacted. (b) Determine the empirical formula for the copper iodide. (c) Explain how each of the following would affect the empirical formula that could be calculated. (i) Some unreacted iodine condensed on the strip. (ii) A small amount of the white compound flaked off before weighing.

HYDRATE In the first of two experiments, a student is assigned the task of determining the number of moles of water in one mole of

MgCl2 . nH2O. The student collects the data shown in the following table. Mass of empty container 22.347g Initial mass of sample and container 25.825 g Mass of sample and container after first heating 23.982 g Mass of sample and container after second heating 23.976 g Mass of sample and container after third heating 23.977 g (a) Explain why the student can correctly conclude that the hydrate was heated a sufficient number of times in the experiment. (b) Use the data above to (i) calculate the total number of moles of water lost when the sample was heated, and (ii) determine the formula of the hydrated compound. (c) A different student heats the hydrate in an uncovered crucible, and some of the solid spatters out of the crucible. This spattering will have what effect on the calculated mass of the water lost by the hydrate? Justify your answer.

REDOX TITRATION 2+ – + 3+ 2+ 5 Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) + 8 H (aq)  5 Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) + 4 H2O(l) The mass percent of iron in a soluble iron (II) compound is measured using a titration based on the balanced equation above. – (a) What is the oxidation number of manganese in the permanganate ion, MnO4 (aq)? (b) Identify the reducing agent in the reaction represented above. The mass of a sample of the iron (II) compound is carefully measured before the sample is dissolved in distilled water. The – resulting solution is acidified with H2SO4(aq). The solution is then titrated with MnO4 (aq) until the end point is reached. (c) Describe the color change that occurs in the flask when the end point of the titration has been reached. Explain why the color of the solution changes at the end point. (d) Let the variables g, M, and V be defined as follows: g = the mass, in grams, of the sample of the iron(II) compound – M = the molarity of the MnO4 (aq) used as the titrant – V = the volume, in liters, of MnO4 (aq) added to reach the end point – In terms of these variables, the number of moles of MnO4 (aq) added to reach the end point of the titration is expressed as M x V. Using the variables defined above, the molar mass of iron (55.85 g mol-1), and the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation, write the expression for each of the following quantities (i) The number of moles of iron in the sample (ii) The mass of iron in the sample, in grams (iii) The mass percent of iron in the compound (e) What effect will adding too much titrant have on the experimentally determined value of the mass percent of iron in the compound? Justify your answer. SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (Beer Lambert’s Law)

A student is instructed to determine the concentration of a solution of CoCl 2 based on absorption of light

(spectrometric/colorimetric method). The student is provided with a 0.10 M solution of CoCl2 with which to prepare standard solutions with concentrations of 0.020 M, 0.040 M, 0.060 M and 0.080 M. (a) Describe the procedure for diluting the 0.10 M solutions to a concentration of 0.020 M using distilled water, a 100 mL volumetric flask, and a pipet or buret. Include specific amounts where appropriate.

The student takes the 0.10 M solution and determines the percent transmittance and the absorbance at various wavelengths. The two graphs below represent the data.

(b) Identify the optimum wavelength for the analysis.

The student measures the absorbance of the 0.020 M, 0.040 M, 0.060 M, 0.080 M and 0.10 M solutions. The data are plotted below.

(c) The absorbance of the unknown solution is 0.275. What is the concentration of the solution?

(d) Beer’s Law is an expression that includes three factors that determine the amount of light that passes through a solution. Identify two of these factors. (e) The student handles the sample container (e.g., test tube or cuvette) that holds the unknown solution and leaves fingerprints in the path of the light beam. How will this affect the calculated concentration of the unknown? Explain your answer.

(f) Why is this method of determining the concentration of CoCl2 solution appropriate, whereas using the same method for measuring the concentration of NaCl solution would not be appropriate.

BUFFERS The equations and constants for the dissociation of three different acids are given below: + - -2 HClO2  H + ClO2 Ka = 1.2 x 10 + - -4 HNO2  H + NO2 Ka = 4.0 x 10 + - -10 HOCl  H + ClO Ka = 6.2 x 10 (a) From the systems above, identify the acid/conjugate base pair that is best for preparing a buffer with a pH of 3.5.

(b) Explain briefly how you prepare the buffer solution in part (a) with the conjugate pair you have chosen.

(c) If the concentrations of both the acid and conjugate base you have chosen are doubled, how would the pH be affected? Explain how the capacity of the buffer is affected by the change in concentrations of acid and base.

ANALYSIS OF A SOLID ACID (DETERMING THE MOLAR MASS OF AN UNKNOWN SOLID ACID) A 0.500 g sample of a weak, nonvolatile acid, HA, was dissolved, HA, was dissolved in sufficient water to make 50.0 mL of solution . The solution was then titrated with a standard NaOH solution. Predict how the calculated molar mass of HA would be affected (too high, too low, or not affected) by the following laboratory procedures. Explain each of your answers. (a) After rinsing the buret with distilled water, the buret is filled with the standard NaOH solution, the weak HA is titrated to its equivalence point. (b) Extra water is added to the 0.500 g sample of HA. (c) An indicator that changes color at pH 5 is used to signal the equivalence point. (d) An air bubble passes unnoticed through the tip of the buret during titration.

STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE/ANALYSIS OF A SOLID ACID An approximate 0.1 M solution of NaOH is to be standardized by titration. Assume the following materials are available: -Clean dry 50 mL beaker -Analytical balance -250 mL Erlenmeyer flask -Wash bottle with distilled H2O -Phenolphthalein indicator -Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP), a pure solid monoprotic acid (to be used as a primary standard)

(a) Briefly describe the steps you would take, using the materials listed above, to standardize the NaOH solution. (b) Describe (i.e, set up) the calculations necessary to determine the concentration of the NaOH solution. (c) After the NaOH has been standardized, it is used to titrate a weak monoprotic acid, HX. The equivalence point is reached when 25.0 mL of NaOH solution has been added. In the space provided at the right, sketch the titration curve, showing the pH changes that occur as the volume of NaOH added increases from 0 to 35.0 mL Clearly label the equivalence point on the curve.

(d) Describe how the value of the acid-dissociation constant, Ka, for the weak acid HX can be determined from the titration curve in part (c).

DETERMINATION OF MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS A student performs an experiment to determine the molar mass of an unknown gas. A small amount of the pure gas is released from a pressurized container and collected in a graduated tube over water at room temperature, as shown in the diagram above. The collection tube containing the gas is allowed to stand for several minutes, and its depth is adjusted until the water levels inside and outside the tube are the same. Assume that:  the gas is not appreciably soluble in water  the gas collected in the graduated tube and the water are in thermal equilibrium  a barometer, a thermometer, an analytical balance, and a table of the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at various temperatures are also available.

a. Write the equation(s) needed to calculate the molar mass of the gas. b. List the measurements that must be made in order to calculate the molar mass of the gas.

c. Explain the purpose of equalizing the water levels inside and outside the gas collection tube.

d. The student determines the molar mass of the gas to be 64 g mol-1. Write the expression (set-up) for calculating the percent error in the experimental value, assuming that the unknown gas is butane (molar mass 58 g mol-1). Calculations are not required.

e. If the student fails to use information from the table of the equilibrium vapor pressures of water in the calculation, the calculated value for the molar mass of the unknown gas will be smaller than the actual value. Explain.

PES (PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY) LAB (http://www.adriandingleschemistrypages.com/ap/pes-a-first-attempt-at-creating-a-question/)

Consider the PES spectra shown below, that superimposes the simulated PES spectra for elemental boron and elemental carbon on the same plot. NOTE: x, y and z are simply labels and do NOT refer to px, py and pz orbitals. a. Suggest a reason why the boron and carbon peaks have been paired together in three groups labeled x, y and z. b. Explain why the carbon ‘x peak’ is at a higher energy than the boron ‘x peak’. c. Why is the boron ‘z peak’ half the height of the carbon ‘z peak’? d. If one were to superimpose a third PES plot on the same axes for elemental nitrogen; (i) Relative to carbon’s ‘x peak’, where would nitrogen’s ‘x peak’ appear on the x-axis?Explain. (ii) Relative to carbon’s ‘z peak’, what would the height of nitrogen’s ‘z peak’, be? Explain. e. Identify the electrons that are associated with each peak in the boron plot. (i) boron ‘x peak’(ii) boron ‘y peak’(iii) boron ‘z peak