Chapter 10 Quick Quiz

1. Preschool children face two key conflicts relating to psychosocial development. The goal is for these children to develop a sense of ______and ______. a. shame; doubt c. initiative; autonomy b. industry; trust d. identity; initiative

2. Preschool children’s self concept reflects their cultural values. Children who represent a ______orientation demonstrate values of interdependence, while children from ______orientation demonstrate values of independence. a. pluralistic; individualistic c. collectivist; pluralistic b. individualistic; collectivist d. collectivist; individualistic

3. Tian had very mixed feelings about his racial background. He was proud of the cultural practices that were a part of his family birthday celebrations, but when his mother asked him what he wanted to share with his play group for his birthday, he immediately responded that he wanted a SpongeBob cake just like Bobby’s. Tian’s desire for this cake most likely demonstrates a. bicultural identity. c. the American dream. b. race dissonance. d. ethnic pride.

4. All of the following are ways that gender development may be influenced by the biological approach EXCEPT a. prenatal hormone exposure. c. identification with the same-sex parent. b. structural differences in the brain. d. natural selection.

5. George and Jerry were involved in play that is typical for preschool children. As Jerry played with some blocks, George was playing with some small cars. While the two boys sat in close proximity, there was little or no interaction. Jerry and George are involved in a. functional play. c. associative play. b. onlooker play. d. parallel play.

6. Children’s emerging ability to explain how others think and the reasons for why others behave as they do is known as a. theory of mind. c. mental readers. b. thinking hypothesis. d. false beliefs.

7. Children of ______parents tend to be withdrawn, showing little sociability. They are not very friendly and their parents are not very responsive to their needs. a. authoritative c. permissive b. authoritarian d. uninvolved

8. For most children in Western cultures, ______parenting works best. a. authoritative c. permissive b. authoritarian d. uninvolved

9. When one preschool age child brought a deck of cards to preschool he was excited that other children wanted to play cards with him. Although the children seemed to each be playing a game with slightly different rules, they didn’t appear to notice and were happy to abide by all the rules they knew. These children are demonstrating which level of Piaget’s theory of moral development? a. heteronomous morality c. autonomous cooperation b. incipient cooperation d. abstract modeling

10. Four-year-old Richard wants a toy that another child has. Richard approaches the child and hits him on the arm, knocking the toy out of his hand. Richard then runs off with the toy. What kind of aggression is Richard displaying?

194 a. relational aggression c. instinctual aggression b. instrumental aggression d. immature aggression

195 Chapter 10 Quick Quiz Answers

1. Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 264, 265 Type: Factual Rationale: Young children face two key conflicts relating to psychosocial development. The goal is for the children to develop a sense of initiative and autonomy.

11. Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Culture is reflected in the self concept of preschool children. Children from collectivist cultures emphasize the values of interdependence, while children from individualistic cultures emphasize the values of independence.

12. Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 266 Type: Applied Rationale: Tian indicates a bit of mixed feelings about race and ethnicity in that he embraces the minority culture practices at home but turns to the majority culture when faced with a larger group. This best illustrates race dissonance, a phenomenon in which minority children indicate a preference for majority values or people.

13. Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 267, 268 Type: Factual Rationale: Biological approaches that encourage gender development include prenatal exposure to male or female hormones, structural differences in male and female brains, and natural selection of characteristics that increase the chances of reproduction and survival. Identification with same sex parent is from the psychodynamic perspective.

14. Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschooler’s Social Lives Answer: d Page(s): 272 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Jerry and George are involved in parallel play. Both boys are involved with similar toys and play in close proximity; however, they are not interacting with each other, thus the parallel analogy.

15. Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschooler’s Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 274 Type: Factual Rationale: Theory of mind develops during the preschool years. Children are able to come up with explanations for how others think and the reasons for why they behave the way they do.

16. Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschooler’s Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 276, 277 Type: Applied Rationale: Authoritarian parents are those who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. Children with authoritarian parents tend to be socially withdrawn.

17. Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschooler’s Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 276, 277 Type: Factual Rationale: Authoritative parents are firm and consistent; they provide explanations for rules using language that the child can understand. In Western countries, children of authoritative parenting fare the best.

18. Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 280 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Heteronomous morality is the earliest stage of moral development in which rules are seen as invariable and unchangeable. While the children play strictly by the rules, none of the children seem to have fully grasped the one game and its rules.

19. Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 283 Type: Factual

196 Rationale: Richard is displaying instrumental aggression; that is, aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal, in this case, the toy. Chapter 10 Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years

Multiple Choice Questions

10.1 According to Erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society, and in their comprehension of the meaning of others’ behavior is known as ______development. a. psychosocial c. psychocultural b. psychosexual d. psychocognitive

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 264 Type: Factual Rationale: According to Erik Erikson, psychosocial development encompasses changes in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others’ behavior.

10.2 According to Erikson, the period during which children aged 18 months to 3 years either become more independent and self-reliant if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or experience humiliation and uncertainty if they are restricted and overprotected is known as a. trust vs. mistrust. c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. b. initiative vs. guilt. d. identity vs. identity confusion.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 265 Type: Factual Rationale: In the early part of the preschool period, children are ending the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage of development, which lasts from around 18 months to 3 years. Children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

10.3 Two-year-old Anissa’s parents have installed child protective devices around the house. This way Anissa is provided with a safe environment that she can freely explore on her own. According to Erikson, Anissa will most likely develop a sense of a. trust. c. identity. b. initiative. d. autonomy.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 265 Type: Conceptual Rationale: During this period of develop, according to Erikson, children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

10.4 Eighteen-month-old Paul’s environment is not safe. The house he lives in has exposed wiring and lead-based paint around the window frames. For this reason, Paul’s mother keeps him in a play pen most of the day. According to Erikson, Paul will most likely develop a sense of a. trust. c. autonomy. b. mistrust. d. shame and doubt.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 265 Type: Conceptual

197 Rationale: During this period of develop, according to Erikson, children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

10.5 A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual is called a. self-esteem. c. self-knowing. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. self-concept.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 265 Type: Factual Rationale: A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual is known as self-concept.

10.6 One day, 3-year-old Mary Alice stepped into the kitchen and proudly announced that she was dressed for school. She had on a pair of flowered pants and a clashing plaid shirt. Nothing about her outfit matched. Mary Alice’s mother was so dismayed that she said, “I can’t take you out looking like a clown. Go immediately to your room and put something decent on.” According to Erikson, Mary Alice will most likely develop of sense of a. mistrust. c. guilt. b. autonomy. d. identity confusion.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 265 Type: Conceptual Rationale: According to Erikson, during the initiative-versus-guilt stage children experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.

10.7 While 3-year-old Bijan was on vacation with his parents, he insisted on wearing only mismatched brightly colored socks with white sneakers. His parents got many looks from passersby, some positive and some not so positive. According to Erikson, because Bijan was able to express himself through his clothes, he should develop a sense of a. trust. c. initiative. b. shame and doubt. d. identity

10.8 Four-year-old Daryl describes himself in the following ways: “I’m a really fast runner. My hair is brown and I like to eat junk food.” Daryl’s beliefs about himself are known as his a. self-esteem. c. self-concept. b. self-actualization. d. self-confidence.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 265 Type: Conceptual Rationale: A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual is known as self-concept.

10.9 Four-year-old Isaac is going to shoot baskets for the first time. When asked how many balls he will be able to shoot through the hoop, he enthusiastically shouts, “All of them!” Isaac’s response stems from the fact that he a. has not started to compare his performance against others. b. is very athletic. c. knows his father will help him get the balls in. d. simply does not know what he is saying.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 265, 266 Type: Conceptual

198 Rationale: Preschool children typically overestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise. In part, this overly optimistic self-concept is because they have not yet started to compare themselves and their performance against others.

199 2 Five-year-old Naomi is playing tennis with her mother. She spends more time chasing balls than she does hitting them with the racket. Naomi most likely believes she a. is a bad tennis player and hopes that she doesn’t have to play again. b. is a great tennis player and can’t wait to play again. c. only missed the balls because her mother doesn’t know how to play the right way. d. will do better if she took tennis lessons from a pro instead of her mother.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 265, 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Preschool children typically overestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise. In part, this overly optimistic self-concept is because they have not yet started to compare themselves and their performance against others.

10.2 Three-year-old Julia is having difficulty stringing cheerios on a string. Every time she gets one on it breaks. Like many preschoolers, Julia will most likely a. quit. c. persist until she makes her Cheerio necklace. b. say that it was a stupid activity. d. ask a grown up to do it for her.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Preschool children typically overestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise. In part, this overly optimistic self-concept is because they have not yet started to compare themselves and their performance against others, but it does free them to persist, take chances, and try new activities.

10.3 ______is a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence. a. Individualistic philosophy c. Economic philosophy b. Spatial philosophy d. Collectivistic philosophy

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 266 Type: Factual Rationale: A collectivistic philosophy promotes the notion of interdependence.

10.4 The well known saying “the nail that stands out gets pounded down” reflects a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence is called a(an) ______orientation. a. individualistic c. economic b. spatial d. collectivistic

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: A collectivistic philosophy promotes the notion of interdependence.

10.5 Five-year-old Chen has been taught to wait quietly for his turn and not to shout out or to draw attention to himself. Chen is a quiet, unassuming little boy who blends in well with others. Chen’s behavior is an example of a(n) ______orientation. a. individualistic c. economic b. spatial d. collectivistic

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: A collectivistic philosophy promotes the notion of interdependence.

10.6 ______is a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. a. Individualistic philosophy c. Economic philosophy b. Spatial philosophy d. Collectivistic philosophy

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 266 Type: Factual

200 Rationale: Individualistic philosophy emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

10.7 The well known saying “the squeaky wheel gets the grease” reflects a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual is called a(an) ______orientation. a. individualistic c. economic b. spatial d. collectivistic

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Individualistic philosophy emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

10.8 Four-year-old Rebecca shouts loudly that her teacher forgot to let her have a turn to share a toy with the class. Rebecca always makes sure her needs are met and she speaks loudly if necessary. Also, Rebecca loves to be first in line. In games, she feels the need to win and when she doesn’t win, she sulks. Rebecca’s behavior is an example of a(n) ______orientation. a. individualistic c. economic b. spatial d. collectivistic

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Individualistic philosophy emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

10.9 Some preschoolers experience ______dissonance, the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preference for majority values or people. a. ethnic c. cultural b. racial d. social

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 266 Type: Factual Rationale: Racial dissonance is the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people.

10.10 Four-year-old Jasmine is African-American. Jasmine prefers to play with dolls that are white. Also, she is more likely to say that black children are naughtier than white children. Jasmine’s preference for majority values or people suggests that she may be experiencing a. ethnic dissonance. c. cultural dissonance. b. racial dissonance. d. social dissonance.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 266 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Racial dissonance is the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people.

10.11 Three-year-old Franklin loved to ride the battery powered “Barbie” powder pink convertible car around the Toys ‘R’ Us store. However, when asked what battery powered vehicle he would like to purchase, Franklin chose a blue and green motorcycle. This example illustrates that Franklin is aware of a. gender identity. c. gender constancy. b. gender expectations. d. androgyny.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 267 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Gender expectations provide the lens through which preschool-age children view the world and affect their behavior as well as the way they interact with peers and adults.

201 3 During prenatal development, females exposed to high levels of the male hormones androgens prefer to play with ______. a. boys c. both genders b. girls d. neither gender

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 267, 268 Type: Factual Rationale: Females who are prenatally exposed to high levels of the male hormone androgens prefer to play with boys and spend more time than other girls playing with toys associated with the male role.

10.2 According to Freud, around the age of 5, boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals. This conflict is known as the ______conflict. a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Oedipus b. initiative vs. guilt d. identity vs. identity confusion

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 268 Type: Factual Rationale: According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict occurs at around the age of 5. Boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals.

10.3 According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict is resolved when the a. son represses his desire for his mother and begins to identify with his father. b. father represses his desire for his mother and begins to identify with his son. c. son desires his mother, and he identifies with his father in an attempt to get her for himself. d. son never desired his mother. He identifies with his father because he is a male child.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 268 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Boys repress their desires for their mothers and instead begin to identify with their fathers. Identification with the same sex parent is the successful resolution of this conflict.

10.4 According to Freud, a girl comes to identify with the mother because she a. thinks if she is just like her mother the father will have nothing to do with her. b. likes her mother’s clothes and make up. c. feels her mother is better equipped at meeting her needs than her father is. d. thinks if she is like her mother her father will love her as much as he does his wife.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 268 Type: Conceptual Rationale: To resolve their conflict, girls will ultimately identify with their mothers, attempting to be as similar to them as possible.

10.5 The process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent’s attitudes and values is known as a. identification. c. examination. b. modeling. d. adaptation.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 268 Type: Factual Rationale: Identification is the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent’s attitudes and values.

202 4 According to the social learning approaches, children learn gender-related behavior and expectations by a. wearing gender appropriate clothing. b. playing with gender appropriate toys. c. playing with same gender peers. d. watching the behavior of males and females in their society.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: d Page(s): 269 Type: Factual Rationale: Social learning approaches see children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

10.2 Five-year-old Rudy sits at the table as his father does, holds the spoon, and drinks his juice as his father does. Rudy is most likely following what process? a. identification c. examination b. modeling d. adaptation

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 269 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Social learning approaches see children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

10.3 The perception of oneself as a male or female is known as a. gender constancy. c. gender schema. b. gender identity. d. gender awareness.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 269 Type: Factual Rationale: Gender identity is the perception of oneself as male or female.

10.4 A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender is known as a. gender constancy. c. gender schema. b. gender identity. d. gender awareness.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 269 Type: Factual Rationale: Gender schema is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

10.5 According to the cognitive-developmental theory, young preschoolers believe that sex differences are based on a. biology. c. individual choice. b. attire. d. desire.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: b Page(s): 269 Type: Factual Rationale: According to the cognitive-developmental theory, young preschoolers believe that sex differences are based not on biological factors but on differences in appearance or behavior.

10.6 The belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors, is known as a. gender constancy. c. gender schema. b. gender identity. d. gender awareness.

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: a Page(s): 269 Type: Factual Rationale: The fact that people are permanently male or female, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors, is known as gender constancy.

203 10.7 Five-year-old Janie knows that her father is a male and that he is going to be a male forever. Janie developed an understanding of gender ______, the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors. a. identity c. constancy b. schema d. recognition

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Answer: c Page(s): 269 Type: Conceptual Rationale: The fact that people are permanently male or female, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors, is known as gender constancy.

10.8 Two-year-old George believes that when he puts on his mother’s make-up and high heels that he is now female. Further, George believes that when he grows up he can be a mommy if he wants to be one. George clearly lacks ______, the understanding that people will always be the same gender. a. gender identity c. gender constancy b. gender schema d. gender recognition

10.9 Play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds is called ______play. a. functional c. parallel b. constructive d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 271 Type: Factual Rationale: Functional play is play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds.

10.10 Three-year-old Mohammad loves to pour sand from one bucket to another bucket. He never tires of this simple, repetitive activity. Mohammad is displaying a. functional play. c. onlooker play. b. constructive play. d. parallel play.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 271 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Functional play is play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds.

10.11 Jackie, a 3-year-old girl, loves to do simple, repetitive activities like skipping or rolling and unrolling a piece of clay. Jackie is displaying a. functional play. c. onlooker play. b. constructive play. d. parallel play.

10.12 Play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something is called ______play. a. functional c. parallel b. constructive d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 271 Type: Factual Rationale: Constructive play is play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something.

204 10.13 Four-year-old Rudy manipulates objects to produce or build something, like putting a puzzle together. Rudy is showing an example of ______play. a. functional c. social b. constructive d. parallel

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 271 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Constructive play is play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something.

10.14 Amir loves to build sandcastles. After he completes his sandcastle he knocks it down and then rebuilds another one in its place. Amir’s sand play is an example of ______play. a. functional c. social b. constructive d. parallel

10.15 Action in which children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other is called ______play. a. functional c. parallel b. constructive d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 272 Type: Factual Rationale: Parallel play is action in which children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other.

10.16 Joey and Marie, both 4-year-olds, are sitting at a table side by side, each putting a different puzzle together. This is an example of ______play. a. cooperative c. functional b. parallel d. constructive

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 272 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Parallel play is action in which children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other.

10.17 Abdul and Zasan are both playing in the sandbox. They both have two buckets and are independently pouring sand from one bucket to another bucket without so much as a word to each other. This is an example of ______play. a. cooperative c. functional b. parallel d. constructive

205 5 Action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves is called ______play. a. functional c. onlooker b. constructive d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 272 Type: Factual Rationale: Onlooker play is action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves.

10.2 Little Gilbert likes to watch his brother play the Nintendo. Gilbert is displaying a. functional play. c. onlooker play. b. lonely play. d. associative play.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 272 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Parallel play is action in which children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other.

10.3 Four-year-old Vashid sits on the edge of the sandbox and quietly watches the other children as they make sandcastles. Vashid is displaying a. functional play. c. onlooker play. b. lonely play. d. associative play.

10.4 Play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing is called ______play. a. functional c. parallel b. constructive d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: d Page(s): 272 Type: Factual Rationale: Associative play is play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same things.

10.5 Linda and Liza exchange toys, but they are not playing the same thing. The interaction between the girls provides an example of a. associative play. c. constructive play. b. cooperative play. d. parallel play.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 272 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Parallel play is action in which children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other.

206 6 Basil and Derin are both playing in the sandbox. Basil is making a sandcastle and Derin is making roads, so that he can drive his matchbox cars. Their interactions consist of sharing and borrowing toys. This is an example of a. associative play. c. constructive play. b. cooperative play. d. parallel play.

10.2 Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests, is called ______play. a. functional c. parallel b. cooperative d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 272 Type: Factual Rationale: Cooperative play is play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests.

10.3 Charlotte and Cullen are working together to make the biggest sandcastle the world has ever seen. This is an example of ______play. a. functional c. parallel b. cooperative d. associative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 272 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Cooperative play is play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests.

10.4 Which child is likely to be the most advanced in terms of make-believe play? a. a child who pretends to talk on a toy telephone b. a child who only talks on a real telephone c. a child who pretends to talk on a banana d. a child who talks on a walkie-talkie with his mother

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 272, 273 Type: Conceptual Rationale: As make-believe play progresses, children move from pretending using realistic items to using less concrete ones. In this example, each child is pretending to talk on the phone or a walkie-talkie with a realistic item, except the child who is pretending to talk using a banana.

10.5 Make-believe play a. serves no useful purpose. b. tends to encourage egocentric thinking. c. helps children understand their environment. d. encourages children to put off real learning.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 273 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Vygotsky argued that pretend play is an important means for expanding preschool-age children’s cognitive abilities. Through make-believe play, children are able to “practice” activities that are part of their particular culture and broaden their understanding of the ways the world functions.

207 7 In the development of theory of mind the 3-year-old child will develop an understanding the concept of pretend before he or she understands a. perception. c. belief. b. imagination. d. language.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 274 Type: Factual Rationale: A limitation of a 3-year-old’s theory of mind is that although he or she understand the concept of “pretend” by the age of 3, his or her understanding of “belief” is still not complete.

10.2 By the end of the preschool years, most children can easily solve the false belief problems, except for children with ______. a. siblings c. no preschool experience b. autism d. peers as friends

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 275 Type: Factual Rationale: Children with autism, a psychological disorder that produces significant language and emotional difficulties, do not demonstrate evidence of understanding beliefs. These children lack theory of mind and are not able to successfully complete the false belief problems.

10.3 Sarah, 4 years old, can successfully complete the false belief problems while her older brother Paul, age 10, still is not able to do so. Paul has considerable problems connecting with others. Most likely Paul is suffering from a. aphasia. c. axial deficiencies. b. aerial dysfunction. d. autism.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: d Page(s): 275 Type: Applied Rationale: Paul is most likely suffering from autism, a psychological disorder that produces significant language and emotional difficulties. He is unlikely to ever demonstrate evidence of understanding beliefs or to successfully complete the false belief problems, something his younger sister is able to do.

10.4 All of the factors below except one are involved in the emergence of a theory of mind. a. brain maturation c. make-believe play b. language development d. playing in isolation

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: d Page(s): 275 Type: Factual Rationale: There are a number of factors that are involved in the emergence of theory of mind, including brain maturation, developing language skills, social interaction, and make-believe play.

10.5 This type of parent is controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold; his or her word is law; and he or she values strict obedience from his or her children. He or she does not tolerate expressions of disagreement. a. authoritarian c. authoritative b. permissive d. uninvolved

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 276 Type: Factual Rationale: Authoritarian parents are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold. Their word is law; they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children; and they do not tolerate expressions of disagreement.

208 8 Every time someone in the Park family disagrees with Mr. Park, he becomes angry and shouts, “As long as you are part of this family and living under my roof you will follow my rules.” This is an example the ______parenting style. a. authoritarian c. authoritative b. permissive d. uninvolved

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 276 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Authoritarian parents are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold. Their word is law; they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children; and they do not tolerate expressions of disagreement.

10.2 Scott wants to sleep over at a friend’s house. His parents tell him no. When Scott asks why, they become upset and his father says, “Because I said so; that’s why.” That is the end of the conversation. This is an example of the ______parenting style. a. authoritarian c. authoritative b. permissive d. uninvolved

10.3 This type of parent provides lax and inconsistent feedback. He or she does not ask much from his or her children, and places little or no limits or control on their behavior. a. uninvolved c. permissive b. authoritative d. authoritarian

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 276 Type: Factual Rationale: Permissive parents provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children.

10.4 Dillon’s parents let him come and go as he pleases. If Dillon wants to stay out all night or watch television into the wee hours on a school night, that is his choice. They feel he is the one that will be tired the next day, not them. This is an example of the ______parenting style. a. uninvolved c. permissive b. authoritative d. authoritarian

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 276 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Permissive parents provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children.

10.5 This type of parent is firm, setting clear and consistent limits, although he or she is a loving parent and is emotionally supportive. He or she also tries to reason and give explanations for why the children should behave in a particular way. a. uninvolved c. authoritative b. permissive d. authoritarian

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 276 Type: Factual Rationale: Authoritative parents are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way.

209 9 Nicole’s parents expect her to do well at school, and to complete her assignments on time and in a manner that she would be proud of. They tell Nicole that they want her to succeed in school because they want her to have many opportunities when she reaches adulthood. They explain that if she does not do well in math then she will be unable to be an engineer, a doctor, or a carpenter because those professions rely on mathematics. They also set similar expectations for her behavior at home. Nicole’s parents are most likely a. uninvolved c. authoritative b. permissive d. authoritarian

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 276 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Authoritative parents are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way.

10.2 A(n) ______type of parent shows practically no interest in his or her children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior. He or she is detached emotionally and see his or her role as no more than feeding, clothing, and providing shelter for the child. a. uninvolved c. permissive b. authoritarian d. authoritative

10.3 Ashley, an only child, spends a great deal of time at her best friend’s home. When she does go home, her parents hardly acknowledge her presence. They provide her with nice clothes, a bedroom that most of her friends would die for, and a nice home in a good neighborhood. However, Ashley often feels like a stranger around her parents. Ashley’s parents are most likely a. uninvolved. c. permissive. b. authoritarian. d. authoritative.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 276 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Uninvolved parents show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior.

10.4 Which type of parenting, in its most extreme form, would result in neglect, a form of child abuse? a. uninvolved c. permissive b. authoritarian d. authoritative

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: a Page(s): 276 Type: Factual Rationale: Uninvolved parents show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior; in its most extreme form this style of parenting would result in neglect, a form of child abuse.

10.5 Girls that are raised by authoritarian parents are especially ______, whereas boys are unusually ______. a. independent; hostile c. dependent; genial b. dependent; hostile d. independent; genial

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: b Page(s): 276 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Girls that are raised by authoritarian parents tend to be especially dependent, whereas boys are unusually hostile.

210 10 Children of permissive parents tend to a. be independent. c. lack social skills. b. be well liked by their peers. d. be cooperative.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: c Page(s): 276 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Children with permissive parents tend to be dependent and moody, and they are low in social skills and self-control.

10.2 Children of authoritative parents tend to a. be controlling in relationships. c. seek approval. b. be dependent on others. d. be self-assertive.

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Answer: d Page(s): 276 Type: Factual Rationale: Children with authoritative parents tend to be independent, friendly with their peers, self-assertive, and cooperative.

10.3 The changes in people’s sense of justice and of what is right and wrong is called ______development. a. amoral c. social b. moral d. judicial

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 280 Type: Factual Rationale: Moral development is the maturation of people’s sense of justice, of what is right and wrong, and their behavior in connection with moral issues.

10.4 According to Piaget, moral development, like cognitive development, proceeds in stages. The sequence of stages is as follows a. incipient cooperation, heteronomous morality, and autonomous cooperation. b. autonomous cooperation, heteronomous morality, and incipient cooperation. c. heteronomous morality, incipient cooperation, and autonomous cooperation. d. incipient cooperation, autonomous cooperation, and heteronomous morality.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: c Page(s): 280 Type: Factual Rationale: Piaget suggested that moral development proceeds in stages, the sequence of which is heteronomous morality, incipient cooperation, and autonomous cooperation.

10.5 The stage of moral development in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable is known as ______morality. a. incipient cooperation c. heteronomous b. autonomous cooperation d. homonomous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: c Page(s): 280 Type: Factual Rationale: Heteronomous morality is the first stage of Piaget’s moral development theory in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable.

211 11 Four-year-old Kyle insists on playing the same card game and always in the same manner. He becomes very upset if someone suggests that they play cards in a different way. Kyle most likely is in Piaget’s ______stage of morality development. a. incipient cooperation c. heteronomous b. autonomous cooperation d. homonomous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: c Page(s): 280 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Heteronomous morality is the first stage of Piaget’s moral development theory in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable.

10.2 In the ______stage, which lasts from around age 7 to age 10, children’s games become more clearly social. a. incipient cooperation c. heteronomous b. autonomous cooperation d. homonomous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 280 Type: Factual Rationale: During incipient cooperation, the second stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development, which lasts from around age 7 to 10, children’s games become more clearly social.

10.3 Shelby and her friends love to play freeze tag. They almost always play by standard rules, but they do discuss rules with play according to this shared knowledge. Shelby and her friends are most likely in Piaget’s ______stage of morality development. a. incipient cooperation c. heteronomous b. autonomous cooperation d. homonomous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 280 Type: Conceptual Rationale: During incipient cooperation, the second stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development, which lasts from around age 7 to 10, children’s games become more clearly social.

10.4 It is not until the ______stage, which begins at about age 10, that children become fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people who play them agree. a. incipient cooperation c. heteronomous b. autonomous cooperation d. homonomous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 280 Type: Factual Rationale: During the autonomous cooperation stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development, children become fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people who play them agree.

10.5 Victoria and her friends love to play hide and seek. Often as a group they decide to modify the rules so that at times it is okay to hide in trees or jump over the fence to hide on the next street. Victoria and her friends are most likely in Piaget’s ______stage of morality development. a. incipient cooperation c. heteronomous b. autonomous cooperation d. homonomous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 280 Type: Conceptual Rationale: During the autonomous cooperation stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development, children become fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people who play them agree.

212 12 According to Piaget, early preschoolers in the heteronomous morality stage are likely to say a child that accidentally broke 15 cups is more guilty than a child that broke one cup while sneaking into a cookie jar. This is because children in the heteronomous morality stage do not take ______into account. a. intentions c. wrong doings b. damage d. cost

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 280 Type: Applied Rationale: Piaget found that children in the heteronomous morality stage judge actions by the amount of damage; they do not take into account intentions.

10.2 The notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment is known as ______justice. a. distributive c. immanent b. immediate d. instantaneous

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: c Page(s): 281 Type: Factual Rationale: Immanent justice is the notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment.

10.3 Helping behavior that benefits others is called ______behavior. a. altruistic c. assistive b. social d. prosocial

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: d Page(s): 281 Type: Factual Rationale: Prosocial behavior is helping behavior that benefits others.

10.4 Claire’s mother tells her she has been a “good girl” for sharing a box of candy with her brother Dan. According to the social learning approaches, we can expect that in the future Claire will share a. not only candy, but toys with others, including her brother. b. only candy with her brother. c. only candy and toys with her brother. d. only with her friends.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 281 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Social learning approach to moral development incorporates the behaviorist approach that when a child receives positive reinforcement for acting in a morally appropriate way, the child is more likely to engage in the behavior in the future.

10.5 Ms. Applebie, a kindergarten teacher, knows that she need not praise everyone for good behavior. All she needs to do is praise one child and all the other children quickly follow suit. According to social learning approaches children a. learn by direct feedback. b. can learn by being reinforced indirectly. c. must be repeatedly told to do something. d. learn only by practicing a behavior over and over.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 281 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Social learning approaches to moral development propose that not all prosocial behavior has to be directly performed and reinforced to be learned. Children can also learn moral behaviorism more indirectly by observing the behavior of others.

213 13 The process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles is known as ______modeling. a. abstract c. symbolic b. concrete d. simplistic

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 281 Type: Factual Rationale: Abstract modeling is the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles.

10.2 ______is the understanding of what another individual feels. a. Sympathy c. Compassion b. Empathy d. Pity

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 282 Type: Factual Rationale: Empathy is the understanding of what another person feels.

10.3 Three-year-old Pamela sees her mother crying. Pamela gives her mother her favorite doll to hold and pats her on the back and tells her everything will be okay. Pamela is demonstrating a. sympathy. c. compassion. b. empathy. d. pity.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: b Page(s): 282 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Empathy is the understanding of what another person feels.

10.4 Intentional injury or harm to another person is called a. hostility. c. aggression. b. fighting. d. antagonism.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: c Page(s): 283 Type: Factual Rationale: Aggression is intentional injury or harm to another person.

10.5 The capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity is known as a. self-regulation. c. emotional adjustment. b. emotional awareness. d. emotional self-regulation.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: d Page(s): 283 Type: Factual Rationale: Emotional self-regulation is the capability to adjust one’s emotions to a desired state and level of intensity.

10.6 Four-year-old Max’s best friend is angry with him. He tells Max that he cannot come to his birthday party. A year ago, Max would have cried over something like this. Now, Max just tells him that he does not want to go to his party. Max’s ability to adjust his emotions is called a. self-regulation. c. emotional adjustment. b. emotional awareness. d. emotional self-regulation.

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: d Page(s): 283 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Empathy is the understanding of what another person feels.

214 14 Non-physical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s psychological well-being is called ______aggression a. relational c. hostile b. overt d. instrumental

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 283 Type: Factual Rationale: Relational aggression is nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s psychological well-being.

10.2 Five-year-old Allison is mad at her best friend, Amber. To get even with her, Allison tells the class that Amber wets the bed even though she really does not. This non-physical form of aggression is called ______aggression. a. relational c. hostile b. overt d. instrumental

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Answer: a Page(s): 283 Type: Conceptual Rationale: Relational aggression is nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s psychological well-being.

Essay Questions

10.3 How do children develop their sense of racial identity and gender?

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Page(s): 266–270 Type: Conceptual Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Both racial and gender identity develops during the preschool years  Race dissonance is the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people  Ethnic identity emerges after racial identity since ethnicity is not as conspicuous than race . Bilingual children are more aware of their ethnic identity  Differences between the way boys and girls are treated begin at birth  Gender is well established by preschool years (ability to identify male or female)  Gender development moves through gender identity, development of gender schemas, and gender constancy  There are many explanations for the process of gender development including . Biological . Psychoanalytic . Social learning . Cognitive approaches

215 15 What is the difference between a collectivistic versus an individualistic orientation?

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Page(s): 266–279 Type: Conceptual Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Individualistic orientation reflects the traditional Western cultural values of independence, self- reliance, and competition  Collectivist orientation reflects the traditional Eastern (Asian) cultural values of concern for the good of the group and cooperation  The child’s self-concept is directly influenced by the cultural orientation, either independent or interdependent  These cultural orientations can be viewed in light of children’s social interactions, gender and moral development, parenting styles, and educational priorities  The values and priorities are embedded within each of these cultures and influence most aspects of child development

10.2 How does aggression develop in preschool-age children?

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Page(s): 283–285 Type: Conceptual Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Ethologists and sociobiologists regard aggression as an innate human characteristic  Social learning and cognitive approaches focus on the learned aspects of aggression

10.3 What do the leading theorists have to say in regards to gender identity?

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Page(s): 270 Type: Conceptual Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Biological . Brain differences and exposure to hormones may lead to gender differences  Psychoanalytical . Identification with the same-sex parent  Social learning . Children learn gender related behaviors by observing others and by reinforcement of societal determined appropriate behaviors  Cognitive . Through the use of gender schemas, children organize and establish rules for male and female behaviors and characteristics

216 16 Describe the different types of parenting. Is one type of parenting better than another type of parenting?

Chapter Section: Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives Page(s): 275–277 Type: Conceptual Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Baumrind established four parenting styles based on the demandedness and responsiveness of the parents  Authoritative parents are firm, set clear and consistent limits . Highly responsive and demanding . Relatively strict, but loving and emotionally supportive . Encourage independence and communication  Authoritative parents are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold . Low Responsiveness but high demanding . Their word is law; value strict, unquestioning obedience from children . Do not tolerate expressions of disagreement  Permissive parents are lax and provide inconsistent feedback . Highly responsive but undemanding . Require little of their children, don’t see much parental responsibility for children . Place little or no limits or control on children’s behaviors  Uninvolved parents display indifferent, rejecting behaviors . Low responsiveness and undemanding . Detached emotionally . See role as providing only essentials (food, clothing, shelter) . Results in neglect, a form of child abuse  Children of authoritative parents fare best overall. . They are generally independent, friendly with peers, self-assertive, and cooperative . They have strong motivation to achieve, and are typically successful and likeable . They regulate their own behavior effectively  While authoritative parenting may be the most effective overall, there are times and situations when another style of parenting may be more appropriate.

217 17 How does morality develop?

Chapter Section: Moral Development and Aggression Page(s): 280–282 Type: Conceptual Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Piaget believed that moral development occurs in three stages. . Heteronomous morality is the first stage, represented by rules that are seen as invariant and unchangeable. This is the stage of preschool children. . Incipient cooperation stage, lasts from around age 7 to 10, represented by shared formal rules of games that are still seen as largely unchangeable. . Autonomous cooperation stage, begins at age 10, and is represented by the child’s believe that rules can be modified if agreed upon. Rules and laws are established by people and can be changed according to the will of people  Social learning approaches to moral development emphasize the importance of reinforcement for moral actions and the observation of models of moral conduct.  Psychoanalytical and other theories focus on children’s empathy with others and their wish to help others so they an avoid unpleasant feeling of guilt themselves.

10.2 How does emotional self-regulation lessen the amount of aggression?

Chapter Section: Forming a Sense of Self Page(s): 287, 288 Type: Applied Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:  Provide opportunities for preschool-age children to observe others acting in a cooperative, helpful, prosocial manner.  Do not ignore aggressive behavior.  Help preschoolers devise alternative explanations for others’ behaviors.  Monitor preschoolers’ television viewing, particularly the violence that they view.  Help preschoolers understand their feelings.  Explicitly teach reasoning and self-control.

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