Challenges from an Industrialized West, 1750-1900

CHALLENGES FROM AN INDUSTRIALIZED WEST, 1750-1900: OTTOMAN EMPIRE, RUSSIA, QING CHINA, JAPAN

OTTOMAN EMPIRE: “THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE”

 Refusal to adapt to: o o  Weak central gov’t: o o o  Problems of a multicultural empire: o o  Britain & France prop-up Ottoman Empire to prevent Russian expansion: o  Western European nations gain influence over Ottoman gov’t & economy: o o o .

HOW DID THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RESPOND?

Tanzimat Reforms, 1839-1876  Continued Westernization of Ottoman military  Enlightenment-inspired Westernizing reforms o o o o o o o

 Sultan Abdul Hamid (r1876-1909) abolished

RUSSIAN EMPIRE: PROBLEMS  Autocratic czars o o  Boyars dominate land & serfs  Serfdom  Weak economy o o  Land empire o o  Threats from Western Europe o o  Crimean war, 1853-56 o o  Earlier experiences in selectively Westernizing

How did the Russian Empire respond?

Czar Alexander II’s Reforms, 1861-1881  o o  

Limits to reforms?

Czar Nicholas II & Revolution of 1905  r.1894-1917    imperialism into East Asia o . Results?

 Revolution of 1905 o Goals of revolutionaries? o Results? . . o o . QING CHINA: PROBLEMS, 1750-1900  Peasants dissatisfied o o o  Ineffective central government o . o o .   Industrialized nations see opportunity for economic imperialism o  Foreign/Western Intervention o British opium imports  . Opium Wars, 1839-1842 & 1856-1860  o  . .   .  

How did the Chinese Respond?

Self-Strengthening Movement, 1865-1890  local modernizing reforms: o o o  self-strengthening failed: o o . .  proof of failure to modernize? o o

The Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1900  What were the origins of the Boxer Rebellion?  What was the goal of the Boxers?  How was China further harmed by the Boxers’ defeat?

JAPAN TOKUGAWA JAPAN, 1603-1867  Isolationist policy: o Exception =  Signs of internal weakness  Threats from industrialized West: o . .   o o

How did the Japanese Respond?

MEIJI RESTORATION, 1868-1912  samurai & daimyo revolt o o .  Meiji reforms  Main goal? o o . 1. . 2. . 3. . 4.

MEIJI REFORMS, 1868-1912 Social Structure: Industrialization:    former peasants    former daimyo & samurai   gov’t operated:  modern, westernized military  o o o  military industries  imperialistic in

Political Restructuring: Education & Reform:    o o limited authority o  o  emperor as figurehead o o o