Chapter 10 Inheritance Patterns in Life Cycles Outline

Biology Chapter 10 “Inheritance Patterns in Life Cycles” Outline I. What Did Mendel Discover (Lesson1 pgs. 278-282) A. Basics 1. All organisms, including humans, pass traits to their offspring during ______a. A ______is a characteristic like eye color, height, or face shape 2. ______is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring B. Mendel’s Studies 1. An Austrian scientist named Gregor Mendel noticed common traits in ______plants 2. To begin, Mendel grew many generations of plants until he had true breading for each trait a. True-breeding plants have offspring that always show the same form of the trait 3. Mendel began to ______-fertilize – a process in which pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg in a flower of a different plant a. Pollen is the male plant gamete C. The F1 Generation 1. Mendel called the first round of plants the parental generation, or the ______generation a. The P generation is the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross 2. Mendel called the offspring the ______generation a. The F1 generation plants were hybrids and hybrids are the offspring of two ______true-breeding plants b. Another name for this type of cross is a ______cross 3. For every trait, Mendel saw only one form of that trait in the F1 generation, the other forms seemed to disappear D. The F2 generation 1. Mendel then used F1 plants to fertilize each other, creating an ______generation 2. Mendel found two results a. First, some offspring in the F2 generation showed the same trait forms as the F1 generation b. Second, the trait forms that had ______in the first cross now appeared 1. These traits had only been hidden in the F1 generation 3. ______are different forms of the same gene a. One allele is a dominant gene and shows its form of the ______b. The other allele is a ______gene 1. It is hidden by the dominant gene and does not show its form of the trait E. Law of Segregation 1. From his results, Mendel came up with the law of segregation a. This law states that pairs of homologous chromosomes pull apart in ______b. Each gamete receives ______gene of a pair 2. Genes that come together with the same alleles are ______3. Genes that come together with different alleles are ______a. The dominant allele is displayed in a heterozygous pair F. Law of Independent Assortment 1. Dihybrid cross – a cross between two plants that differ in ______traits 2. Mendel used a P generation that differed in only two traits a. Each parent displayed two dominant trait forms or two recessive trait forms

1 Biology Chapter 10 “Inheritance Patterns in Life Cycles” Outline

3. Mendel’s F1 generation always displayed both dominant trait forms a. Next, he let the F1 plants fertilize each other b. If certain alleles always inherit together, he would see only those allele pairings in the F2 generation 4. For any two traits, Mendel’s results always showed the ratio of 9: _____:3: _____ 5. From his results, Mendel came up with the law of independent assortment a. This law states that each pair of chromosomes ______on its own in meiosis 6. ______Squares – A model used to represent crosses between organisms a. A model called a Punnett square can help explain the results of Mendel’s crosses II. Different Ways Alleles Cooperate (Lesson 2 pgs. 284-288) A. Simple ______– the most common relationship among alleles 1. ______is the study of DNA changes and how genes are passed through offspring; also called heredity 2. In simple dominance ______allele is dominant to a recessive allele a. When two ______alleles come together in a homozygous pair, the dominant trait shows b. When two ______alleles come together in a homozygous pair, the recessive form of the trait shows c. When a dominant allele and a recessive allele come together in a heterozygous pair, the ______form of the trait shows B. Genotypes and Phenotypes 1. An organism’s combination of genes for a trait is called its ______2. What an organism looks like as a result of its genes, is it’s ______3. An organism has both a genotype and a phenotype for all ______C. Determining Unknown Genotypes 1. ______– a test that determines an unknown genotype of an organism by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual 2. The appearance of the offspring from the testcross will indicate the ______of the unknown parent 3. A testcross relies on simple dominance D. Other Allele Relationships 1. A ______allele is a genetic trait with more than two alleles a. An example is ______blood type, where people have A, B, AB, or O blood b. These blood types are created by three different alleles: A, B, and O 1. The ______and ______alleles are dominant 2. The ______alleles is recessive 3. A blood is either AA or AO 4. B blood is either BB or BO 5. O blood is OO 6. AB blood type has both A and B and both alleles display their trait form a. These two alleles have ______– when two different alleles come together and both show their trait form 2. ______dominance – Two different alleles come together and produce a trait form that is neither dominant or recessive a. In incomplete dominance, the dominant and recessive allele work together 1. These create a trait form that is between the dominant and recessive trait forms

2 Biology Chapter 10 “Inheritance Patterns in Life Cycles” Outline 3. ______– one gene affects many traits 4. ______trait – a trait controlled by two or more genes a. Examples – eye color, skin color, and height E. Linked Genes 1. Linked genes located on the same ______tend to be inherited together, they tend to stay together during meiosis 2. Sometimes the alleles in linked genes are ______3. Scientists count the number of separations in a group of organisms and create a linkage ______of the separations a. A linkage map tells the distance between different genes on the same ______F. The Role of Genetics and Environment 1. Traits of all organisms are affected by the organism’s ______and the organism’s inherited ______III. The Importance of Sex Chromosomes (Lesson 3 pgs. 292-295) A. Basics 1. Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes are called ______a. Sex chromosomes determine the ______of an organism b. Remember that all organisms have ______sex chromosomes in each cell, except for gamete cells, only ______sex chromosome is present in gamete cells B. Determining the Sex of an Organism 1. Humans have two types of sex chromosomes, ______and ______a. A human zygote with two X chromosomes (XX) is ______b. A human zygote with an X and Y chromosome (XY) is ______2. The sex of an organism depends on the ______chromosome 3. Some human females and males have an extra ______chromosome 4. Some human males have an extra ______chromosome C. Genetic Disorders 1. An organism’s sex chromosomes determine ______-linked traits 2. The X chromosome contains genes important for other functions a. Genes on the X chromosome may control genetic diseases such as hemophilia b. Because the gene involved in hemophilia is sex-linked, it is inherited differently in males and females 3. Every person gets an X chromosome from his or her mother, the mother only has an ______chromosome in her gametes a. The father’s gametes can have an X or Y chromosome b. The sex of an offspring depends on which chromosome is present in the ______that fertilizes the egg c. The inheritance of sex-linked traits is also controlled by the pairing of sex chromosomes 4. Hemophilia – it’s allele is on the X chromosome and it is ______a. A mother with hemophilia carries ______alleles for hemophilia b. Any X chromosome she passes on will have the ______allele c. This means a son will receive the hemophiliac allele and have hemophilia, any daughters may or may not have hemophilia

3 Biology Chapter 10 “Inheritance Patterns in Life Cycles” Outline 5. A ______is an organism that carries an allele but does not show the affects of the allele a. Carriers pass these alleles to ______b. For example, if a father has a normal allele, the daughter will be a carrier c. If a father has the hemophiliac allele, the daughter will have hemophilia D. Sex-Linked Inheritance – special patterns 1. The genes on one chromosome may or may not be found on the other chromosome 2. Sex-linked inheritance is the passing on of traits with genes located on the ______chromosome