The Emergence of Colonial Societies, 1625-1700

Name: ______Date: ______9th Honors American History A CH 4 Section 2 The Bonds of Empire, 1660-1750

II. Colonial Economies & Societies, 1660-1750 (pgs. 91-106)  England, Spain, & France tried to complete economically in their American colonies. A. Mercantilist Empires in America 1. Mercantilism—nation’s power was measured by its wealth in gold. 2. Colonies supply raw materials, less reliance on other countries, and finance all wars in gold. 3. Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663) a. All goods must be traded on English ships and English ports to eliminate any competition like the Dutch.  Molasses Act 1733—tax or place high tariffs on foreign goods. b. Trade with only British ships (+ colonists in NE), need for docks, warehouses, and repair shops in Philadelphia, Boston, NY city, & Charles town. c. Enumerated Exports—most profitable exports must pass through England or Scotland. (tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, & sugar).  Helped eliminate tobacco/rice competition by giving planters monopolies & paying for shipment to England. d. Encouraged colonies to produce silk, iron, dyes, hemp, and lumber by paying them from British tax revenues (no relying on other countries).  Colonies could not compete with British clothing manufacturing. e. Created a protected market for colonies and demand for both British imports and colonial exports. 4. France prospered with furs and little wheat exports.  Tried to keep military alliance and fur trade with Indians.  French West Indies profitable in sugar production & use of African slaves.  Refined own sugar = molasses & sold to British merchants (both against laws of home countries). 5. Spain had prosperity in Latin America, not TX, FL, or NM. 6. All economies used Mercantilism, SP & FR = monarchy, nobility, & Catholic Church ruled the country. 7. Britain invested in colonies, navy to protect shipping, and a Bank of England to create stability.

B. Population Growth and Diversity 1. Low populations of Indians living in English colonies allowing colonist populations to grow. 2. Location and allowing only Catholics to immigrate to Spanish & French colonies limited many who fled to English colonies (toleration/farms) a. French Huguenots & Jewish b. Spain/France also relied on presidios & missionaries to attract natives. 3. White women were producing more children/grandchildren Name: ______Date: ______9th Honors American History A CH 4 Section 2 4. High immigration after Queen Anne’s War of non-English a. High employment & wages made America less attractive b. Many Scots Irish escaping rack renting (high farm rents) & unmarried Irish Catholics as indentured servants. 5. Germans fled from Rhineland (no farm land) & indentured themselves & children to America. (Calvinists or Lutherans) 6. Indentured servants: abused, sold, & beat—collected “freedom dues” a. Philadelphia—Germans & British Isles b. New York—Germans & Scots Irish c. Charles Town—Germans & Scots Irish—moved to farmlands. d. Chesapeake Colonies—convicts from England 7. 40% African slaves from West & Central Africa a. N America: Mixed slaves to minimize rebellions (language) b. S. America: Wanted N. Africa slaves with experience in rice. c. Middle Passage—horrific conditions on slave ships from Africa. d. 5% slaves went to America, the rest to Caribbean & Brazil.

C. Rural White Men and Women 1. Small successes for many colonists, not enough land to pass on to children, worked on other farms, rented farm land, low farming opportunities. 2. Most were in debt until their 50’s, relied on bartering. 3. Many relied on women to sell goods and maintain homes.

D. Colonial Farmers and the Environment 1. New Englanders cleared land with slave labor (best with thick forest) a. Timber was used for houses, barns, fences, furniture, and heating. b. Deforestation—drove away animals like bears, changed seasons, increased flooding and drove away fish. c. Caused drier, depleted soil, and erosion (tobacco). d. Not enough land to allow soil to replenish between seasons.

E. The Urban Paradox 1. Ports for immigration had poor sanitation = disease & poverty. 2. Apprenticeships were had to come by and not stable jobs. 3. Poor houses grew in Boston, NY, & Philadelphia. 4. Competition between slave laborers & poor for jobs increased. 5. Middle class women—servants, worked in family businesses. 6. Boston—did not take pity on poor and saw it as a problem.

F. Slavery 1. Blacks treated harshly, little food or shelter, worked until death. a. Children & women both equally worked along side men. 2. Creole Black slaves—born in America, only spoke English. a. Preferred to do tasks: horses, driving carriages, preparing food… b. Georgia/Carolinas—“task system” allowed more freedom for slave to work their own plot of land and sell goods. Name: ______Date: ______9th Honors American History A CH 4 Section 2 c. Chesapeake Slaves—worked from sun up to sun down, no freedom. 3. Carolinas—Fear of slaves gaining too much freedom: dress codes & curfew. a. 1729 North & South Carolina split b. 1739 Stono Rebellion in Charles Town, S. Carolina—20 Africans led a revolt with guns killing/burning slave owner homes. c. Led to strict slave laws & fining owners for not disciplining slaves. 4. North Africans—unskilled & lived in rented homes apart from owners. 5. Southern Africans—owners rented slaves to artisans to do skilled work as coopers, shipwrights, rope makers, and goldsmiths.

G. The rise of Colonial Elites 1. Inherited their wealth from birth or plantation wealth = elite or gentry 2. Before 1700—buy home, land, & slaves, less luxury. 3. Profits of trade = large land & homes to show status. 4. Imitated rich English—clothing, carriages, expensive china, books, studied foreign languages, and entertained with dances.